Ms. Yi s WCI Unit 4.1 Post-Classical Middle East: Dar al-islam, Student Info for #7. 1. House of Wisdom
|
|
- Reynold Lambert
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1. House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom was an educational institution founded in Baghdad in present-day Iraq by the Abbasid caliph al- Ma mum, in 830 CE. At the time, Western Europe was going through a Dark Age, when learning and literacy were lost. The Catholic Church, the sole unifying force in Europe, did not tolerate religious differences. In stark contrast, the Islamic world was going through the Pax Islamica, or the Islamic Peace, a time of religious tolerance and openness to learning. As a result, scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia Jews, Christians, Hindus, Zoroastrians, and Muslims flocked over to the House of Wisdom, where they learned from one another and collaborated on their collective pursuit of knowledge. These international scholars worked together to translate, preserve, and improve upon ancient Egyptian, Persian, Greek, Roman, and Indian learning. In this way, they helped preserve the Greek classics (such as the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Euclid) that might otherwise have been lost or destroyed. And the House of Wisdom s extensive library, which contained religious texts and all sorts of ancient texts (on law, poetry, history, geography, philosophy, and the sciences) and which was open to the public, became a model for other large libraries throughout Dar al-islam.
2 2. Library at Cordoba In the 8 th century, a new and independent Muslim emirate was established by the Umayyads in Spain. Its capital city, Cordoba, became a second center of learning and intellectual life in Dar al-islam (along with Baghdad s House of Wisdom). Known as a city of bibliophiles (book lovers), its most celebrated library was run by the Spanish Umayyad Caliph Al- Hakam Il al-mustansir ( ). Al-Hakam, an accomplished scholar himself, sent bookbuyers all over Dar al-islam to find books for his library. Library clerks, many of them women, carefully copied by hand the books while calligraphers and bookbinders created beautiful text and cover designs. Al-Hakam s library was said to have contained between 400,000 and 500,000 books, whose titles filled a 44-volume catalogue. (In comparison, the largest library in the rest of Europe, the library at the monastery of St. Gall, boasted 36 books.) The people of Cordoba also collected books for their homes. Those who owned large, personal libraries were regarded as important figures in Cordovan society.
3 Scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia Jews, Christians, Muslims, Zoroastrians flocked to Cordoba s famous library to study together. Great thinkers who studied in Cordoba included Maimonides( ), the author of the Guide for the Perplexed. A Jewish scholar, Maimonides explained Jewish faith in terms of Aristotle s logic. His philosophy deeply influenced later European thinkers, including Scholastics like Thomas Aquinas. An even more famous scholar from Cordoba was Ibn Rushd ( ), known to the Western world as Averroes. Ibn Rushd was the Islamic equivalent of Leonardo da Vinci. He was widely regarded as the Ideal Man who excelled in numerous fields. He wrote copiously on philosophy, politics, music, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, geography, and physics. His commentaries on Aristotle s works became so influential in later European thought that he has been called one of the spiritual fathers of Europe.
4 3. Paper and Bookmaking In 751, the Abbasids defeated the Tang Chinese at the Battle of Talas in Central Asia. Among the captured Chinese were artisans skilled in paper making. These Chinese prisoners taught their captors the technique of making paper out of tree barks. Paper technology quickly spread throughout Dar al-islam. The first paper-manufacturing plant in Dar al-islam opened in Baghdad in 794 CE. By 891 CE, Baghdad had over a hundred booksellers. Most mosques had libraries. Many cities also had public libraries. Baghdad at the time of the Mongol invasion in 1258 had 36 libraries. According to historian Will Durant, Muslim rulers "in the 10 th century might own as many books as could be found in all the libraries of Europe combined." Books became easily accessible and contributed to interest in all kinds of learning. In Dar al-islam, a well-stocked library was a status symbol! Gradually, Europeans learned paper and bookmaking technology from the Islamic world. Paper was first used in Constantinople by 1100, in Italy by 1102, in Germany by 1228, and in England by Previously, mass production of books was not possible in Europe, who used parchment and silk to produce hand-crafted manuscripts. Introduction by way of the Islamic world of paper would gradually re-introduce literacy and learning to the Western Europeans and help them end centuries of the Dark Age which had begun with the collapse of Rome in the 5 th century.
5 4. Calligraphy Calligraphy, which means beautiful writing, is the art of elegant handwriting. Calligraphy was first used by Muslims when the Arabs began preparing copies of the Qur an. The words of the Qur an were written in calligraphy because only calligraphy was considered worthy of the word of God. At the same time, the Muslim belief that Allah should never be depicted in human image spilled over to the practice of not using visual images to depict important humans. As a result, calligraphy was used not only to adorn the walls of mosques but also as decorations for textiles, ceramics, and metal works. In the Islamic world, the calligrapher was honored above other artists, and calligraphy was considered the highest form of art.
6 5. Geometric and Floral Design Muslim art was mostly abstract, which meant that the pictures did not represent real subjects like humans or animals. Not only was it forbidden to depict Allah in human image, it was generally believed that visual images of humans and animals would distract worshippers from praying to Allah. Consequently, floral patterns and geometric designs became favorite art subjects. The most common was the arabesque, a winding stem of leaves and flowers that formed a spiraling design. The arabesque decorated everything from small objects metal boxes, ceramic bowls, tiles to carpets and entire walls. Muslim artists also used geometric patterns to express the idea that unity and order exists everywhere and at all times. Interlacement, which was another type of arabesque, was made of geometric patterns drawn inside a circle and repeated several times. Despite the religious guidelines, paintings of both humans and animals did exist. They could be found in private places like bathhouses, women s apartments, and the living quarter of the ruling classes. Persian artists particularly excelled at making beautiful miniature portraits of people.
7 6. Music of Muslim Spain The music of Muslim Spain was one of the glorious achievements of the Pax Islamica. Musical styles from all over the world combined to create the distinct sound of the music of Muslim Spain. Europe s first music conservatory (school) was established in Cordoba by an Arab named Ziryad, a freed slave from Baghdad. Royal courts hired musicians from all over Central Asia and Africa to entertain royalty and important visitors, such as wealthy merchants. Musicians and poets worked together to create songs that combined the patterns and rhythms of poetry and musical styles from the Arab, Spanish, African, and Central Asian cultures. By the 11 th century, this music was so popular that the courts of Islamic rulers all over Dar al-islam competed to see whose musicians produced the most pleasing songs. The instruments most often used in this music included: the oud, a short-necked string instrument that is the ancestor of the guitar; the rebab, an instrument brought to Spain from the Middle East that resembles a violin; the ney, a simple wood flute; and the darbuka, a goblet-shaped drum made of pottery. The origins of many instruments, including the oboe, trumpet, violin, guitar, harp, and percussion instruments can be traced to this music of Muslim Spain.
