New Mexico Geological Society

Transcription

1 New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded fom: Histoical conspectus of south-cental New Mexico J. Paul Fitzsimmons, 1955, pp in: South-Cental New Mexico, Fitzsimmons, J. P.; [ed.], New Mexico Geological Society 6 th Annual Fall Field Confeence Guidebook, 193 p. This is one of many elated papes that wee included in the 1955 NMGS Fall Field Confeence Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Confeence Guidebooks Evey fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Confeence that exploes some egion of New Mexico (o suounding states). Always well attended, these confeences povide a guidebook to paticipants. Besides detailed oad logs, the guidebooks contain many well witten, edited, and pee-eviewed geoscience papes. These books have set the national standad fo geologic guidebooks and ae an essential geologic efeence fo anyone woking in o aound New Mexico. Fee Downloads NMGS has decided to make pee-eviewed papes fom ou Fall Field Confeence guidebooks available fo fee download. Non-membes will have access to guidebook papes two yeas afte publication. Membes have access to all papes. This is in keeping with ou mission of pomoting inteest, eseach, and coopeation egading geology in New Mexico. Howeve, guidebook sales epesent a significant popotion of ou opeating budget. Theefoe, only eseach papes ae available fo download. Road logs, mini-papes, maps, statigaphic chats, and othe selected content ae available only in the pinted guidebooks. Copyight Infomation Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, pinted and electonic, ae potected by the copyight laws of the United States. No mateial fom the NMGS website, o pinted and electonic publications, may be epinted o edistibuted without NMGS pemission. Contact us fo pemission to epint potions of any of ou publications. One pinted copy of any mateials fom the NMGS website o ou pint and electonic publications may be made fo individual use without ou pemission. Teaches and students may make unlimited copies fo educational use. Any othe use of these mateials equies explicit pemission.

2 This page is intentionally left blank to maintain ode of facing pages.

3 HISTORICAL CONSPECTUS OF SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO By J. Paul Fitzsimmons Univesity of New Mexico THE DIM PAST "The buden of Tye. Howl, ye ships of Tashish ; fo it is laid waste, so that thee is no house, no enteing in." (Isaiah 23:1) The aea of the New Mexico Geological Society's Sixth Field Confeence was pehaps once cused as was Tye, fo it was a land of waste, and thee wee no habitations within its bodes. Indians undoubtedly cossed and ecossed its teain fom vey ealy times, but they seemed to have no desie to settle down o make it pemanent headquates. The ancient Pueblos, in migating away fom doughtplagued Chaco Canyon and Pajaito Plateau into the Rio Gande Valley, moved down the Rio Gande to the edge of the Jonada del Mueto and thee, as though ovewhelmed by the desolation befoe them, went no fathe. Remains of ealie Pueblo peoples ae found to the west, to the east, to the south, and to the noth, but none hee. The Apache, the wandeing maaude of Athepascan stock, seems to have been the only common visito, and he did not emain long o leave much to emind late cones of his passing--until the late cones settled hee. No one can now be sue who was the fist white man to view this county. Alva Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and thee companions, the sole suvivos of a shipwecked expedition, wandeed fo nine yeas, 1527 to 1536, fom the coast of Texas to the Gulf of Califonia. Fom ecods of this wandeing most authoities think the paty cossed the Rio Gande in the vicinity of pesent El Paso. A few think the cossing was fathe down steam. But at least one eminent wite (Paul Hogan) assets that the goup foded the "histoic ive" at the south end of the Caballo Mountains. Membes of the Coonado expedition pobably viewed the Jonada del Mueto fom the noth end sometime in 1540 o 1541 when they visited the Rio Gande Pueblos, but no details ae known of