A History of Knowledge
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1 A History of Knowledge Oldest Knowledge What the Sumerians knew What the Babylonians knew What the Hittites knew What the Persians knew What the Egyptians knew What the Indians knew What the Chinese knew What the Greeks knew What the Phoenicians knew What the Romans knew What the Barbarians knew What the Jews knew What the Christians knew Tang & Sung China ( ) What the Japanese knew What the Muslims knew The Middle Ages Ming & Manchu China The Renaissance The Industrial Age The Victorian Age The Modern World 1
2 What the Barbarians knew Piero Scaruffi
3 What the Barbarians knew Bibliography Richard Fletcher: The Barbarian Conversion (1997) Thomas Burns: Rome and the Barbarians (2003) Thompson: The Huns (1996) Peter Heather: The Goths (1996) 3
4 Huns The Barbarians 48 AD: the Hsiung-nu empire is defeated by the Han and dissolves 376AD: Huns, led by Uldin, reach the Black Sea and the Danube, conquering the eastern Goths 408AD: the Roman patrician Aetius is taken prisoner by the Huns 412AD: Karaton unifies all Western Huns 425AD: Huns are hired by a western Roman general Aetius to fight in Italy 430AD: the new Hun leader Rugida (Rua) signs a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire 433AD: Aetius becomes the de-facto ruler of the western Roman empire 434AD: Rugida (Rua) dies and is succeeded by Attila (a friend of Aetius) 435AD: Aetius employs Huns to fight Vandals and Franks 441AD: the Huns raid eastern Roman outposts along the Danube 452AD: Huns cross the Alps but renounce attacking Italy 469AD: the Huns disappear 4
5 The Barbarians 5
6 The Barbarians Agricultural revolution in Germanic Europe causes population boom Trade with Roman Empire causes economic development across the frontier (amber from the Baltic, iron from Poland, glass from Carpathians) Half of the Roman army (since Augustus) was made of non-romans, mostly Germanic recruits Political reorganization leads to confederation of tribes Somehow economic development and political reorganization leads to mass migrations 6
7 The Barbarians 1st c AD: Turkic-speaking Huns begin migrating into Eastern Europe 2nd c AD (Marcomanni wars): insurrections and raids all along the European frontier (Rhine, Danube) 3rd c AD: Persian wars (the Sassanids defeat three Roman emperors) and emergence of the "Goths" Civil wars of Theodosius with Western Roman usurpers that leave the northern frontiers unguarded 7
8 The Barbarians Peace treaties (382, Hungary: Germanicspeaking Visigoths - 406, France: Germanicspeaking Vandals and Iranian-speaking Alans, 435, Balkans: Huns) 5th c AD: Collapse of the Western Roman Empire : Attila unifies the Huns of southeastern Europe 470: The Hum empire disintegrates 507: Franks invade Spain and expel the Visigoths 8
9 The Barbarians Migrations Tervingi (Visigoths) travel from the Black Sea to Aquitaine: 2500 kms Vandals from Slovakia to Tunisia: 4000 kms Alans from the river Don to Tunisia: 5000 kms Ostrogoths from Hungary to Constantinople to Hungary to Asia Minor to Constantinople to Italy: 5200 kms Lombards from Lower Elbe region to Hungary to Italy 9
10 Vandals The Barbarians 270AD: Vandals cross the Rhein 360AD: the Vandals convert to christianity 406AD: Vandals occupy Spain 407AD: Roman general Stilicho (of Vandal descent) stops the Vandals on their way to Italy 429AD: Vandals, led by Gaiseric, invade northern Africa and are recognized as an independent kingdom 534AD: the Roman general Belisarius recaptures Africa from the vandals 10
11 The Barbarians Goths 0BC: Poland 150AD: Roman expansion in Europe halted 238AD: First Gothic incursion into the Roman empire 340AD: Christianization and literalization of the Goths (Ulfila and the "Gothic bible") 375AD: Ostrogoths become subjects of the Huns 378AD: the Romans are defeated at Hadrianapolis by Goths 395AD: Stilicho becomes supreme commader of the western Roman army 390AD: the Gothic general Alaric is hired as a Roman commander 11
12 The Barbarians Goths 395AD: Alaric unifies the Goths of the Balkans (Visigoths) 397AD: Stilicho attacks his old friend Alaric, but lets him repeatedly escape 401AD: Alaric invades Italy but is defeated by Stilicho (escapes again) 408AD: Stilicho is assassinated in a coup 410AD: Alaric sacks Rome 12
