Chapter 13; Section 1 Main Ideas. Main Idea #3: Renaissance Writing varied greatly in terms of types: -- Machiavellian

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1 Chapter 13; Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: The Renaissance or Rebirth was a time of political, economic, social, and cultural change Main Idea #2: Renaissance Art focused on realism, using perspective, new oil paints Main Idea #3: Renaissance Writing varied greatly in terms of types: -- Machiavellian

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3 Section 1:The Renaissance in Italy or rebirth started in the 1300s What was the Renaissance? A time of political, social, economic, and cultural change Expressing Humanism believed education should stimulate creative powers (emphasizing the Humanities grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history) Italy: Cradle of the Renaissance, but it spread over all of Europe, and transformed life

4 Renaissance Art Flowers as the main expressions were paintings, sculpture, architecture Reflecting Humanist Thought portrayed religious and nonreligious figures Using New Artistic Thought in realism had artists using the rules of perspective (a more real representation), shading, new oil paints, and studied human anatomy Leonardo da Vinci actually studied corpses (Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper), and his talents included botany, anatomy, optics, music, and engineering Michelangelo was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet; Famous works: David, Pieta, and the Sistine Chapel in Rome Raphael was known for his gracious nature and artistic talent (blend of classical / Christian); Famous works: Madonna and The School of Athens

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8 Writing for A New Society ranged in topic and were guidebooks helping people Machiavelli s Successful literary work, The Prince was a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power (end justifies the means); The term Machiavellian came to mean deceit in politics The Prince was A guidebook for rulers / kings. Michael Scott's Take on Machiavelli

9 Chapter 13: Section 2 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Northern Renaissance (rest of Europe) occurred later due to the black death Main Idea #2: Gutenberg's printing press has major impact on the Renaissance Main Idea #3: Northern writers wrote in the vernacular languages

10 Section 2: The Renaissance in the North was after Rome due to the Black Death The Printing Revolution by Johann Gutenberg had major effects: books were cheaper and easier to produce, more people learned how to read and write, people has access to a broad range of knowledge, and new ideas

11 Johann Gutenberg s Printing Press Activity Books became cheaper to produce The spread of information increase Books were easier to produce The common person / peasant now had some access to new ideas and information What were some effects of the Printing Press More people learned how to read and write

12 Northern Humanists and Writers stressed education and classical learning (hoping to reform religion and morals); some humanists began writing in vernacular languages Shakespeare Writes for All Time (37 plays) by expressing universal themes in everyday settings, and characters spoke the vernacular language Shakespeare is probably most well known for his play Romeo and Juliet (others include Othello, Twelfth Night, Macbeth, Hamlet, etc.) "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts... Quote from As You Like It Act II scene 7

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14 The Globe Erected in 1599, The Globe was London s first theater built by and for actors. As one of seven shareholders in the company that commissioned it (not to mention the company s chief playwright), Shakespeare probably had some say in the theater s design. He wrote many of his plays, from Julius Caesar on, with this venue in mind.

15 Chapter 13: Section 3 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Reformation was caused by church abuses and led by John Wycliffe Main Idea #2: Martin Luther challenged the Catholic church and started Lutheran and Protestantism sects of Christianity Main Idea #3: John Calvin helped to shape the Protestant church and created Calvinism

16 Section 3: The Protestant Reformation sparked a religious upheaval Background to the Reformation occurred as people focused on education and social reform (humanist ideas) Church Abuses: focusing on regional topics, the clergy living lavish lives, use of indulgences, and charging more for baptisms and marriage (people began to question the Church, especially in the north) **Indulgences / Circle of Viewpoints Activity What would the viewpoint be of the following The Pope: Peasant: Wealthy Landowner: Skilled Tradesman: King / Government: Men: Women: Children: Indulgences were believed to be a way people could literally pay for their sins, and this would prevent them from going to Purgatory upon their deaths

17 Martin Luther (German monk & professor): Catalyst of Change disgusted by corruption Writing the 95 Theses following Tetzel s call for money to build the Cathedral in St. Peter in Rome was Luther s way to argue against indulgences (no basis in the Bible, pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and Christians could be saved only through faith) Igniting a Firestorm occurred almost overnight as Luther s 95 Theses was copied and spread throughout Europe Luther s Teachings: all Christians had equal access to God through faith and the Bible; banned indulgences, confession, and pilgrimages, prayers to saints; permitted clergy to marry, simplified mass, and emphasized sermons Luther s Ideas Spread as Lutherans were now being called Protestant ( protest papal authority) Unless I am convicted of error by the testimony of Scripture or since I put no trust in the unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted themselves by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my conscience is taken captive by God s word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us. On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.

