Influence on Cultures

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Outline One Directions: Choose two Golden Age civilizations, and for each one: Describe at least two specific achievements during that civilization s Golden Age.

1 Outline One Directions: Choose two Golden Age civilizations, and for each one: Describe at least two specific achievements during that civilization s Golden Age. Explain how these achievements affected culture(s). Choose a document that would support your achievement. Civilizations Two Achievements and Its Influence on Cultures Document to Support Document One Document 2 This excerpt is from the textbook World History: Connections to Today (Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, Esler, Anthony Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999). Common Principles of Roman Law: People of the same status are equal before the law. An accused person is innocent until proven guilty. The accused should be allowed to face his or her accuser and defend against the charge. Guilt must be established clearer than daylight through evidence.

Document 3 This excerpt, about Han China s technology advancements, is from the

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999) In its time, Han China was

Cai Lun, an official of the Han Court, invented a method for making durable paper

The Chinese also pioneered advanced methods of shipbuilding and invented the

Document 4 This excerpt, about Gupta India s medical achievements, is from the

By Gupta times, Indian physicians had pioneered the use of herbs and other

Surgeons were skilled in setting bones and in simple plastic surgery to repair

Doctors also began vaccinating people against smallpox about 1,000 years before

2 Document 3 This excerpt, about Han China s technology advancements, is from the World History: Connections to Today (Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, Esler, Anthony Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999) In its time, Han China was the most technologically advanced civilization in the world. Cai Lun, an official of the Han Court, invented a method for making durable paper out of wood pulp. His basic method is still used to manufacture paper today. The Chinese also pioneered advanced methods of shipbuilding and invented the rudder to steer. Document 4 This excerpt, about Gupta India s medical achievements, is from the textbook World History: Connections to Today (Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, Esler, Anthony. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999). By Gupta times, Indian physicians had pioneered the use of herbs and other remedies to treat illness. Surgeons were skilled in setting bones and in simple plastic surgery to repair facial injuries. Doctors also began vaccinating people against smallpox about 1,000 years before this practice was used in Europe. Document 5 Wheelbarrow Compass The ladle, which was carved from lodestone, swivels on the polished bronze base so that the handle always points to the south. Paper Making Wet pulp was dried on screens to make paper. Stirrup

3 Outline Two: Religion in the Eastern Hemisphere Directions: Fill in the chart regarding eastern religions. Civilization How did religions unify people? Include a document that will support the unification of people. How did Religion Divide People? Include a document that will support the division of people. Document 1: Egyptians had many gods. Some, like Atum, were worshipped by pharaoh and the priests in temples. Others, like Bes, were worshipped by people in their homes. ATUM BES Document 2: The Indian religion of Hinduism is based on a book called the Rig-Veda. In this book society is divided into four classes. Brahmans, or priests, are the highest classes. Kshatriya, or warriors, were next. Vaishya, or traders and landowners were third. Shudra or peasants were on the bottom. The Hindu religion kept this system in place in India for many centuries. A person born into one of these classes was stuck in there for life. Document 3: The kingdom of Ancient Israel was established around the belief in one god. This belief was called monotheism. This menorah is a symbol of the people of Israel s belief in one god. The religion was the most important aspect of Israeli life.

4 Document 4: The Roman government saw fit to persecute1 the Christians from time to time, especially during unsettled periods when a popular reform movement arose to return to the old Roman ways and values. Many condemned Christians to death in the arena or by formal execution for not sharing Roman beliefs. The crowds who came to witness the games were a different matter altogether. Sometimes they became worked up into a frenzy of hate. They considered the Christians to be antisocial scum and clamored for a painful death for them in the arena, being mauled and torn apart by wild beasts or forced to fight gladiators who killed them for a public spectacle. Document 5: Before the dawn of Islam in the early seventh century C.E., the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula were widely varied religiously, politically, and culturally. With the founding of Islam in present-day Saudi Arabia by Mohammed, these peoples were united in a common belief, language, and government. The Arabs of the pre-islamic period were unsophisticated when compared with their neighbors, the Byzantines and the Persians. It was Islam that brought the civilization out of this rut and into a more modern, civilized world. Islam was to become the unifying force in Arabia. Millions of Muslims gather daily to worship together wwwgeocities.com/shoh/7930/arabiahtm Outline Three: The Influence of Geography on History Directions: Fill in the chart below. Civilization Geographical Feature and one document to support the feature Geographical Feature s Influence on the People of the Area and one document to support the influence

Document #1 Old Stone Age * 150,000 to 10,000 years ago * made weapons and tools of stone and wood * fished and hunted for food * sewed clothing of animal skins * lived in caves * used fire for