this. The fist expedition known to pass though Siea County, unlike so many of the othes, came fo the expess pupose of conveting the Indians. It was oganized by a Fanciscan fia, Agustin Rodiguez, who was accompanied by two othe fias and a scant dozen soldies unde the leadeship of Fancisco Sanchez Chamuscado. In 1581 they made thei way fom Santa Babaa in southen Chihuahua down the Conchas to the Rio Gande and fom thee up that ive to the "land of enchantment." The fist village they encounteed in what is now New Mexico was nea the pesent (though abandoned) site of San Macial, just noth of the aea of this field confeence. Afte the nomal peiod of cuiosity, spent in exploation, the soldies etuned to Mexico ; the fias emained to poselyte. Rumos of the death of the missionaies began to each the missions in Chihuahua. In Antonio de Espejo and Benadino Beltan led an expedition up the Rio Gande to discove the fate of the thee fias, and found that Indians had killed them--pesumably fo thei possessions. Despite such inauspicious events, othes, including settles, began to aive fom Old Mexico. Don Juan de Onate, a wealthy mine owne of Zacatecas, outfitted a colonizing expedition in 1598, at his own expense, and led the goup into the land of the Pueblos by way of the Rio Gande. Unlike his pecuses, howeve, Onate ejected the difficult jouney into and out of aoyos along the ive west of the Caballo and Fa Cistobal Mountains. Instead he took his paty though the long, dy, hot Jonada del Mueto. As a esult of this expedition, pemanent colonies wee established in the land now called New Mexico, and the oute Onate followed in eaching the nothen outposts became established as the pincipal tade oute and highway of tavel between these colonies and the povincial govenment in Mexico. This highway, famed as El Camino Real (The Royal Highway), became the pincipal thooughfae of taffic supplying the colonies. With the opening up of the Santa Fe tail (following the attainment of Mexican independence fom Spain in 1821) the diection of supply changed geatly, but El Camino Real became moe heavily tavelled than befoe, fo much of the mechandise that eached Santa Fe a- coss the paiies fom points in the United States moved on southwad into Chihuahua and beyond to Mexico City. In some yeas ove half the tade goods aiving at Santa Fe continued on the jouney down El Camino Real. Thus the aea of this field confeence became the site of dusty caavans long befoe the New Mexico Geological Society o the Roswell Geological Society wee founded. Apaches, who had not lingeed in the aea be- 55

4 foe, at the establishment of a supply oute found fetile fields fo depedation and adequate ewads fo thei daing. Lonely tavelles on El Camino Real wee not likely to emain lonely fo long, and most commonly they joined thei ancestos instead of completing thei intended jouney. Amed escots became the standad, and the necessay, adjunct of all caavans. The Jonada del Mueto--dy, dusty, baen of potection--was a favoite site fo Indian ambush, and the - Apache scouge poduced a fa geate numbe of died bones along the tail than did the lack of wate. In 1680 the Pueblos evolted against the domination of Spain and dove the white man fom the teitoy of New Mexico. Antonio Otemin, goveno at that time, escaped southwad with the suvivos of the upising. He paused at San Macial to gathe staggles befoe beginning the tek acoss the Jonada del Mueto. The desolate jouney acoss this wasteland took nine days, and it is epoted that decimation poceeded at the ate of about fifty individuals a day. Some think this loss due to death fom thist. Othes think many gew impatient of delay and speeded up thei depatue fo Old Mexico. The ole played by the Apaches is not known. In 1692 unde Don Diego de Vagas Zapata Lujan Ponce de Leon, the Spanish came back up El Camino Real and e-established the authoity of Spain. Duing the many yeas following of Spanish ule thee was no eal pemanent settlement in what is now Siea County. Zebulon Montgomey Pike was pobably the fist citizen of the United States to tavel along El Camino Real, though he followed the Rio Gande aound