8 7. Chess The game of chess was introduced to Dar al-islam by the Persians, who had learned it from India. The game became widely popular among men and women because of its difficulty and intellectual challenge. Caliphs and sultans and emirs (rulers) would invite champions of the game to chess matches at their palaces. The Muslims continued to adapt and improve the game. It was the Muslims who introduced chess to Europeans, who played it widely from the 13 th century onward.
9 8. Polo It is believed that the game of polo, arguably the oldest recorded team sport in the world, was first invented by pastoral nomadic tribes of Central Asia. The Persians took up the sport over 2500 years ago, probably as a training method for their famous cavalry, the Ten Thousand Immortals. Polo matches, played on horseback, could resemble a battle with up to 100 men to a side. The Muslim world learned the game of polo from the Persians, and quickly, it became a great favorite among the wealthy classes because of its use of horses. The Abbasid caliphs loved the game, which became known as the game of kings. The Arabian stallions, famed for their beautiful looks and fast speed, were used to improve the game. Eventually, the Muslim world introduced the game of polo to Europeans, who also fell in love with the game. Today, polo is played all over the world. Adapted from
10 9. Agricultural & Energy Technology Because water was so scarce in the desert regions of Dar al-islam, Muslim engineers developed ingenious irrigation techniques using underground wells. Muslims probably learned the idea of underground pipes to irrigate farm fields from the Persians, who first perfected the technique, known as the Quanat. As early as the 10 th century, dams, reservoirs, and underground wells were constructed throughout Dar al-islam. Underground wells were placed as much as 50 feet deep in order to tap underground water sources and to minimize evaporation of the precious water. Muslim engineers also perfected the water wheel, a technique that could be operated by man, animals, or the wind. When an upright pole connected to a series of geared wheels was turned, four water scoops, rising one after another, emptied their contents into a canal. Muslim engineers also pioneered double-action pumps that could raise water to a height of 12 meters and windmills with vertical blades. They also built pigeon towers to gather fertilizer for the soil, produced kerosene fuel by distilling crude oil, (Adapted from:
11 10. Numbers, Banking, and Accounting Like the Romans, Muslims excelled at learning from other people and tweaking and improving on what they learned. From the Indians, Muslims adapted the concept of zero and the decimals to develop what Europeans later called the Arabic Numerals. From the Indians, Muslims also adapted the concept of banking. To end the confusion caused by the many currencies in use all over Afro-Eurasia, Muslim merchants developed the concept of checks, which derives from the Arabic word sakk. The Abbasids had central banks with branch offices and an elaborate system of checks and letters of credit. It became possible for a check written on a bank in one part of Dar al-islam to be cashed in a distant city. This was crucial in expanding international trade, which Muslim merchants dominated, both over land and by sea. Double-entry accounting/bookkeeping method, which is used all over the world today, was first used in Europe by Italian merchants around the 13 th century. Some scholars believe that Italian merchants learned of this method from the Muslim world.
12 11. Algebra Muslim scholars were deeply interested in furthering the developments of the ancient Greeks and Indians in mathematics. They spent hours trying to stump one another with difficult mathematical puzzles. For fun, they made magic boxes that were grids containing numbers that added up to the same sum horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. Of the many Islamic scholars, the most famous math scholar was Al-Khwarizmi, who invented algebra. Algebra derives from the Arabic word al jabr, which means the bringing together of separate parts. In algebra, a mathematician substitutes symbols (such as x, y, and z) for numbers in order to solve mathematical problems. Al-Khwarazmi, the Father of Al jabr
13 12. The Scientific Method and Chemistry Aristotle is often given credit for inventing the Scientific Method, but it is actually the Muslim scholars who invented the Scientific Method as we know it today. Will Durant, a famous historian, gives Muslims credit for "introduc(ing) precise observation, controlled experiment, and careful records. Briffault, in his book Making of Humanity, states that (I)nvestigation, accumulation of positive knowledge, minute methods of science and prolonged observation were alien to Greek temperament. These were introduced to Europe by the Arabs. European science owes its existent to the Arabs. Muslim scientists set up the world s first laboratories and conducted painstaking research and experiments to test their theories. As the world s first true scientists, Muslim scholars turned alchemy, the ancient art of transmuting metals, into the science of chemistry. They were the first people to separate chemical compounds from one another. They invented and/or perfected the processes of distillation, sublimation, crystallization, oxidation, and precipitation. They discovered the process of calcinations, which is used to reduce substances to a powered form. They also discovered many elements with their specific weights. They distinguished between metals and alloys, noting that alloys were mixtures and not true elements. They developed the acid-base principal of chemistry as well as the ph scale. They also studied the solubility/insolubility of substances. And Al-Razi s (d. 925) booklet, Secret of Secrets, is said to be the first known example of a chemistry lab manual.
14 Unlike the Greeks who loved knowledge for knowledge s sake, Muslim scientists were deeply interested in practical applications of their theories. They oversaw the beginnings of the chemical industry by using their labs for R&D (research and development) purposes. Muslim chemists developed techniques for extracting minerals and metals, invented crystal making, distilled rose-water perfume, and developed new ceramic glazes, hair dyes, and waterproof varnishes. The Crusades (which began in the late 12 th century) increased Muslim-Christian contacts, which led to the spread of Muslim knowledge and technology into Western Europe. Translations of Muslim works on chemistry (especially Al-Razi s chemistry lab manual) were used in many European schools standard textbooks for many centuries. Source:
15 13. Zoology Muslims scholars made great advances I zoology, the scientific study of animals, during the Golden Age. Muslims were deeply interested in animals, in part because they were so dependent upon animals for their lifestyle, trade, and travels. Al-Jahiz, born in 776 CE in Basra, present-day Iraq, made great contributions to zoology. He composed some 200 works, the most famous of which was the Book of Animals. In this book, he collected a huge body of lore and knowledge about animals from all kinds of sources, including the Qur an, the Hadith, pre-islamic poetry, proverbs, and stories from merchants and sailors, his own personal observations, and his studies of Greek texts. While the book was full of entertaining stories, it also contained important scientific theories and information. His work deeply influenced the 11 th century physician Ibn Kakhtishu, who wrote The Uses of Animals, an account of medicines that could be extracted from animals for human use. In the 14 th century, Al-Damiri used Al- Jahiz s scientific information to write The Lives of the Animals, an encyclopedia of animals.