18 Comparing Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism Catholicism Lutheranism Calvinism Salvation Sacraments Head of the Church Importance of the Bible How Belief is Revealed Achieve through faith & good works Priests centered: Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination, Communion, Anointing the sick Achieved through faith Accepts some sacraments, but rejects other because rituals cannot erase sin (only God can) God alone predetermines who will be saved Accepts some sacraments, but rejects other because rituals cannot erase sin (only God can) Pope Elected Council Council of Elders Bible & Church Tradition (source of truth) Priests interpret the Bible and Church teachings for the people Bible alone is the sole truth People read and interpret the Bible for themselves Bible alone is the sole truth People read and interpret the Bible for themselves

19 Calvinism / See, Think, Wonder Activity See: Think: Wonder:

20 Chapter 13: Section 4 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: English Reformation will create the Church of England (changed from Catholic to Protestant) Main Idea #2: Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church s attempt increase its followers Main Idea #3: Protestants and Catholics were intolerant of all groups except their own

21 The English Reformation came about with the help of King Henry the VIII Henry VIII Seeks an Annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (only had one daughter); Henry had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn; Pope denied his request Breaking With the Church Henry declared the English Church to be under his rule, annulled his marriage, and married Anne (had a daughter Elizabeth); Parliament passed the Supremacy Act making Henry the supreme head of the Church of England (declared the Church of England to be Protestant) Religious Turmoil occurred as Henry VIII died, Henry s son Edward VI inherited the throne; Edward strengthen the Protestant Church; Edward died and Mary Tudor became queen and converted England back to the Catholicism (burned many Protestant leaders at the stake for heresy)

22 Wife #1 Catherine of Aragon *Divorce *Married at age 20 *Had 2 still births, and 2 baby boys (died early in life) *Had 1 girl that survived named Mary I Wife #2 Anne Boleyn - Executed Wife #3 Jane Seymour - Died Wife #4 Anne of Cleves - Divorced Wife #5 Catherine Howard - Executed Facts About Henry VIII Wife #6 Catherine Parr - Widowed Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

23 When Henry s daughter Elizabeth I came to power following Mary I, she had to deal with the issue of religion in the country Elizabeth used a moderate approach of introducing reforms that solidified the Church of England However, her reforms still kept many Catholic traditions intact The Catholic Reformation / Counter-Reformation were an effort to bring people back to the Catholic Church; the Catholic Church promised change, but nothing changed. Widespread Persecution by Protestants & Catholics against Anabaptists, Jews, witches

24 Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread though the Catholic Church An Explosion of Protestant Sects occurred; Anabaptists are most notable and Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish can all trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists What does the painting suggest was a NEW way toward salvation that Protestants practiced? Handmade oil painting reproduction of A Philadelphia Anabaptist Immersion during a Storm, a painting by Pavel Petrovich Svinin.

25 Chapter 13: Section 5 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Scientific Revolution used mathematics to prove laws governed nature and the universe Main Idea #2 Heliocentric Theory - sun is center of universe (proven using math) vs. Geocentric Theory - earth is center of the universe Main Idea #3: Scientific Method was developed (7 step method) Main Idea #4: Breakthroughs in Chemistry and Medicine included the study of the human body, discovery of elements, study of gravity and calculus

26 Section 5: The Scientific Revolution assumed mathematical laws governed the universe Changing Views of the Universe: What is the center of the universe? Copernicus Challenges Ancient Astronomy were published in the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (proposed heliocentric theory sun was the center of the universe); Brahe meticulously kept records for years of the night sky (giving statistical support to Copernicus); Kepler used Brahe s data proved the orbits were an ellipse (again, more data supporting Copernicus) Galileo s Heresies tried to discourage his findings dealing with Jupiter s moons (phases and orbits); the Church put Galileo under house arrest, and made him state publicly in court the earth was the center of the universe (legend has it he mutter, And yet it moves as he left the court)

27 Galileo Moon landing History Channel: Galileo

28 A New Scientific Methods emerged based on observation and experimentation Bacon and Descartes: Focused on how truth is determined and challenged Medieval Universities; Argued truth is NOT known at the beginning of inquiry but rather at the end (after investigation) Bacon stressed experimentation and observation Descartes emphasized human reasoning; Concluded doubt was the only thing he could not question, and that in order to doubt he had to exist as a rational, thinking being ( I think, therefore I am ) A Step-by-Step Process of the Scientific Method developed into a 7 steps State the Problem; Gather information; Hypothesis; Experiment to test the hypothesis; Record, and analyze data; Draw conclusions; Share data, and answer questions

29 Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry in the 1500s and 1600s are still used today Exploring the Human Body was studied by many people Vesalius published On the Structure of he Human Body French physician Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infections, developed surgical techniques, and artificial limbs William Harvey, an English scholar, found the heart serves as a pump Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope Transforming Chemistry or alchemy was developed as Boyle established the idea of elements, chemical compounds, and effects of temperature and pressure William Harvey Sketch of Para s prosthetic hand & an actual prosthetic leg Sketch taken from Vesalius s book The Fabrica. (1543)

30 Isaac Newton Links the Sciences as he used mathematics to support his theory of gravity, wrote about how nature has laws (math can explain them), which helped to create calculus (explain his laws)