5 Document #1 Old Stone Age * 150,000 to 10,000 years ago * made weapons and tools of stone and wood * fished and hunted for food * sewed clothing of animal skins * lived in caves * used fire for warmth and cooking Middle Stone Age * 10,000 to 8,000 years ago * life much the same as Old Stone Age * certain animals were domesticated (dogs and goats) New Stone Age * 8,000 to 6,000 years ago * learned to farm * raised animals * learned to weave baskets, make clothing from plant fibers and wool, make clay pots * invented the wheel Document #2 Physical Map of China

6 Document #3 "Gilgamesh built a wall around his city to make it safe against attack. Its pinnacles shone like brass. Its outer surface was armored with stone cladding [facing], every brick had been hardened in the fire. The people of Uruk groaned beneath the burden of the building of the wall, for Gilgamesh drove them on without pity. The drums that summoned the people to work were sounded without pause, so that the son had no time to spend with his father, nor the lover with his lady." The Gilgamesh Epic Document #4 "I opened passages for the streams throughout the nine provinces, and conducted them to the sea. I deepened the channels and canals, and conducted them to the streams." The Legend of Yu Document #5 Geography of the Ancient Middle East

grass, takes hold of another blade, then draws it body from the first, so the Self, having reached the end of his body, takes hold of an other body, then draws itself from the first.

7 India s Great Civilization Directions: Choose two religions practiced in India and complete the chart below. Name of Religion Influence of Religion on the people of India Document to support influence Document 1 From the Upanishads, Hindu sacred texts: As a caterpillar, having reached the end of a blade of grass, takes hold of another blade, then draws it body from the first, so the Self, having reached the end of his body, takes hold of an other body, then draws itself from the first. Document 2 As the Buddha outlined in The Four Noble Truths: The thirst for existence leads from rebirth to rebirth; lust and pleasure follow. Power alone can satisfy lust. The thirst for power, the thirst for pleasure, the thirst for existence; there, O monks, is the origins of suffering. Document 3 The Wheel of Life is one of the most important symbols of Buddhism, as it represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation and because each of its eight spokes represents one of the teachings of the Eightfold Path. 1. Know that suffering is caused by desire. 2. Be selfless and love all life. 3. Do not lie, or speak without cause. 4. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts. 5. Do not do things which promote evil. 6. Take effort to promote righteousness. 7. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions. 8. Learn to meditate.

8 Document 4 Document 5

9 Outline Five Directions: Complete the graphic organizer on the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Reasons for the Fall/Decline of the Western Roman Empire Factor One How Factor contributed to the fall/decline of the Western Roman Empire Document to support the factor of decline/fall Factor Two Document #1: "The basic trouble was that very few inhabitants of the empire believed that the old civilization was worth saving the overwhelming majority of the population had been systematically excluded from political responsibilities. They could not organize to protect themselves; they could not serve in the army Their economic plight was hopeless. Most of them were serfs bound to the soil, and the small urban groups saw their cities slipping into uninterrupted decline. -An excerpt from a textbook, The Course of Civilization by Strayer, Gatzke, and Harbison Document #2 The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness (large size) The introduction of Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrine of patience; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister; a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the demands of charity and devotion. -An excerpt from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbons

Document #3 First the economic factor While the empire was expanding, its prosperity was fed by plundered wealth and by new markets in the semi-barbaric provinces.

10 Document #3 First the economic factor While the empire was expanding, its prosperity was fed by plundered wealth and by new markets in the semi-barbaric provinces. When the empire ceased to expand, however, economic progress soon ceased The immediate source and sign of evil was the institution of slavery. The abundance of slaves led to the growth of the latifundia, the great estates that came to dominate agriculture and ruin the free coloni (farmers) who drifted to the cities, to add to the unemployment there. The abundance of slaves likewise kept wages low. -This excerpt is from Uses of the Past by Herbert J. Muller Document #4 Part of the money went into the maintenance of the army and the vast bureaucracy required by a centralized government the expense led to strangling taxation There were land taxes, property taxes, occupation taxes, poll taxes The heart was taken our of enterprising men tenants fled from their farms and businessmen and workmen from their occupations. Private enterprise was crushed and the state was forced to take over many kinds of business to keep the machine running. People learned to expect something for nothing. The old Roman virtues of self-reliance and initiative were lost in that part of the population on relief (welfare) The central government undertook such far-reaching responsibility in affairs that the fiber of the citizens weakened. -excerpt from The New Deal in Old Rome by Henry Haskell Document #6

The Influence of Geography on History

Topic 1 The Influence of Geography on History This task is based on the accompanying documents (1 1 to 1 7). ome of these documents have been edited for the purposes of this task. This task is designed