16 14. Astronomy Muslim scientists made great advances in astronomy, the science of celestial (heavenly) objects/bodies. Muslim astronomers perfected the astrolabe, a device first invented by the Greeks. This was a small, flat, brass disc marked off in degrees. By lining up the pointer with the sun, the user could measure latitude, tell the time of day, and determine the position or movement of the stars and planets. Using the astrolabe and their own observatories, Muslim astronomers made many astronomical discoveries. In Europe, the Catholic Church lionized the incorrect idea that the world was geo-centric. The Hellenistic Greek astronomer Ptolemy had proposed that the earth was the center of the universe. Since the theory fit the Biblical accounts of the creation of the world, the Ptolemaic theory of the universe became Church dogma (doctrine held as indisputable truth) for centuries. To even question the theory became heresy punishable by the Church. Using the astrolabe and their observatories, Muslim scientists made their own observations, which they compared to Ptolemy s tables. They gradually compiled enough data to prove Ptolemy s idea incorrect. Many Muslim astronomers also learned that the earth is a sphere (globe), that it rotates on its own axis, and that the sun is the center of the universe. Centuries later, scientists in Western Europe made their own discoveries and ended up agreeing with the Muslim astronomers.
17 15. Geography and Cartography Muslims were the best geographers and cartographers of the Medieval period. Why? There were two (2) reasons: Commerce and religion. Long distance travel created a need for mapping, and travelers often provided the information to achieve the task. As hazardous as long-distance travel was in Medieval times, Muslims undertook long journeys. One motive for these was the 5 th Pillar, or Hajj. Annually, Muslim pilgrims came to Mecca from all parts of Afro-Eurasia. Another motive for travels was commerce. Muslim merchants dominated both maritime (Indian Ocean) and overland (Silk Road) routes by this time. The following is excerpted from an article found at Fuat Sezgin is one of the world's most prominent historians of science and technology in the Muslim world. The 80-year-old Turkish professor is the director of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany, and a prodigiously productive writer. He has compiled a 13-volume history of Islam's Golden Age of Science, including three new books on the accomplishments of Arabic and Islamic cartographers. He says the cartographers not only opened much of the world to Muslim traders but also paved the way for European navigators, who later defined our modern view of geography. "I have written in these three volumes the history of mathematical geography for the first time, generally. Until now, it was impossible to write the [full] history of mathematical geography because [scholars] did not know the mathematical geography in Islam," Sezgin says. Sezgin says it has long been recognized that Muslim navigators undertook sea voyages over vast distances, which gave them a more complete view of geography than the ancient Greeks and Romans. But he says he believes he is the first to compile a comprehensive collection of evidence showing how
18 Muslim cartographers combined the navigators' information with studies of astronomy and mathematics to compile maps of astonishing precision for their day. Sezgin says one of his greatest successes was tracking down a copy of a particularly famous map that Western scholars knew existed from Arab histories but which was generally assumed to be lost. That is the map of the world that Caliph al-ma'mum, who reigned in Baghdad from 813 to 833 AD, commissioned from a large group of astronomers and geographers. "Many geographers, many astronomers, many mathematics scholars made this map. Historians of geography knew of this map, but by its name only. I [finally] found this map in an encyclopedia in Topkapi Sarai [Museum in Istanbul]," Sezgin says. The map shows large parts of the Eurasian and African continents with recognizable coastlines and major seas. It depicts the world as it was known to the captains of the Arab sailing dhows which, with planks secured by palm-fiber ropes rather than nails, used the monsoon wind cycles to trade over vast distances. Western historians recognize that by the 9th century, Arab sea traders had reached Canton, in China. Sezgin says the Caliph al-ma'mum map illustrates how far the Muslim cartographers departed from earlier world views. The maps of the Greeks and Romans reveal a good knowledge of closed seas like the Mediterranean but little understanding of the vast ocean expanses beyond. "This map [shows] the Muslims knew the continents are islands, not like the Greeks' thinking that the seas are closed seas," Sezgin says. But if Sezgin has devoted his life to understanding Islam's Golden Age of Science -- he has spent 55 years writing about it -- he is far from having chauvinistic views. He says Muslim scientists were able to make such advances because they were ready to build on the work of earlier scholars -- Muslim or otherwise. The professor says this "receptiveness" enabled Muslim science to become the world's dominant scientific tradition within 200 years of the beginnings of the Arab conquests. "The Arabs, the Muslims, had taken from Christians, from Jews, from [Persia] without complexes. The Muslims were tolerant. The Muslims had accepted these Christians and Jews as teachers. That's very important, because the period of the reception of science was [thus just] 200 years," Sezgin says. Islam's Golden Age of Science finally ended as the stability and wealth of the Muslim world was shaken by rival powers. European states controlled the Mediterranean trade routes by the 14th century, and the Mongol invasions of the 13th to 15th centuries disrupted trade with China. State patronage of science gave way to military affairs. Still, Muslim science never disappeared. Instead, it reemerged as part of the new body of science developing in Europe as scholars there -- in their turn -- borrowed liberally from Muslim scholars before them. Sezgin says Portuguese and Spanish navigators used the knowledge they gained from Muslim cartographers while Iberia was under Arab domination to launch their own voyages of discovery. Those great sea journeys, including the circumnavigation of the world and the discovery of the Americas, helped lead to a modern view of Earth as a globe containing all of the major continents. Sezgin, who mostly writes in German, says the first volume of his book on the Muslim cartographers has just been translated into English and will be published next month. He hopes the translation will help his work reach a broader audience, both in the West and the Muslim world.