the Fa Cistobal and Caballo Mountains and did not go though the Jonada del Mueto. He jouneyed this way in 1803, fo what pecise eason thee is still consideable doubt. He was a lieutenant in the United States Amy and had been commissioned by Geneal James Wilkinson to seach out the headwates of the Akansas Rive, paley with the Indians, and to find out whateve he could. The geneal was a slippey chaacte of uncetain affections, undeniably enmeshed in the Bu conspiacy and as suely soiled by pivate aspiations not voluntaily communicated to his supeios. But Pike is not known to have been contaminated by this association. He followed odes, was captued nea Santa Fe, and when he tavelled down ancestal U. S. Highway 85 was being conducted by the highe powes of Spanish authoity to Chihuahua. Thee he was teated with commendable coutesy, was able to obseve and ecod a geat numbe of facts, and was late guided to the bode of Louisiana and feed. Afte Geneal Keany took possession of New Mexico fo the United States in 1846, Colonel Doniphan led foces acoss the Jonada del Mueto and fought a victoious battle on Chistmas day (1846) a shot distance south of the field tip aea (Bazito, nea Las Cuces). This was the only battle of the Mexican Wa fought on what is now New Mexico soil. In the same yea the Momon Battalion unde Captain Philip St. Geoge Cooke mached this way en oute to Califonia, establishing the path of the fist tanscontinental wagon oad. In 1862 a battle of the Civil Wa was fought nea San Macial, just noth of the Fa Cistobal Mountains. The Union Amy had established Fot Caig in that aea. The Confedeate Amy, mostly Texans, mached up fom the south and met the New Mexican voluntees on the fields of Valvede. Kit Cason took pat in this engagement. Losses wee athe heavy on both sides ; The Union Amy withdew; the Confedeate Amy mached on to Albuqueque and Santa Fe. At fist the Apaches seemed to pefe to molest Spanish-Ameicans athe than the gowing numbe of "Anglo-Ameicans," but the latte, pusuing thei individual couses unguided by the Golden Rule, soon felt the sting of Apache disappoval. And when the United States Govenment showed its esentment of this disappoval by establishing Indian Resevations and attempting to foce the vaious tibes to confine themselves to such geogaphic limits, the Indians, being human afte all, demonstated thei vexation in a long seies of bloody episodes. The Mesealeo Apaches occasionally came down into the Tulaosa basin and hunted in the San Andes Mountains. But the tibe most commonly associated with the aea of this field confeence was of Wam Sping (Ojo Caliente) Apaches, a segment of the Gila Apaches. This Ojo Caliente (o Wam Sping, o Hot Sping) is not that of Tuth o Consequences (fomely Hot Spings) but is to be found in Animas Canyon, between the San Mateo Mountains and the nothen Siea Cuchillo, just noth of Monticello. A esevation was established hee in 1874, was abandoned in 1877 fo lack of coopeation. A numbe of famous names is found among the leades o associates of this goup of Indians--Victoio, Nana, and Geonimo being the most famous. Victoio, pobably next to Cochise and possibly Mangas Coloado the geatest of Apache waios, submitted intemittently to confinement on a esevation, but made his final and damatic beak with the whites in this aea. Assigned to a moe distant 56

5 esevation, he escaped and with a devoted following etuned to the Ojo Caliente aea and powled the San Mateo Mountains. Flushed fom hee he fled southwad in one of the most famous, and most bloody, pusuits in the ecods of Indian wafae. Coneed at last, he made his final, fateful stand at Tes Castillos in Mexico. At Victoio's death in 1880, Nana, though aleady old, gatheed togethe a few suviving hostiles and continued the bloody stuggle till He attacked the town of Chloide in 1881, stealing hoses and cattle, and leaving behind two dead men. Geonimo, not tuly a chief but a fomidable leade, was actually captued but once in his "caee" (so the ecod epots ; the othe times he gave himself up by coming into the soldie's camp voluntaily). The one damatic instance of captue occued at Ojo