Historical Foundations of Education: HUMANISM

Transcription

1 Historical Foundations of Education: HUMANISM Foundations of Education You will need your journals today!

2 Topic Outline Humanism during the Renaissance and Reformation Period

3 Renaissance Period Mona Lisa Da Vinci Pieta by Michelangelo

4 Renaissance Period Copernicus discovers the earth revolved around the sun Columbus discovered the Americas

5 Reformation Period Martin Luther started the Reformation period Gutenberg Perfected Printing

6 HUMANISM Derived from the Latin word humanitas which means culture. This movement started in the early part of the 14 th century up to the 16 th century. This period was marked by a revival of the classical influences of the Romans and Greeks, expressed in the flowering of the arts and literature as well as the beginning of modern science.

7 The Renaissance Period RENAISSANCE came from the French word renaitre. It was a general re-awakening, a revival or rebirth of learning. The renaissance upheld the dignity of the human being, renewed the spirit of nationalism. It is also the time for increased trade among countries, and a period of exploration. This lead to scientific research which was used to solve problems. Books were printed and thus were made more widely available.

8 The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance The rise of cities brought artists together which led to new techniques & styles of art Increased trade gave rise to Italian city-states & a wealthy middle class of bankers & merchants Wealthy bankers & merchants wanted to show off their new status by commissioning art

9 The most important Italian city-state was Florence; In this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began Florence was home to the Medici family, the wealthiest & most powerful bankers in Europe The Medici used their wealth to commission art for themselves & to beautify Florence

10 Renaissance Artists

11 Donatello Donatello was the 1 st great sculptor of the Renaissance Donatello revived the classical (Greco-Roman) style of sculpture that were realistic & could be viewed from all sides Donatello s David was the 1 st large, free-standing human sculpture of the Renaissance

12 Michelangelo Michelangelo was one of the most famous Renaissance artists: He was a painter, sculptor, architect, & poet His sculptures & paintings showed realism, detail of the human body, & expression to show personality & emotion

13 Michelangelo sculptures Pieta & David are considered masterpieces

14 Michelangelo s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which shows Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty

15 Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance Man He was a painter & sculptor whose art was known for incredible realism & emotion He was also an inventor & scientist whose sketches reveal observations about human anatomy & new engineering technology

16 His Last Supper shows Jesus last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion; the facial expressions, detail, emotion made it a masterpiece

17 Leonardo da Vinci s greatest masterpiece was the Mona Lisa which was known for its emotion & depth

18 Leonardo s Inventions

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20 Raphael Raphael perfected Renaissance painting He improved perspective and realism by studying Leonardo & Michelangelo Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing a combination of famous Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

21 Raphael s greatest painting was School of Athens which blended Classical figures from Greece & Rome with important people from the Renaissance Plato (drawn to look like Da Vinci) Aristotle Raphael Pythagoras Michelangelo Euclid

22 The Northern Renaissance

23 As these ideas spread, this Northern Renaissance developed its own characteristics The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars & merchants from other areas visited Italian city-states

24 The Renaissance in France was most known for its unique architecture

25 The Renaissance in England was most known for literature, especially the plays of William Shakespeare

26 Wedding Portrait by Jan Van Eyck The Renaissance in the Netherlands was most known for realism in art FRANCE 'T?1533-1) 92 L.L Montaigne n sea Mediterrane

27 The Protestant Reformation

28 Breakdown of Denominations Se'ieatb Oil Adr~in mer1: s.w :::1 m~a Pc~ ID'H c:r I i."jtl ~ l:ltimili~ ~ ifroe:w.ll... r c:i ;:oi'uaro: (1nnUI

29 Early Reformers John Wycliffe ( ) Interested in authority of clergy. People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

30 Early Reformers Cont Jan Hus ( ) Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church. He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs.