19 16. Medical Advances Contacts with India and Egypt civilizations with a long history of medical advances provided Muslim scholars with opportunities to learn from the best. They learned from Indian and Egyptian doctors and improved on their learning by making their own advances. Muslim doctors experimented with herbal drugs, using them as treatment and as anesthetic during surgery. They used plants like coriander for their curative powers and hashish (a strong narcotic) as sedatives during surgery. Muslim physicians had a great understanding of the functions of parts of the body,. Ibn al-nafis, a 13 th century physician, thoroughly understood the blood circulation system. He was the first to explicitly state that blood moves from the heart, transits through the lungs to mix with air before returning to the heart. Muslim physicians also pioneered the technique of using needles to remove cataracts. Al-Haytham ( ), Latinized as Alhacen or Alhazen, a Muslim mathematician from Basra, Iraq, became known in Europe in the 13 th century as the author of a monumental book on optics the mathematical theory of vision. In his Kitâb al-manâ zir, he offered a new solution to the problem of vision, combining experimental investigations of the behavior of light with inventive geometrical proofs and constant forays into the psychology of visual perception all systematically tied together to form a coherent alternative to the Euclidean and Ptolemaic theories of "visual rays" issuing from the eye. (Source: Al-Razi ( ), a physician from Persia, wrote the Continence, a 24-volume medical encyclopedia, which became hugely influential on European thinking on medicine. He described clinical signs of many diseases, wrote about diagnosing and treating smallpox and measles, and the importance of hygiene and clean air in treating illnesses.
20 Ibn Sinna, Latinized as Avicenna (born 980), another famous physician from Persia, wrote the 14-volume Canon of Medicine, a huge collection of his vast knowledge of Greek and Arabic medical systems. He the Canon, he described various diseases (including smallpox and measles) and their causes, symptoms, and cures. He emphasized the need for hygiene and clean air, for understanding the functions of parts of the human body, and the contagious nature of certain communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis. He was also deeply interested in human psychology and wrote a great deal on the effects of the mind on the body The Canon was translated into Latin and was used as a standard reference book in European universities until the 17 th century. Al-Zahrawi (born 936) from Cordoba, Spain, was the most renowned of all Muslim surgeons. Sometimes called the pharmacist surgeon, he wrote Al-Tasrif, a famous manual on surgery that later became the chief reference work for surgery in Italian and French universities for centuries. The manual included sections on the preparation and dosage of drugs, nutrition, public health, anatomical dissection, and techniques for performing various types of surgeries (including amputation of limbs and crushing bladder stones). The sections on surgery are illustrated with drawings of about 100 surgical instruments, many of which he invented himself, including a pair of forceps used in child birth and catgut to stitch internal incisions. He also used antiseptics to cleanse wounds, a practice that Europeans would not learn of until centuries later.
21 17. Public Healthcare: Hospitals & Pharmacies Muhammad s statement that Allah had provided a cure for every illness inspired the Muslim world s interest in treating diseases. This, coupled with the 5 Pillars of Islam, led to the creation of the first hospital in the world. An early hospital that became a model for future hospitals was founded in Damascus, present-day Syria, staffed with physicians paid by the government. Hospitals were designed to promote health, cure diseases, and teach and expand medical knowledge. By the 9 th century, there were hospitals in all large Muslim towns. The most advanced hospitals like the Aduidi hospital founded by the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-rashid in Baghdad attracted outstanding medical scholars and were housed in large buildings with lecture halls, libraries, pharmacies, laboratories, and patient wards with beds. Patients with communicable diseases, as well as those recovering from surgery, were placed in a separate part of the hospital. In addition to hospitals, pharmacies also developed in Baghdad to provide medicine to treat diseases. Much like today s pharmacies, Muslim pharmacies filled prescriptions ordered by physicians. Drugs were considered so important and dangerous that they were carefully supervised, both during preparation and while in storage..
22 18. Navigation and Shipbuilding Along with the Indian merchants, Muslim merchants were masters of the Indian Ocean. Their knowledge of geography and technological advances in navigation and shipbuilding allowed them to dominate trade and travel in the Indian Ocean. Two Muslim innovations of particular importance were the astrolabe (see Astronomy ) and the dhow. The Dhow, a sailing vessel still in use in the Indian ocean, used both the square and the triangular sail. The triangular sail known as the Lateen Sail allowed the dhows to sail both into and against the wind, which made possible long-distance ocean voyages!! In the Indian Ocean, the dhow used the monsoons as free fuel to move across the Indian Ocean. In the winter, the winds blew to the southwest, bringing the dhows down the coast of East Africa (which Muslims called the Zanj. ) In the summer, the monsoons reversed direction, and the dhow would sail up to Arabia and India. From the Zanj, the Muslim traders picked up wood, ivory, ostrich feathers, and even slaves. In 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail on three small caravel ships which used the triangular lateen sail borrowed from the Islamic world. He also set out with a Muslim navigator, an
23 Arab translator, and an astrolabe perfected by Muslim astronomers. He also had with him a copy of Marco Polo s travelogue and a magnetic compass, a Chinese invention. As you all know, he was looking for a direct sea route to India and China in search of spices. Of course he had no idea that a continent blocked his way, nor did he know the true size of the earth, something that many Muslim astronomers and geographers already knew with fair accuracy.
24 19. Muslim Travelers Muhammad encouraged Muslims to travel as far as China for learning. The wealth of the cities in Dar al-islam depended on trade. And the 5 th Pillar of Islam asked Muslims to go on a Hajj to Mecca at least once during their lifetime. These reasons propelled Muslims to become the world s greatest cartographers and travelers of the time! Ibn Battuta ( ?) dreamed of visiting every major city in Dar al-islam. Sometimes called the Marco Polo of the Islamic world, he managed to travel about 75,000 miles in 29 years! His written accounts, called the Rihla, are tremendously valuable, as they are the only historical source of information about many of the places he visited. Though some scholars question the accuracy of some of his information (much as they question Marco Polo s veracity), his travels ranged from Timbuktu, the famous city of Mali in Wet Africa, all the way to Beijing, China. As a Muslim, he took advantage of the generosity shown to pilgrims he was often given gifts (of horses, gold,,and even slaves) and stayed for free in dormitories, private homes, and even in the palaces of Muslim rulers. For 7 years, he worked for the Sultan in Delhi, India. On his travels he met several Sultans who welcomes him into their
25 company. His descriptions are filled with exciting adventures; he almost died several times. He survived robbers, shipwrecks, pirates, wars, and the Bubonic Plague/Black Death! Mansa Musa (r ) was a rich ruler of Mali, the Western African kingdom that grew wealthy from its gold-salt trade across the Sahara. (Mansa means king, and Musa means Moses in Arabic.) In 1324, he began his famous Hajj to Mecca. It was this pilgrimage that awakened European interest in the incredible wealth of Mali. He traveled from the upper Niger River in Mali across the Sahara to Cairo, Egypt. Accounts vary, and some may be exaggerated, but according to some, Mansa Musa s caravan included 60,000 men, including 12,000 personal slaves finely dressed in silk. Mansa Musa rose on horseback and was preceded by 500 slaves, each carrying a gold-decorated staff. 80 camels tagged along, each carrying 300 pounds of gold! He generously gave away so much gold that Cairo s gold market was staggered by a gargantuan inflation. It took Cairo several decades to recover from the inflation. Mansa Musa impressed the rest of Dar al-islam with his incredible wealth and his commitment to Islam. He brought back to Timbuktu a group of Islamic scholars, who set out to turn Timbuktu into an important center of Islamic learning.