Caliente, whee he was captued by an Indian Agent, John P. Clum, and his San Calos Indian police. (If you wish to lean how fine a job the white man pefomed, ead the biogaphy of John P. Clum. If you wish to know how dastadly a tick it was, ead Geonimo's biogaphy.) In any case, Geonimo was spotted in the vicinity of Ojo Caliente. The Indian Commission was infomed. A telegam to John P. Clum, Indian Agent at the San Calos Resevation in Aizona odeed that individual to take his Indian police and aest Geonimo. So he did! He asked fo amy help, was pomised it, and got it--the day afte he captued Geonimo. RANCHING, MINING, AND FARMING Thee wee no pemanent settlements within the aea of the pesent field confeence in the 17th o 18th centuies. The fist mining claim filed in the state was filed befoe the captain-geneal, Don Domingo Jionza Petiz de Cuzate, in 1685 by Pedo de Abalos. The mine, Nuesta Senoa del Pila de Zaagoza, was located in the "Fay Cistobal" Mountains. No moe details ae known of this fact. Ranching bought the fist pemanent settles, though vey few in the beginning. Don Pedo Amendais petitioned fo land in 1820 whee he was aising hoses, cattle, and sheep. His equest was ganted the same yea. This gant, the only one in the pesent field-tip aea, includes the Fa Cistobal Mountains and most of the noth end of the Jonada del Mueto. It was mining which bought the fist suge of settles. Chloide was stated in 1879 by vitue of the silve discovey of Hay Pye. Hillsboo, a few miles to the south, had been settled a yea o two ealie, afte gold had been discoveed in the suounding mountains. Between 1890 and 1900 the San Andes Mountains wee actively pospected, though no eal poduction was eve obtained. The Caballo Mountains began to be exploited about 1900 and wee poductive till 1912, afte which activity geatly declined. A vanadium and lead eduction plant fo oe fom the Caballo Mountains was opeated in Engle duing the yeas , using coal also mined in the Caballo Mountains. The aiload, built though the Jonada del Mueto in , aided geatly in this ealy development of mining. The fist newspape in the aea, called The Black Range, was published in 1882 at Robinson, a mining town at the edge of the mountains whose name it boe (see second day's oad log, mileage 41.6). The pape, a weekly, moved to Chloide the same yea. When settles finally appeaed along the lowe Rio Gande Valley of New Mexico, they found the soil vey fetile. Systems of iigation ditches wee dug to bing wate to the thisty, eage land. But the Rio Gande was not (and is not) the most dependable of ives. In some yeas thee was ample wate. Moe commonly thee was not enough wate at the time it was needed. Ideas on building a stoage dam wee widely discussed duing the latte pat of the 19th centuy. Mexico (as has Texas many times since) consideed he ipaian ights violated by the expanding use of wate upsteam in what is now Coloado and New Mexico. The United States, while denying to Mexico any ights to the wate, consideed the possibility of some amicable aangement. In 1896 the Intenational Joint Commission ecommended the building of a dam nea El Paso and the pevention of any futhe building of dams o othe intefeences with the wate supply. Mexico was to be ganted 60,000 ace feet of wate a yea at the dam. Howeve, a pivate poject, The Rio Gande Dam and Iigation Company, had been oganized in 1893, pomoted chiefly by Nathan Boyd of Las Cuces. The company, oganized with a capital stock of $5,000,000, had planned to build a dam at Elephant Butte. The application to build the dam was appoved in 1895, and peliminay wok was begun--suveying, building of a spu aiload, divesion flume, constuction shops, and othe fundamentals. Such constuction would, of couse, violate any ageement made on the basis of the Intenational Joint Commission's poposals. Futhemoe, land speculatos in the vicinity of El Paso and Juaez wee makedly unhappy ove the possible loss of evenue. Lawsuits ensued ; so many that M. Boyd lost his 57