31 Early Reformers Cont Erasmus ( ) Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched. Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

32 Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! The Printing Press!!!! Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production = cheaper books) Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday People have access to books whenever they want them. Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday

33 What is the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500 s that split the Christian church (faith) in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new church denominations. People grew displeased with the church s Financial Corruption Abuse of Power Immorality

34 What happens to spark the Reformation? Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter s Basilica so he sells indulgences! Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) Martin Luther s Ninety- Five Theses

35 Language Barriers Most uneducated people didn t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or vernacular. Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

36 Martin Luther Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

37 Luther s 95 Theses On October 31, 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. Luther s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! He Criticized: 1.Indulgences 2.Power of Pope 3.Wealth of Church 4.God s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! 1. Catholic View: Good Works

38 Luther s 95 Theses (cont.) Luther s understanding of passive righteousness Sola Fidei (Salvation by Faith Alone) Sola Scriptura (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) --Luther s German Translation of the New Testament The Priesthood of All Believers --Peasant Revolt of 1525 All Vocations are pleasing to God Predestination Some latent Catholicism

39 Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Excommunication- expelled him from the church. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther s writings. Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. Hence the term Protestant!

40 Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland Theocracy A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. John Knox in Scotland Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

41 John Calvin More of a scholar than Luther More of a systematic thinker than Luther Calvin s Institutes (1536) Early legal training Clear-cut moral directives for living Relied on Scripture and Augustine primarily for his ideas

42 John Calvin Believed in predestination The right of rebellion--english Civil War More of a stress on works than Luther Divine calling to all sorts of vocations The invisibility of the True Church Government serves the Church--Michael Servetus Just war position

43 In England, the Reformation began with the King! King Henry VIII The king who had six wives He wants a SON! Demanded a divorce because wives bore daughters. Catholic Church refused Started his own church the Church of England

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45 Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward. Queen Mary I or Bloody Mary Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married known as the Virgin Queen.

46 Impacts of the Reformation Germany was politically weakened and fragmented Christian Church was splintered in the West 100 Years of Religious Warfare Right of Rebellion introduced by both Jesuits and Calvinists Pope s power increased Furthered societal individualism and secularism Growing doubt and religious skepticism

47 Impacts of the Reformation (cont.) Political stability valued over religious truth Calvinism boosted the commercial revolution Witch craze (the Inquisition) swept Europe in the 1600 s Between , 3000 people in Germany, 9000 people in Switzerland and 1000 people in England were executed as witches Council of Trent ( ) The Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) Ignatius Loyola Renewed religious emotionalism--baroque Art Religious warfare and a new Bible

48 Aim: How did The Scientific Revolution change the way people thought about the world?

49 1. State tl-e Pmb:en Rep:: at tl-e Step; 6. State a Canch.HDn The Scientific Method 5. Rec mrl & Antiyaa C\ita

50 What is the Scientific Revolution? The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world. Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages

51 Causes of the Scientific Revolution Printing press spread new ideas Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge

52 New Ideas About the Universe Three scientists challenged traditional theories about the universe and the Greco-Roman idea that the Earth was the center of the universe: Copernicus (mid-1500 s) Galileo Galilei (early 1600 s) Isaac Newton (late 1600 s)

53 tch?v=il1g1pghkti Remember Nicholas Copernicus? Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere the kept the planets, moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth. Most scholars rejected Copernicus s theory. NONSENSE!!!

54 Galileo Galilei He built a telescope and became the first man to use this tool to study the moon and planets. What he saw made Galileo believe Copernicus's idea that the Earth was not the center of the universe. The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and forced to confess that his ideas were wrong. Why would the Church try to prevent this idea from becoming popular? Galileo Video Clip

55 Question: If you drop a baseball and a bowling ball off a ten story building, which one will hit the ground first?

56 Galileo Galilei Galileo was an Italian mathematics teacher, astronomer and physicist, and one of the first true scientists. He used an experiment to test one of Aristotle s theories. Aristotle s theory: Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones Galileo s Experiment: Finds objects of different weights will fall at the same speed (in a vacuum).