Algebra al jabr, using x, y, or z in place of numbers to solve complex mathematical problems.
Teacher Notes: Cut up each of these boxes and distribute to groups of students or tape them up around the room as a station activity. Students should read about each, then take brief notes and make a sketch
More informationArabic language palaces, schools, how to make reason and logical orphanages, hospitals, mosques, and proof agree with their faith. other buildings.
Architecture Scholarship Learning Science Technology Geography Acceptance of the Arabic language helped promote learning. In the 8th century, Arabic became the language of scholarship and science throughout
More informationUnit: The Rise and Spread of Islam
Unit: The Rise and Spread of Islam Lesson Title: The Cultural Achievements of Muslims (See textbook pages 94-98) Muslims over the centuries made important advances in science, literature, and art. They
More informationSection 3. Objectives
Objectives Describe the role of trade in Muslim civilization. Identify the traditions that influenced Muslim art, architecture, and literature. Explain the advances Muslims made in centers of learning.
More informationEssential Question: What were the important contributions of Muslim scholars during the Islamic Empire?
Essential Question: What were the important contributions of Muslim scholars during the Islamic Empire? Warm-Up Question: What are the Five Pillars of Islam? What is a caliph? Why did the division between
More informationThe Islamic World and Africa. Chapter 9
The Islamic World and Africa Chapter 9 Rise of Islam Due to warfare between the Byzantine and Persian empires trade land routes were changed. Sea routes were now used, connecting India with Arabian Peninsula
More informationThe Expansion of Muslim Rule. By Ms. Escalante
The Expansion of Muslim Rule By Ms. Escalante Expansion Under the In 661, the Umayyads family won a power struggle and built a great empire. In less than 100 years, their empire spanned parts of 3 continents-asia,
More informationIn the last section, you read about early civilizations in South America. In this section, you will read about the rise of Islam.
CHAPTER 10 Section 1 (pages 263 268) The Rise of Islam BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about early civilizations in South America. In this section, you will read about the rise of Islam.
More informationIslamic Civilization
Islamic Civilization Overview No strict separation between religion and state; human beings should believe and behave in accordance with the commandments of Islam; Questions of politics, economics, civil
More informationAccomplishments of Islam. By: Kaddie Hanson, Arianna Ramirez, and Zandra Stewart
Accomplishments of Islam By: Kaddie Hanson, Arianna Ramirez, and Zandra Stewart The Golden Age of Islam The Abbasid caliphate from 7501258 CE Was known as the Golden Age because Muslim scholars developed
More informationSSWH 5. Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.
SSWH 5 Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD. SSWH 5 A Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic
More informationChapter 10: The Muslim World,
Name Chapter 10: The Muslim World, 600 1250 DUE DATE: The Muslim World The Rise of Islam Terms and Names Allah One God of Islam Muhammad Founder of Islam Islam Religion based on submission to Allah Muslim
More informationTHE RISE OF ISLAM U N I T I I I
THE RISE OF ISLAM U N I T I I I MUHAMMAD THE PROFIT From Mecca in modern day Saudi Arabia Muhammad was a middle aged merchant who claimed the Angel Gabriel asked him to recite the word of God As a Merchant
More informationWhat were the most important contributions Islam made to civilization?
Islamic Contributions and Achievements Muslim scholars were influenced by Greek, Roman and Indian culture. Many ideas were adopted from these people and formed the basis of Muslim scholarship that reached
More informationnetw rks Where in the world? When did it happen? Islamic Civilization Lesson 1 A New Faith ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know GUIDING QUESTIONS
Lesson 1 A New Faith ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do religions develop? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did physical geography influence the Arab way of life? 2. What message did Muhammad preach to the people of Arabia?
More informationChapter 9 1. Explain why Islam is considered more than a religion, but rather a way of life?
Chapters 9-18 Study Guide Review Chapter 9 1. Explain why Islam is considered more than a religion, but rather a way of life? The Quran and the Sunnah guide Muslims on how to live their lives. 2. What
More informationSSWH 5. Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.
SSWH 5 Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD. Vocabulary Islam - a monotheistic religion that originated from
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 3 Islamic Civilization ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How can religion influence the development of an empire? How might religious beliefs affect society, culture, and politics? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary
More informationIndian Ocean Trade. Height C.E.
Indian Ocean Trade Height 800 1400 C.E. Key Vocabulary: Zanj Arab name for the people of East Africa Monsoons the seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer
More informationExpansion. Many clan fought each other. Clans were unified under Islam. Began military attacks against neighboring people
Islamic Empires Expansion Many clan fought each other Clans were unified under Islam Began military attacks against neighboring people Defeated Byzantine area of Syria Egypt Northern Africa Qur an permitted
More informationNOTES: Unit 3 -Chapter 9: The Islamic World and Africa. In this chapter you will learn about developments in the during the.
Name NOTES: Unit 3 -Chapter 9: The Islamic World and Africa Introduction In this chapter you will learn about developments in the during the. Important Ideas A. Mohammed founded in the seventh century.
More informationMuslim Armies Conquer Many Lands
Main deas 1. Muslim armies conquered many lands into which slam slowly spread. 2. Trade helped slam spread into new areas. 3. A mix of cultures was one result of slam's spread. 4. slamic influence encouraged
More informationAP World History Chapter 11 Notes
AP World History Chapter 11 Notes Even after the Arab Empire fell apart, the Islamic civilization continued to grow Major areas of Muslim expansion: India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain Islam brought
More informationSSWH 5. Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.