6 camisole. The govenment alleged that the dam would stop all wate fom eaching Mexico (and Texas) and that, being a navigable ive, the Rio Gande could not be obstucted without violating the highe laws. In the meantime a bill was intoduced into congess to build the govenment dam at El Paso. (This is something like opening one's mouth while keeping one's lips pessed tightly togethe.) Congessmen fom New Mexico natually voiced an objection o two to such poceedin gs, and the bill was defeated. By the time the Dam and Iigation Company was bankupt, all paties ageed that the Rio Gande is not, was not, had not been, would not be a navigable steam afte all. In 1904 John Hay, Secetay of State unde Theodoe Roosevelt, poposed that the Reclamation Sevice, which had been ceated in 1902, might "solve" the poblem by building the dam at Elephant Butte. B. M. Hall of the Reclamation Sevice made a epot duing that same yea ecommending the building of such a dam. (The name Hall Lake is sometimes used fo the body of wate in the Elephant Butte esevoi.) The Reclamation Sevice Act was extended to include the El Paso Valley and a teaty was made with Mexico to supply 60,000 ace feet of wate a yea at the head of the Mexican canal above Juaez. The United States ageed to bea all expense and continued to deny Mexico any ight to the wate. Constuction on Elephant Butte dam was begun in the latte pat of 1911 and was completed in 1916 at a cost of something moe than $5,000,000. The lake fomed by this obstuction was, at the time it fist filled up, the lagest atificial lake in the United States. Its capacity is somewhat in excess of 2,000,000 ace feet. It was once lage but it eceives silt at the ate of bette than 1.8,000 ace feet a yea. This has the effect both of deceasing the esevoi stoage and of poducing aggadation upsteam. The effect of this cause of aggadation is not easily evaluated, howeve, because othe causes ae also poducing sedimentation in the same stetch of the ive. Eleven miles south of Tuth o Consequences anothe dam, Caballo dam, was constucted by the Bueau of Reclamation in 1938 at a cost of $1,317,000 to povide additional iigation and powe development fo the Rio Gande Valley. Its capacity is something ove 300,000 ace feet. CITIES AND TOWNS The plual fom used in the heading of this section is misleading ; the fist tem even moe so. Thee is but one "municipal" cente in the aea of the confeence. That is Tuth o Consequences and its appendages. Mention is made of it and of the smalle settlements in the vaious oad logs. Las Palomas was one of the ealiest settlements in the county. Until ecent yeas it was a bustling health esot. Indians, Spanish colonists, and cowboys stopped hee long befoe thee wee any accomodations at what is now Tuth o Consequences. Engle was a lage town than now when it was the focal point of stage lines meeting the Santa Fe Raiload ; and, with Cutte, it was a thiving community duing the building of Elephant Butte dam. Winston, Chloide, Robinson, Bown City and othe settlements of the Siea Cuchillo aea have ebbed and flowed with the fotunes of the local mining industy, though Winston has suvived as a local supply cente to anches and touists as well as to incuable pospectos. Hillsboo was fomely the county seat of Siea County, when mining was a dominant industy thee and Hillsboo was lage. The pesent site of Tuth o Consequences, though the spings had long been known and visited, was not settled till about 1912, when it was known as Palomas Hot Spings. Late the name became meely Hot Spings, and still late (1950), Tuth o Consequences. It became the county seat in Its pesent population--between 4,000 and 5,000--is augmented duing all seasons of the yea by health seekes and by touists, and in season by huntes and fishemen. FACT AND FICTION No histoy of Siea County would be complete without consideable space being devoted to the wods and deeds of Eugene Manlove Rhodes. Accoding to popula fancy the heo of a westen stoy is likely to be unletteed, pobably unable to wite, neve known to ead anything except cattle bands and ewad postes, and cetainly disdainful of what is known as cultue in the olde cicles of human commece. Such popula fancy would be distubed by the sight of young Gene Rhodes, cowhand since the age of thiteen, 1 onc-buste without pee, jogging acoss the dusty flats of the Jonada del Mueto ahoseback, eading as he went. And what would he be eading? Possibly any of the plays of Shakespeae, pehaps Alice in Wondeland o Though the Looking Glass--lifelong favoites, o a volume of Bowning's poety, o some stoy of Robet Louis Stevenson. No was this a pose. He was tuly eading. The tales of his absoption in eading have become almost a legend. A woman on a lonely anch epots seeing the young man ide up to he gate, eyes glued to the page of a book. As anch women will, she went about he choes--expecting momen- 58