13 Goths The Barbarians 476AD: Odoacer, a mercenary in the service of Rome, leader of the Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, deposes the western Roman emperor and thereby terminates the western Roman empire 507AD: Visigoths are defeated by the Franks and move to Spain 536AD: the Roman general Belisarius lauches a campaign to recover Italy 539AD: the Ostrogoths conquer Milan 561AD: the Ostrogoths are destroyed by the eastern Roman empire 13
14 Goths The Barbarians 580AD: Arian synod in Toledo 587AD: the new Visigothic king Recared converts to catholicism and the Gothic language is abandoned 711AD: the Moors invade Spain and destroy the Visigothic kingdom 718AD: Pelayo unites with the Visigothic leaders who have been defeated by Tariq, and creates the kingdom of Asturias in northwestern Spain, thus creating the kingdom of Leon 14
15 Scythians (Sakas) The Barbarians 750 BC: the Scythians (or Sakas), a pastoral nomadic Indo-European group, settle between the Don and the Carpathians 653 BC: the Scythians invade the Median empire 626 BC: the Medes defeat the Scythians 514 BC: the Persian kind Darius invades Scythia 360 BC: king Atheas unites all Scythian tribes and expands their territory to the border with Macedonia 339 BC: Atheas of Scythia is killed in the war against Philip of Macedonia 225 BC: the Celts in the west and the Sarmatians in the east destroy the Scythian kingdom 15
16 The Barbarians Scythians (Sakas) First major group to adapt to the steppe environment Metal workers Cult of ancestor gods Three-dimensional animal figures (in felt) Compound bow (ideal for mounted archers) Central Asia predominantly occupied by Indo- Europeans until the first century AD 16
17 The Barbarians Eastern Scythians of Asia (Sakas) Horse society Shared women Ritual cannibalism Euthanasia of the old Cult of the sun Gold Opulent tombs Necropolises in eastern Kazakhstan Oral literature Trade with Greeks on the Black Sea Golden warrior from Issyk kurgan (Kazakhstan, 5th c BC) (Ermitage museum) 17
18 The Barbarians 18
19 Europe
20 Slavs The Barbarians Culture collapse of 5th and 6th centuries Peter Heather: Empires and Barbarians, page
21 Franks The Barbarians 350: the Roman empire allows the Franks to settle in Belgium 447: Merovech (Meerwig) establishes the Merovingian dynasty among the Franks 486: Frank king Clovis I Chlodovech) conquers northern Gaul from the Romans 507: Clovis defeats the Visigoths 510: Clovis moves the Frankish capital to Paris 628: count Pepin I becomes the "major domi" (mayor of the palace) 732: the Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by Charles Martel at the battle of Tours 751: the Carolingian mayor Pepin III deposes the Merovingian king and appoints himself king of the Franks 754: pope Stephen II anoints Pepin III king of the Franks 768: Pepin III dies and Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks 800: the Pope crowns Charles emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 21
22 Europe
23 What the Barbarians Knew Horses Mobility The Roman Empire 23
24 What the Barbarians Knew Partition of the Western Roman Empire Italy: Ostrogoths Spain: Visigoths and Suevi France: Franks, Visigoths and Burgundi England: Anglo-Saxons Africa: Vandals 24
25 The Barbarians 25
26 What the Barbarians Knew Population Visigoths: 100,000 Vandals: 80,000 Burgundi: 25,000 Ostrogoths: 100,000 The Roman population was 100 times than the invading hordes 26
27 What the Barbarians Knew Economic unity of the Mediterranean Sea (Western Europe, Middle East and Africa) Roman money (solidus, gold) Free trade 27
28 What the Barbarians Knew Political unity of the Mediterranean Sea All but the Anglo-Saxons acknowledged the Roman emperor of the East (foederati) Barbarian kings were Romanized Barbarians spoke Latin They established themselves according to the Roman rule of hospitalitas (except the Franks) They adopted the Roman code of law They were all Aryans except the Franks (Catholics) 28
29 What the Barbarians Knew Post-476 Western Roman Empire Melting pot of Goths (army) Romans (administrators, land owners, farmers, law officers, tax officers) Greeks Syrians (maritime traders) Jews (merchants, lenders) 29
30 What the Barbarians Knew Post-476 Trade Spices from China to Western Europe Spices from India to Western Europe Spices from Arabia to Western Europe Papyrus from Egypt to Western Europe Oil from Africa to Western Europe Slaves from Central/Northern/Eastern Europe to Middle East and Africa via Western Europe 30