SSWH 5 Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD. Vocabulary Islam - a monotheistic religion that originated from
More informationChapter 9: Islam & the Arab Empire, Lesson 3: Islamic Civilization
Chapter 9: Islam & the Arab Empire, 600 1000 Lesson 3: Islamic Civilization World History Bell Ringer #41 12-4-17 1. What led to the development of the Islamic caliphate? A. The death of Muhammad left
More information5/10/2018. The Islamic Civilization. A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture. Mecca / Makkah. Isolated Peninsula. Southwestern = Fertile
The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture Mecca / Makkah 1 Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin
More informationWhere in the world? RESG When did it happen? Chapter 14 Map Title: Where in the World? File a.d. Name: 500 C14_L1_wsresg_01A.ai Map Size: 39p6 x 20p0
Lesson 1 A New Faith ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do religions develop? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did physical geography influence the Arab way of life? 2. What message did Muhammad preach to the people of Arabia?
More informationStation #1: Society & the Economy:
Station #1: Society & the Economy: Under the Abbassids, social mobility was possible through military, scholarly, or religious achievements. Even though society was flexible, there were still classes.
More informationEUROPE- DESCENT into the DARK AGES
EUROPE- DESCENT into the DARK AGES PCES 2.1 A. Falcone Battle of the Romans & Barbarians The Roman Empire came, & it went- with essentially no contribution to learning in its wake. A great deal can be
More informationMk AD
Mk 2018 The Rise of the Arab Islamic Empire 622AD - 1450 610AD The Arabian Peninsula: Muhammad, age 40 has visions and revelations he claimed came from God. These revelations were written down by friends.
More informationThe Islamic Empires Chapter 11
The Islamic Empires Chapter 11 Islam arose in the Arabian peninsula in the early 600 s Mecca Medina- Jerusalem Caliph-successor to Muhammad Divisions grow -->who should rule after Muhammad's death Sunni
More informationUnit 8: Islamic Civilization
Unit 8: Islamic Civilization Standard(s) of Learning: WHI.8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 AD by a) Describing the origin, beliefs, traditions,
More informationMuslim Innovations and Adaptations
Muslim Innovations and Adaptations What important innovations and adaptations did medieval Muslims make? Think of some ways in which your life is influenced by cultures in other parts of the world. Consider
More informationI. The Rise of Islam. A. Arabs come from the Arabian Peninsula. Most early Arabs were polytheistic. They recognized a god named Allah and other gods.
I. The Rise of Islam A. Arabs come from the Arabian Peninsula. Most early Arabs were polytheistic. They recognized a god named Allah and other gods. 1. Mecca and Muhammad Mecca was a great trading center
More informationThe historical background, the question, and the documents are on the pages that follow.
The historical background, the question, and the documents are on the pages that follow. Islamic Contributions and Achievements Muslim scholars were influenced by Greek, Roman and Indian culture. Many
More informationTimbuktu. A caravanserai
Geography of the Old World What is the Old World? The globe can be sliced from pole to pole at any point, but a natural division of east and west is through the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Western
More informationUNIT 3 -CHAPTER 9: THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND AFRICA
UNIT 3 -CHAPTER 9: THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND AFRICA INTRODUCTION In this chapter you will learn about developments in the Middle East and Africa during the post-classical era. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are
More informationWHI.08: Islam and WHI.10: Africa
Name: Date: Period: WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa WHI08 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 AD by a) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs,
More informationName Class Date. Vocabulary Builder. 1. Identify the person who declared himself a prophet of Allah. Describe him.
Section 1 DIRECTIONS Answer each question by writing a sentence that contains at least one word from the word bank. Muslims Muhammad Five Pillars of Islam jihad 1. Identify the person who declared himself
More informationISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS A.D.
ISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS 600-1000 A.D. ISLAM VOCAB Muhammad the Prophet- the founder of Islam Islam- monotheistic religion meaning submission Muslim- followers of Islam Mecca- holy city to Arab people located
More informationThe Rise and Impact of Islam
The Rise and Impact of Islam Origins of Islam Muhammad (founder), Allah sent him an angel, Gabriel Muhammad was told he is a messenger. Islam: submission to the will of Allah in Arabic Muslim: one who
More information4. THE HAN EMPIRE 200 BC-200 AD
4. THE HAN EMPIRE 200 BC-200 AD CHINA S SYMBOL: THE DRAGON A. Govt & Military 1. Emperor with complete control 2. Military: a. Used the Great Wall to keep invaders out B. Economy 1. Empire linked through
More informationTHE ISLAMIC WORLD THROUGH 1450 Settle in this is going to be a long one
THE ISLAMIC WORLD THROUGH 1450 Settle in this is going to be a long one Pre-Islamic Bedouin Culture Well-established on the Arabian Peninsula, mostly nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic The Sheikh was the
More informationThis section intentionally blank
WEEK 1-1 1. In what city do you live? 2. In what county do you live? 1. In what state do you live? 2. In what country do you live? 1. On what continent do you live? (p. RA6) 2. In what two hemispheres
More informationAP WORLD HISTORY Big Ideas
AP WORLD HISTORY Big Ideas The purpose of this PowerPoint is for you to review 10 Big Ideas from each of our historical units. (Units 1& 2 are combined together). As you read the top 10 countdown hopefully
More informationMuslim Contributions to Civilization
Muslim Contributions to Civilization An Interactive Curriculum for Middle and High Schools Developed by ING ING 3031 Tisch Way, Suite 950 San Jose, CA 95128 Phone: 408.296.7312 408.296.7313 www.ing.org
More informationThe Rise of Islam In the seventh century, a new faith took hold in the Middle East. The followers of Islam, Muslims, believe that Allah (God) transmit
The World of Islam The Rise of Islam In the seventh century, a new faith took hold in the Middle East. The followers of Islam, Muslims, believe that Allah (God) transmitted his words through Mohammad,
More informationWorld History I Mrs. Rogers Sem
World History I Mrs. Rogers Sem. 1 2012 Chapter 10 Study Guide: Muslim Civilizations Section 1: Rise of Islam Bedouins (bed-oh-ins): a tribe of nomads that lived in the desert of the Arabian peninsula
More information[ 6.5 ] History of Arabia and Iraq
[ 6.5 ] History of Arabia and Iraq [ 6.5 ] History of Arabia and Iraq Learning Objectives Describe the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia. Explain the origins and beliefs of Islam, including the significance
More informationThe Golden Age: Muslim Achievements
The Golden Age: Muslim Achievements You can have your script theme be a commercial, documentary or story. Your script should incorporate major achievements of the Islamic empire during the Golden Age (750-1258).