7 taily to hea Gene's knock at the doo o halloo fom the yad. Half an hou late, chancing to glance out the window, she saw the ide still at the gate, still on the hose, still eading. When invited to get down and come into the house, he eplied casually that he guessed he would, it was what he had come fo. On anothe occasion thee hosemen wee iding slowly, one deeply absobed in a book. Whethe a diamondback attled, a bee stung, o the hose meely deveped iational thoughts, thee was a sudden luch, a sidewad bound, and both hose and ide tumbled end fo end into an aoyo. When the two companions eached the bloody pai and asked the man--no one but Gene Rhodes--if he was hut, he eplied, "No, but dammit, I lost my place in the stoy." This complete absoption in a book to the almost total exclusion of one's suoundings is hadly the attitude of mind a geologist should cultivate. Yet it displays a devotion to leaning that is admiable and that was not the customay behavio of the odinay cowpoke o line ide in ealy westen Ameica. Gene Rhodes was not entiely oblivious to the wold about him, howeve. On the contay he was one of its keenest obseves, between stoies, and he began to wite about the county he knew and about its inhabitants. Benad de Voto has declaed that this witing, of all witing about the ealy west and "cow county," alone ises to the level whee an intelligent man can call it at. Thee is a feshness, a diffeence, a winsomeness to the stoies of this man that entices the eade to seek fo moe. His chaactes spinkle thei convesations with liteay allusions, and yet they speak with a natualness that is in keeping with thei unpetentious habitat. Most of the stoies of this wite appeaed long ago in the Satuday Evening Post, but ecently pocket editions of some of his stoies have begun to appea. The subtitle of one stoy--the Little Eohippus--should bing a spakle to the eye of any paleontologist. Though the tale itself has nothing to do with the evolutionay development of the hose, it has something to do with a hose--and thee is no scacity of developments. The New Mexican wold of Eugene Manlove Rhodes was the tempoay wold of the pesent field confeence--especially the San Andes Mountains, whee he owned his anch, and the basins on eithe side, the Tulaosa basin and the Jonada del Mueto. In his youth he woked at the Ba Coss Ranch at Engle. Tulaosa and Alamogodo knew him well. His stoies twinkle with names--eithe unchanged o but slightly disguised--of places that lie on o nea the oute of the field tips. The fist day's tip will be in the canyon and the pass that bea his name, whee he lived, and whee he now lies buied. Genes Rhodes, though the most liteay and polific, was not the only spinne of yans in this aea. Fo those with an avid inteest in lost mines and in folkloe, thee is the tale (told by Heny James in "Cuse of the San Andes"--Pageant Pess) of the Lost Pade Mine, sometimes called the Soledad Mine. It is said to have been opened up by Fathe La Rue nea the end of the 18th centuy when he led a flock fom Chihuahua on the wod of an old peon fiend. He was diected by vaious landmaks to a mountain ange and a basin containing a sping. This is eputed to be the Hembillo basin in the San Andes Mountains. It is claimed he found the basin and the oe the old peon told him about, and that he began mining. Repots also state that he was pusued by soldies of the Chuch, and that he was killed by the pusuing soldies in the basin, but not befoe sealing up the entance to the mine befoe it could be