57 Isaac Newton For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Isaac Newton

58 Newton OUCH I am enjoying this! uneventful day

59 Isaac Newton What does an apple have to do with gravity? Newton was sitting in the shade of an apple tree when an apple fell nearby. Newton began to wonder why apples always fall to the ground. Why don t the fall sideways or up? Newton reasoned that the earth must have a power that draws objects to it. This was the beginning of the law of gravity and motion.

60 Newton ( ) By the mid-1600 s, the accomplishments of Copernicus and Galileo had shattered the old views of astronomy and physics. Isaac Newton brought it all together under a single theory of motion.

61 Law of Universal Gravitation Newton s discovery was that the same force ruled the motions of the planets, the pendulum, and all matter on earth and in space. Every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

62 Rene Descartes The Father of Modern Philosophy I think, therefore I am. Descartes believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason. Tradition should not be accepted as truth. Instead of using experimentation, Descartes relied on mathematics and logic. He linked algebra and geometry as a new tool for scientific research.

63 Rene Descartes Descartes shifts thinking from "what is true" to "of what can I be certain? Descartes shifted the authoritative power of truth from God to Man. (While traditional concept of "truth" implies an external authority, "certainty" instead relies on the judgment of the individual Man)

64 New Inventions of the Scientific Revolution Edward Jenner introduced the first vaccine for smallpox. (inoculation- injecting a germ in the body to create an immunity). Telescope (1608, Dutch) A Dutch glass maker constructed a primitive telescope. Galileo heard about it and improved on the design. Microscope (1590s, Dutch) Barometer (early 1600s, Italian) - measure air pressure Thermometer (1611) for chemical and medical studies

65 When all was said and done the major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution (Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Descartes) had revealed a universe which seemed like a perfectly run machine, comprehensible by the human mind and the enlightened scientific understanding it had now gained. Let s test your knowledge!

66 Galileo and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on a. The experiences of past civilizations b. Experimentation and observation c. Emotions and feelings d. The teachings of the Catholic Church

67 During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they a. Relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers b. Favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions c. Received support from the Catholic Church d. Examined natural laws governing the universe

68 Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Copernicus, Galileo, Sir Isaac Newton, and Descartes? a. The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened b. The scientific method was used to solve problems. c. The English government increased funding for education d. Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed.

69 Close - Answer the following: 1. How did the Scientific Revolution Change the way people thought about the world? 2. Martin Luther applied the questioning spirit of the Renaissance to religion. Galileo and Newton applied the questioning spirit of the Renaissance to science. Predict what else people might begin to question in the years following the Renaissance. Explain how this might impact Europe.

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71 Middle Ages Church and Pope supreme over Kings and Governments Emphasis put on spiritual life and getting into heaven Renaissance Bubonic Plague gets people thinking about enjoying life Emphasis now on secularism rather than spiritualism Reformations Advent of printing press allows new ideas to spread Corrupt nature of the Church is exposed, reforms demanded Monarchs begin to take the power that the Church is losing

72 Scientific Revolution Emphasis now put on reason rather than faith People began to apply these principles to their own lives and governments Enlightenment Took the ideas and principles of the Scientific Revolution and applied it to society Absolutism and Upcoming Revolutions Ideas of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution influenced the people to demand a change from their oppressive monarchs and they fought for this change

73 Scientific Revolution A new understanding of the world Logical Thought Scientific Method

74 English Scientist Robert Hooke c Discoveries lead to doubt Columbus voyage Scholars challenge traditional thought Copernicus, Galileo, Vesalius Inventions Telescope and Microscope

75 Scientists ~hou ld observe the world and gather data, or information. about it Scientists can cooduct experiments to gather data Sdentists can dcve lop theories to explain their data and then test them through more experiments. Doubt everything until it can be pro;en with reason.. The natural world operates like a machine and follo.vs basic phys1cal laws. Individual eldstence is the one acceptable truth. "I think, therefore I drn:' The ideas of Bacon and Descartes led to the scientific methoda method for gathering and testmg 1deas about the world.