More informationArabia before Muhammad
THE RISE OF ISLAM Arabia before Muhammad Arabian Origins By 6 th century CE = Arabic-speakers throughout Syrian desert Arabia before Muhammad Arabian Origins By 6 th century CE = Arabic-speakers throughout
More informationThe Arab Empire and Its Successors Chapter 6, Section 2 Creation of an Arab Empire
The Arab Empire and Its Successors Chapter 6, Section 2 Creation of an Arab Empire Muhammad became a leader of the early Muslim community Muhammad s death left no leader he never named a successor and
More informationIslam Islamic Scholarship
Non-fiction: Islam Islamic Scholarship Islam Islamic Scholarship Early in the history of Islam, Muslims were great scholars. 1 They studied science, medicine, mathematics, poetry, and art. During the Middle
More informationChapter 10. Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations
Chapter 10 Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations Section 1 The Byzantine Empire Capital of Byzantine Empire Constantinople Protected by Greek Fire Constantinople Controlled by: Roman Empire Christians Byzantines
More informationThe Thin. Line. A Lecture Series on the History of the Modern University
The Thin Tweed Line A Lecture Series on the History of the Modern University Sponsored by The William O. Douglas Honors College at Central Washington University The University The development of the university
More informationThe Journey of Ibn Battuta
The Journey of Ibn Battuta THE JOURNEY Type of account (primary/ secondary, letter, diary, etc.) Home region/country of the traveler Purpose of the journey/dates Success/failure of the journey as related
More informationIndian Ocean Trade and Social & Cultural Change AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS ( )
Indian Ocean Trade and Social & Cultural Change AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 1450) After 1200 there was an expansion of trade in the Indian Ocean, why? Rising prosperity of Asia, European, &
More informationEurope Recovers. Putting it all together: Look carefully at the three completed graphic organizers. Use them to answer these questions:
Student Handout 5.1 Europe Recovers Graphic Organizer 1: The pace of change in Europe accelerated greatly from 1300 to 1500. Some of the events and facts associated with this acceleration are listed in
More informationMuslim Civilization Section 1
Muslim Civilization Section 1 Muslim Civilization Section 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Muslim Civilization Section 1 Main Idea
More informationTHE CHRONOLOGY OF THE POST-CLASSICAL PERIOD (P. 108) 1. What did the end of the classical era and the end of the post-classical era have in common?
600 CE 800 CE Name: Due Date: Unit III: The Postclassical Period, 500-1450: New Faith and New Commerce & Chapter 6 Reading Guide The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Spread of Islam THE CHRONOLOGY
More informationThe Muslim World. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals
The Muslim World Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals SSWH12 Describe the development and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. 12a. Describe the development and geographical extent of the
More information7 th Grade History. Chapter 1: The Tools of History. What are latitude and longitude? Hemispheres? (know equator and prime meridian)
Name 7 th Grade History Chapter 1: The Tools of History 1.1 Geography of the World (p.8-13) What is geography? Landforms and bodies of water Continents Weather vs. climate 1.2 Mapping the World (p.14-21)
More informationIndias First Empires. Terms and Names
India and China Establish Empires Indias First Empires Terms and Names Mauryan Empire First empire in India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya Asoka Grandson of Chandragupta; leader who brought the Mauryan
More informationEXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON ARAB ACHIEVEMENTS
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON ARAB ACHIEVEMENTS Robert Milton Underwood, Jr. 2009 Underwood 1 EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON ARAB ACHIEVEMENTS Arab culture has very rich traditions that have developed over centuries.
More informationName: Date: Period: UNIT 2 TEST SECTION 1: THE GUPTA EMPIRE IN INDIA
UNIT 2 TEST SECTION 1: THE GUPTA EMPIRE IN INDIA 1. Which of the following geographical features were advantageous to the Gupta Empire? a. the Mediterranean Sea provided an outlet for trade with other
More informationEastern City-States and Empires of Africa
Eastern City-States and Empires of Africa Overview As early as the Third Century C.E. the kingdom of Aksum was part of an extensive trade network. Aksum was an inland city so it had to build a port on
More informationName Review Questions. WHII Voorhees
WHII Voorhees Name Review Questions WHII.2 Review #1 Name 2 empires of the Eastern hemisphere. Name 3 nations of Western Europe. What empire was located in Africa in 1500? What empire was located in India
More informationIslam AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS ( )
Islam AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 1450) Throughout most of its history, the people of the Arabian peninsula were subsistence farmers, lived in small fishing villages, or were nomadic traders
More informationWhat important innovations and adaptations did medieval Muslims make?
Name: Date: Mods: Ch. 9: Muslim Innovations and Adaptions What important innovations and adaptations did medieval Muslims make? Section 1 Introduction In the 14th century, Muslim rulers built the magnificent
More informationAn Empire Built On Paper W.M. Akers
An Empire Built on Paper An Empire Built On Paper W.M. Akers Until the 8th century, paper was only produced in China and other parts of Eastern Asia. Scholars in Europe, the Middle East and Africa had
More informationIntroduction to Muslim Science
Introduction to Muslim Science دمة ىف علوم املسلم ] إ ل ي - English [ www.islamreligion.com website موقع دين الا سلام 2013-1434 Few centuries before Jesus the outstanding Greek civilizationcame to exist,
More information1. What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to
What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? 2. Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to centralize the Ming government. 3. Name the most highly centralized
More informationWarmup. Islam is a monotheistic religion. What does monotheistic mean? Belief in one god
ISLAM Warmup Islam is a monotheistic religion. What does monotheistic mean? Belief in one god Agenda Warmup Islam PPT & Notes Venn Diagram Islam, Christianity, Judaism Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia
More informationAn Empire Built On Paper W.M. Akers
An Empire Built On Paper W.M. Akers Until the 8th century, paper was only produced in China and other parts of Eastern Asia. Scholars in Europe, the Middle East and Africa had to make do with papyrus,
More informationDiscussion Topic: Delhi Sultanate and Mali Table Leaders: Brandon Butterwick Shrey Amin Neel Ambardekar Allie Arasi Andrew Buck
Discussion Topic: Delhi Sultanate and Mali Table Leaders: Brandon Butterwick Shrey Amin Neel Ambardekar Allie Arasi Andrew Buck Questions prepared to Lead or Prompt discussion for the Harkness Discussion.
