What happened to the Roman Empire by 500 A.D.?
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2 What happened to the Roman Empire by 500 A.D.?
3 After the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire entered an era of decline The Roman Empire had a series of weak emperors The Fall of the Roman Empire Romans had a large trade imbalance (they bought more than they produced) As Rome grew more in debt, the military became weak & began using foreign mercenary
4 The Western Roman Empire continued to grow weak Text Emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople in the Eastern Roman Empire Emperor Diocletian tried to save Rome by dividing the
5 By The 476, Fall barbarians of the Roman Empire conquered the Western Roman Empire The Western Roman Empire fell into the Middle Ages ( Dark Ages ) from 500 to 1300
6 What happened in the Eastern Roman Empire?
7 While the Western Roman Empire was in decline the Eastern Roman Empire remained strong The Fall of the Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire
8 Text How did physical geography impact the Byzantine capital of Constantinople?
9 The Byzantine capital was Constantinople Constantinople was a wealthy trade city located between the Mediterranean
10 Byzantine Capital of Constantinople
11 The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: The Byzantine Empire kept alive Greco-Roman culture Constantinople was a center for learning where schools taught philosophy, medicine, Greek and Latin grammar, geometry
12 How was architecture similar? The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: Roman Pantheon Byzantine Hagia Sophia
13 One of the most impressive architectural buildings in the Byzantine Empire was a Christian cathedral called the Hagia Sophia
14 The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: Constantinople used Roman-style architecture such as arches & domes Byzantine cities had forums for trade & arenas to entertain
15 The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: The official language was Latin, but most Byzantines spoke Greek
16 The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: Religion in the late Roman Empire Religion in the Byzantine Empire How was religion similar?
17 Because of its location close to Judea, most Byzantines had converted to Christianity before those in the Western Roman Empire
18 The Byzantine Empire Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire: Both the Roman & Byzantine Empires were ruled by emperors who had absolute power over the empire Justinian was the most famous Byzantine Emperor Roman government How was government similar? Byzantine government
19 About 50 years after the fall of Rome, Byzantine Emperor Justinian came to power & began reconquering Roman territories
20 Justinian I In 537, Justinian I became emperor with absolute authority. At it s height, his empire reached Spain, North Africa, Palestine and Syria. His empire was later weakened by: -Muslim invaders -the plague -could not control large territory -loss of money
21 In addition to empire building, what else did Emperor Justinian value?
22 The Justinian Code To oversee his new empire, Justinian ordered legal experts to shorten old Roman laws into a single law code The Justinian Code served as the legal basis for criminal justice, marriage, property, slavery, & women s rights The law code became one of the most important legacies of the Byzantine Empire & served as the basis for laws for the next 900 years
23 The Justinian Code The Justinian Code had 4 components: 1. The Law Code: Nearly 5,000 Roman laws that were still considered useful for the Byzantine Empire 2. The Digest: Summarized Roman opinions about laws 3. The Institutes: Textbook on how to use the laws 4. The Novellae (New Laws): Contained all new laws that were passed after 534
24 Justinian In addition to expanding the empire & creating a uniform set of laws, Emperor Justinian also began large building projects He ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia to show the importance of the church He built hospitals, aqueducts, public baths, schools, & courts
25 Empress Theodora Justinian s wife Theodora had a lot of power & influence in the Byzantine Empire: She met with & wrote to foreign leaders She advised Justinian & helped him pass laws She encouraged building of Christian cathedrals
26 The Christian Church is Divided: The Great Schism
27 The Division of Christianity Because of the distance & lack of contact between Byzantine Empire & Western Europe, Christianity developed differently All Christians based their faith on Jesus & the Bible But they had different practices to show
28 The Division of Christianity Christians were organized the same way: Archbishops & bishops oversaw regions where Christianity was practiced Priests led individual churches But, Christians in the East & West disagreed over leadership of the Church
29 The Division of Christianity Christians in Western Europe: Believed that there should be a Pope to oversee bishops & give authority to all Christians Christians in Western Europe accepted the authority of the Pope
30 The Division of Christianity Christians in Eastern Europe: Believed that the Byzantine Emperor had authority over issues involving Christianity Byzantine emperors relied on a Patriarch, the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, to oversee the church, but the emperor had final authority Patriarchs were appointed by the emperor Christians in the Byzantine Empire did not accept the authority of the Pope
31 The Division of Christianity One of the biggest controversies among Christians was the use of icons: Icons were religious images to help Christians in their prayers & worship Some Christians thought this was idol worship In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned icons & many Christians rioted
32 Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of icons in the Byzantine Empire Riots broke out between people who wanted icons & iconoclasts (those who wanted to ban icons) The Pope in Western Europe supported the use of icons & called the Byzantine Emperor a heretic (a believer of false The Pope excommunicate d the emperor (kicked him out of the church)
33 The Division of Christianity These disagreements led to deep divisions among Christians & the Great Schism (split) occurred in 1054:
34 Christians in Western Europe became the Roman Catholic Church Christians in Eastern Europe became the Eastern Orthodox Church The Division of Christianity
35 The Division of Christianity Roman Catholics & Eastern Orthodox Christians practice their regions differently:
36 Pope Francis (left) is the supreme head of the Roman Catholic Church. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew (right) holds a slightly different position in the Orthodox Church. Eastern Orthodox churches pay him their highest honors because he leads the ancient Church of Constantinople, but they do not consider him their supreme authority
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43 Crusades Between the 11th-13th Century, European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions against the Islamic Seljuk Turks who had control over most of the Middle East
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EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (BYZANTINE EMPIRE) BY SETH JACKOWSKI AND VERA PLJEVALJCIC JUSTINIAN CODE The Roman Empire expanded and that made them weak and unable to maintain their borders This led to the collapse