31 Europe
32 What the Barbarians knew The Franks casket of carved whalebone (made by Viking craftsmen during the first half of the 8th century AD Northumbria, England), with scenes from Roman, Jewish, Christian and Germanic tradition, and accompanying texts in both runic and Roman script in both English and Latin language (British Museum) 32
33 The front has two scenes: the Germanic legend of Weland the Smith (left) and the Adoration of the Magi (right). Frankish Casket The left side shows the Rome's founders Romulus and Remus. The inscription at the bottom reads "AFCEDDAE HIAE WYLIF IN ROMAE KAESTRI The back shows the capture of Jerusalem in AD 70 by the Romans. 33
34 What the Barbarians knew Germanic barbarians: 3rd-4th c (Western Europe) Attraction force: wealth of Roman empire Repulsion force: Hun invasion States form where the Germans terminate their mass migration Slavic barbarians: 7th c (Balkans), 10th c (Poland), 10th c (Russia) in collapsed Eastern Europe Attraction force: wealth of Frankish Europe, Byzantium and Islam Repulsion force: Avar invasion State form largely where the Slavs have settled a long time before Przemyslid dynasty in Bohemia Piast dynasty in Poland Rurikid dynasty in Russia 34
35 What the Barbarians knew Magyars: 10th c (Hungary) No secondary migration caused by Magyar invasion (unlike Hun and Avar invasions) The Moravians fight them and the Magyars settle End of the age of great mass migrations New states formed more and more rapidly over the centuries improved military technology (easier to defend from invaders and to control subjects) more intense agricultural investment (higher motivation to stand one s ground against invaders) All new states convert to Christianity in order to be admitted to the club of European states 35
36 What the Barbarians knew Barbarian progress towards military triumph and statehood is largely due to economic and military development derived from living near the empire Client states turn into rising powers and eventually enemies of the empire Peter Heather s law: The exercise of imperial power generates an opposite and equal reaction among those affected by it until they so reorganize themselves as to blunt the imperial edge 36
37 What the Barbarians knew Kievian Russia ( ) 37
38 What the Barbarians knew Russia Rus (Vikings) colonize Russia from the 9th century Trade routes joining two agricultural areas (Baltic and Caucasus) Inspired by the Jewish empire of the Khazars (e.g., the khan is a figurehead while military power is in the hands of the bek) 980: Vladimir of Novgorod conquers Kiev and establishes the largest European state (from Ukraine to the Baltic) 38
39 What the Barbarians knew Russia History marked by continuous civil wars and continuous invasions by the peoples of the steppes Feudalism (hierarchy of vassals) with the grand prince playing the role of the king No chivalry Politics: prince + Duma (council of the nobles) + Veche (town assemblies) 39
40 What the Barbarians knew Russia Agriculture: rye, wheat, barley, millet, oats Exports: furs and slaves (mainly to Byzantium) Imports: wine, textiles, spices (Byzantium) and horses and metals (East) Foreign traders settle in Russia: Germans, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Volga Bulgars Widespread use of slaves in the economy 40
41 What the Barbarians knew Russia Derivation of culture from Byzantium (no native theologians or philosophers) Most metropolitans of Kiev were not Russian The conversion to Christianity marks the beginning of written literature (including the first script) The conversion to Christianity marks the beginning of stone architecture Pre-Christian art: epic poems ( byliny ) and wood architecture (David Christian) 41
42 What the Barbarians knew Trade routes of the Rus VOLGA ROUTE (David Christian) VARANGYAN- GREEK ROUTE 42
43 What the Barbarians knew From the fall of Rome to the modern world Mass migrations due to Huns Economic boom due to globalized trade with Rome Barbarian invasions Cultural Collapse in northeastern Europe Franks Saxons Arabs Slavs Western Christian Empires Middle Eastern Islamic Empires (incl Mongols) Russian Empire Free trade/ Economic boom (7th c-16th c) Globalization/ Economic boom (16th c - 21st c) Communism/ forced industrialization of poor countries (20th c) 43
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