More information10. What was the early attitude of Islam toward Jews and Christians?
1. Which of the following events took place during the Umayyad caliphate? a. d) Foundation of Baghdad Incorrect. The answer is b. Muslims conquered Spain in the period 711 718, during the Umayyad caliphate.
More informationFasting A person must eat only one meal a day, after sunset, every day during the holy month of
What Muslims Believe Islam is a religion, believing in only one God. The Arabic word for God is The holy book for Muslims is the (also spelled Qu ran), which contains the rules for the religion revealed
More informationREGIONAL AND TRANSREGIONAL INTERACTIONS C
Period 3 (Solberg APWH) REGIONAL AND TRANSREGIONAL INTERACTIONS C. 600-1450 TRADE ROUTES GET BIGGER & BETTER! Old trade routes keep on getting more extensive as transportation & tech improve Powerful trading
More informationMiddle East Regional Review
Middle East Regional Review Foundations-600 BCE Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)- to about 10,000 years ago Nomadic, Hunter-Gatherers Adapted to environment- use of fire, developed stone tools Summarize the
More informationThe rise of the Islamic Empire
The rise of the Islamic Empire 600-1250 The Rise of Islam The Arabian Peninsula is a crossroads of 3 con@nents: Africa, Europe and Asia Trade routes connected Arabia to many areas such as Byzan@ne, Persian,
More informationChapter 13. Tropical Africa and Asia, AP World History
Chapter 13 Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200-1500 AP World History I. Tropical Lands and Peoples A. The Tropical Environment Tropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Equator in
More informationIslam and Geography. Clara Kim All rights reserved.
Islam and Geography Copyright Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. Deserts Only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia Few oases The rest is Desert Bedouins Nomads who live in the desert
More informationMuslim Civilizations
Muslim Civilizations Muhammad the Prophet Born ca. 570 in Mecca Trading center; home of the Kaaba Marries Khadija At 40 he goes into the hills to meditate; God sends Gabriel with a call Khadija becomes
More informationThe only cure for suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self-denial.
Chapter 4 Empires of India and China (600 B.C. A.D. 550) In what ways is Hinduism a complex religion? What are the major teachings of the Buddha? How did Buddhism spread beyond India to become a major
More informationCrash Course World History: Indian Ocean Basin
Crash Course World History: Indian Ocean Basin Who traded in the Indian Ocean Trade? What made the Indian Ocean Trade? What types of goods were traded throughout the Indian Ocean Basin? What types of technologies
More informationAPWH Chapter 27.notebook January 04, 2016
Chapter 27 Islamic Gunpowder Empires The Ottoman Empire was established by Muslim Turks in Asia Minor in the 14th century, after the collapse of Mongol rule in the Middle East. It conquered the Balkans
More information5/8/2015. The Islamic Civilization. A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture. Isolated Peninsula. Southwestern = Fertile
The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture Mecca / Makkah 1 Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin
More informationWarmup. What does Islam mean? Submission to the will of Allah
Warmup What does Islam mean? Submission to the will of Allah Agenda Warmup Is this in Africa? Game PPT & Notes Test = November 29 th (after Thanksgiving) Homework: Mongol Empire Notes PPT is on my website
More informationName: Period 4: 1000 C.E C.E.
Chapter 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 19: The Increasing Influence of Europe 1. Marco Polo wrote that the Mongols were "stout
More informationWHII 2 a, c d, e. Name: World History II Date: SOL Review Day 1
Name: World History II Date: SOL Review Day 1 Directions label the following empires in 1500 on the map below England France Spain Russia Ottoman Empire Persia China Mughal India Songhai Empire Incan Aztec
More informationRise and Spread of Islam
Rise and Spread of Islam I. Byzantine Regions A. Almost entirely Christian by 550 CE B. Priests and monks numerous - needed much money and food to support I. Byzantine Regions C. Many debates about true
More informationThe Foundation of the Modern World
The Foundation of the Modern World In the year 1095 A.D., Christian Europe was threatened on both sides by the might of the Islamic Empire, which had declared jihad (Holy War) against Christianity. In
More informationLecture 17. Mathematics of Medieval Arabs
Lecture 17. Mathematics of Medieval Arabs The Arabs The term Islam means resignation, i.e., resignation to the will of God as expressed in the Koran, the sacred book, which contains the revelations made
More informationThe Fall of rome The rest of the world
Name: Mrs. Page & The Fall of rome The rest of the world Directions: Use your notes, handouts, textbook and knowledge of Social Studies to answer all the questions completely. 1. Europe There were many
More informationMuslim Culture MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
3 Muslim Culture MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES CULTURAL INTERACTION Muslims combined and preserved the traditions of many peoples and also advanced learning in a variety of areas. Many of
More informationName: Document Packet Week 10 Golden Ages: Islam Date:
Name: Document Packet Week 10 Golden Ages: Islam Date: In this packet you will have all the documents for the week. This document packet must be in class with you every day. We will work with these documents
More information2. Which of the following luxury goods came to symbolize the Eurasian exchange system? a. Silk b. Porcelain c. Slaves d. Nutmeg
1. Which of the following was a consequence of the exchange of diseases along the Silk Roads? a. Europeans developed some degree of immunity to Eurasian diseases. b. The Christian church in the Byzantine
More informationThe Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam
The Muslim World: Included lands & peoples from parts of three continents (Europe, Africa, & Asia) Preserved, blended, & spread Greek, Roman, Indian, Persian & other civilizations Enjoyed a prosperous
More informationAPWH chapter 12.notebook October 31, 2012
Chapter 12 Mongols The Mongols were a pastoral people who lived north of China. They traveled with their herds of animals which provided meat, milk, clothing, and shelter. Typically, they never had any
More informationIndia s First Empires
CHAPTER 7 Section 1 (pages 189 192) India s First Empires BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the influence of ancient Rome. In this section, you will read about the Mauryan and Gupta Empires
More information