76 Scientific thought applied to people Like science, people were governed by laws Scientific Revolution influenced equality among peoples and democratic ideals

77 -Rationalism and Democracy Sdeliilllls ~ elaralllll th -*l;pmz1t1ciidla It I setal Hlulllllws llltpedjt&cidiid...,... llldlnl d. These beliefs led people 1 to cal for personaj freedom, individual rights, 1 and equality-basic ideas of democracy. I Ill Politkaf thinkers believed that natural laws could also explain the behavior of people. lbey wanted to use tfle.lr understanding of humao behavior to improve so<iety.

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79 Application of the scientific method to social problems Parallel to the scientific awakening Foundation of Classical art and music The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed

80 Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society Human race can be educated and all people are important Emergence of the middle class Belief in God based on reason

81 Intellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker" Deists skeptical of organized religion Catholic church was attacked Deists struggle with personal standards Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau) Denial of evil

82 Empiricism "All that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." Hobbes

83 Government "[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death. Leviathan Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization

84 The forefather of our forefathers Attacked by Charles II Friend of Sir Isaac Newton Influential in American revolution

85 Government Second Treatise of Civil Government Chaos without government God gave mankind natural rights Life, liberty, pursuit of property Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people People have a right to rebel against tyrannies

86 "Wherever therefore any number of men are so united into one society, as to quit every one his executive power of the law of nature, and to resign it to the public, there and there only is a political, or civil society... For hereby he authorizes the society, or which is all one, the legislative thereof to make laws for him as the public good of the society shall require;... And this puts men out of a state of nature into that of a commonwealth." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

87 Theory of Knowledge Essay Concerning Human Understanding Reasoning puts man above animals Rejected concept that ideas are innate Tabula rasa Outer ideas from experience Inner ideas from contemplation Mankind can attain all knowledge

88 English Poet Contributed to political thought and love of language Believed that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our good Essay on Man Essay on Criticism Many famous sayings came from these books

89 All Nature is but art unknown to thee All chance, direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And, spite of pride, in erring reason s spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right. Alexander Pope from Essay on Man

90 Hated injustice Politically active Satirist Gulliver s Travels A Modest Proposal

91 For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce freedom of action? Swift, On Abolishing Christianity (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]

92 French name for philosopher Enlightenment reached height in France

93 Pen name Critical of Catholic church Influenced others by letters Denied writings to avoid problems Exiled to England for a while Returned to live on Swiss border Candide Led by Pangloss ("All Talk") who believed that all is right in God's world Lisbon earthquake and fatalism (drowning) "Let us all tend our garden"

94 I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Voltaire

95 Contest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?" No! As civilizations progress, they move away from morality Examples: Romans, Greeks, Egyptians Civilization itself leads away from true fundamentals Technology and art give false desires Social Contract Noble Savage

96 Influence on French and American revolutions "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Invest all rights and liberties into a society Compare to a corporation

97 Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. Rousseau

98 Old System (Powerful Ruler or Chaos) New System (Social Contract Concepts) Instinct Strength and intelligence Might Natural inclinations Personal liberty Justice People equal on moral rights Right Reason Civil liberty

99 Encyclopedia Teach people how to think critically Solicited articles from many experts Controversial articles brought criticism Overall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment

100 From Germany Strict habits The Critique of Pure Reason and Practical Reason Weakness of Empiricism Transcendentalism Empiricism and other knowledge Ex: infinity Categorical Imperative

101 Scottish philosopher Leader of empiricism movement Grew to distrust all

102 Scottish professor Wealth of Nation Devised capitalism Laissez Faire la nature

103 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Urged reform in England Anti-religious bias