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2 #8-16 in the Review Packet #17-25 in the Review Packet #26-37 in the Review Packet #38-44 in the Review Packet

4 An increase in trade and a demand for goods from Persia and China help the Italian citystates to prosper during (and after) the Crusades

of Molasses & Chopped Snake Repentance / Prayer Flagellants Results 1/3 of the

6 Ignorance surrounded the causes of the disease and Europeans grow frantic Blames Alignment of Planets Bad air God s Wrath aimed at Sin Jews Cures/Remedies Mixture of Molasses & Chopped Snake Repentance / Prayer Flagellants Results 1/3 of the European population dies Power of the Catholic Church weakens Living for Today increases

: The rebirth of classical (Greek and Roman) art, architecture,

of Church power Secular (non-religious) and urban Intellectual and

7 : The rebirth of classical (Greek and Roman) art, architecture, literature, and learning that begins in 14 th century Italy before spreading through Europe. CHARACTERISTICS: Age of Recovery: Plague, Political instability, decline of Church power Secular (non-religious) and urban Intellectual and artistic advancement (but only for the upper class) : Emphasized education as a key to unlocking human potential So, what s a renaissance?

- intellectual movement based on the ability of humans to better themselves and their environment Three Principles: Humans should be respected and valued,

8 - intellectual movement based on the ability of humans to better themselves and their environment Three Principles: Humans should be respected and valued, regardless of their class Humans must use their gifts for the good of others / the community All humans should learn and experience as much from life as possible

9 In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was A. a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights B. a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures C. an emphasis on social control and obedience to national rulers D. an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement

A controversy has arisen about this: Whether it is better to be loved than feared,

My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to

feared than loved For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which, because men

10 A controversy has arisen about this: Whether it is better to be loved than feared, or vice versa. My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve them both and, if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which, because men are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective.

11 What s the basic message of The Prince? The justify the Do whatever it takes to and power Rulers should be, not necessarily

O you who have your houses full of vanities and pictures and indecent things and evil books, and other poetry contrary to the faith, bring them to me to make a bonfire or a sacrifice to God.

12 O you who have your houses full of vanities and pictures and indecent things and evil books, and other poetry contrary to the faith, bring them to me to make a bonfire or a sacrifice to God. And you, mothers, who adorn your daughters with so much vanity and extravagance and fancy hair ornaments, bring all these things here to us to throw into the fire, so that, when the wrath of God comes, He will not find them in your houses.

13 Savonarola is in Florence - publically burned symbols of sin and excess (cosmetics, artwork, playing cards mirrors!) Criticized the leadership of the city for being unholy and corrupt.

14 After defying the ruling Medici family of Florence, and the Pope, Savonarola is excommunicated, arrested, tortured, and burned alive.

language Baldassare Castiglione - The Book of the Courtier Vitrú The idea that being a man

15 Structure of Renaissance Society PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY - Father/husband had absolute authority - born, not made; ought to be able to go to war or recite classical poetry in it s original language Baldassare Castiglione - The Book of the Courtier Vitrú The idea that being a man meant excelling in all pursuits (free or serf farmers) made up 85-90% of pop. organized into craft guilds

Francesco Sforza conquered Milan in 1447

Efficient tax system Profited the most from

throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Artistic center of the Renaissance Ruled by

16 Milan Venice Florence Controlled Alpine passes Visconti family ruled until Francesco Sforza conquered Milan in 1447 Hired mercenaries Centralized power Efficient tax system Profited the most from the Crusades Controlled territory throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Led by Doge and wealthy merchant class Artistic center of the Renaissance Ruled by the Medici family (Cosimo and Lorenzo) Regularly practiced usury (moneylending)

Light, shadow, and perspective are used Nude figure

17 Focused on classical topics / stories Figures drawn from nature and based on observation of the real world Light, shadow, and perspective are used Nude figure common Anatomically correct Natural motion and body language

18 Illustrates contrapposto style, which demonstrates the figure standing with its body turned and weight unevenly distributed. This makes figures seem more natural

19 Donatello, David, c

21 Reform v., to change into an improved condition -ation n., becomes the resulting state A religious movement in the 1500s that led to a split in the Catholic Church of Europe and the formation of new Christian denominations.

22 Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter s Basilica so the Catholic Church begins selling indulgences in order to raise money. pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul s time in Purgatory

23 Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, Germany In 1517, he posts his on the Church door. Attacked Church corruption Financial corruption Simony Immorality Abuses of Power

Caxton prints the first book in English.

24 1455: Gutenberg develops a printing press with moveable type. 1465: Italy s first printing press is produced 1474: William Caxton prints the first book in English. 1543: The Catholic Church decrees that no book may be printed without its permission.

25 HENRY VIII Begins the breakaway religion of the Anglican Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage ACT OF SUPREMACY - King of England is head of English church

Seeks to reform the Catholic Church but is excommunicated HENRY S MOTIVES 1. Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn 2.

26 LUTHER S MOTIVES 1. Strongly believed in the idea that salvation was earned through faith in God alone 2. Argued that indulgences were a sin and did not grant salvation 3. Posts the 95 Theses criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church 4. Seeks to reform the Catholic Church but is excommunicated HENRY S MOTIVES 1. Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn 2. When the pope refuses, he declares that he is the highest legal authority in England. 3. Henry uses the Act of Supremacy to declare himself the head of the Church of England. 4. This led to the nationalization of the English church and a break with the Catholic Church

27 Heretics are people who opposed accepted Church teachings The Popes launched attacks against any people who threatened the Church s power.

28 Muslims (sometimes called Moors) had taken control of much of Spain After 200 years of attacks, Spain is reconquered and Christianized

29 Jews were blamed for the death of Christ Some were forced to convert to Christianity or thrown out of their homeland entirely This is also where the dunce cap came from BUT After they get rid of the Non-Christians, the Church focuses on enemies within its ranks PROTESTANTS!

30 Even a holy man will abuse total power if he s given it. A group of priests given power to find and punish heretics People accused of heresy are tortured and killed in huge public ceremonies

31 Torture was sometimes used by the Inquisition. Aimed at getting a confession from the accused Purified the accused through pain

32 Accused heretics, witches, or pagans were burned alive, sawed in half, or bathed in molten metal in order to get a confession out of them

Renaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2)

Renaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2) Renaissance Humanism Medici Family Perspective A new age that began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Marked a transition from medieval times to the early modern world. Literally meaning rebirth,