discoveed. Doc Noss claimed he found the lost mine--containing bullion, documents, and some tinkets--and that he took out seveal bas of gold, some tinkets and documents. To make descent into the mine easie he blasted an ovehang, caused a cave-in of ock which completely blocked the entance. He spent money tying to eopen the mine, was jailed fo attempting to dispose of some bullion, and was shot by a "fiend" who had gone into patneship with him to seach fo the teasue. And thee the thesauus lies, unclaimed. Ms. Noss and he son ae still alive, living in Tuth o Consequences. But the amy has all ights to Hembillo basin. THE ATOMIC AGE Ten yeas ago this summe the fist atomic bomb was exploded. The site of this histoic event is in the Jonada del Mueto, nea the noth end of the San Andes Mountains. It has been called Tinity site fo an uninhabited switching point on the aiload, the neaest appoach to the steel towe on which the bomb was detonated. (Sand fused by this blast has been called tinitite, moe commonly atomsite.) ithe explosion fomed a shallow sauce-shaped adioactive cust about the towe. Much of Tulaosa basin, most of the San Andes Mountains, and pats of the Jonada del Mueto ae set apat fo continued expeimentation by the govenment on vaious kinds of atomic devices. The study of guided (and unguided) missiles is one of the impotant pogams of investigation in this aea, and the unway who slink inside the base limits 59

8 unannounced and uninvited may be titillated by the whoosh-keplunk of a ocket casing ejoining mothe eath. The aea is lage and man is no geat taget fom the ai, but life insuance companies would incease ates fo such behavio--if they knew. ON THE ORIGIN OF A FEW NAMES ALAMOSA CREEK : Cottonwoods eveywhee. CABALLO MOUNTAINS : Spanish fo hose. Called Hose Mountain by Zebulon Pike. Spaniads intoduced hoses into the county, many of which escaped o wee left masteless afte skimishes with the ndians. Gone wild, the hoses gatheed in heds and wee mown to fequent and hide in mountain canyons. CHLORIDE : Stated in 1879 by Hay Pye who hauled. -1P.glit fo the amy, chanced upon some oe float. had it assayed, and etuned to establish a silve mine. The Apaches sepaated him fom his wealth and his health befoe he had futhe chance.o enjoy eithe. The oe contained silve chloide ; hence the name of the town. CucifiLL0 : Name of mountains, ceek, and a town. Spanish fo knife, o knife-edge. Appaently given to the southen Cuchillos fo thei shap, seated cest. CUTTER : Named fo a aiload constuction official who woked on the section when the town built up. ENGLE : Make a ninety degee tun as you go though town! Named fo R. L. Engle, one of the enginees who supevised the constuction of the Santa Fe Raiload though the Jonada del Mueto. FRA CRISTOBAL MOUNTAINS: Named fo Fay Cistobal, a piest with Onate, pobably a cousin of the leade. He died nea hee in 1599 on his way back to Mexico seeking einfocements. JORNADA DEL WERT : Means, pehaps, jouney of death, tail of death, one day's mach of a dead man, and possibly something othes have suggested. The oigin is not clea, no the fist usage. Whethe the doom envisaged efes to the lack of wate and life o to the Apache scouge is not indicated, though the fome is geneally thought to be the moe likely. The tem was not used by the ealy Spaniads, even afte El Camino Real had been used fo many yeas. LAS PALOMAS : Acoss fom the Caballo esevoi, one of the ealiest settlements in the aea and until ecently a bustling health esot. Named fo the thousands of doves (palomas) that lived in the cottonwoods along the ive and nea the spings. McRAE : A captain in the Union Amy, killed at the battle of Valvede. Fot McRae was founded in 1864 about fou miles notheast of Elephant Butte. The uins of the fot now lie beneath, o patially beneath, the wates of Elephant Butte esevoi (when thee is wate). MEMBRILLO: Same as hembillo, which is Spanish fo little female of the male sex! MUD SPRINGS MOUNTAINS : Well? RHODES PASS AND RHODES CANYON :Gene Rhodes lived hee. He now lies buied at the pass whee even in death he is the sentinal of all who pass this way. RIO GRANDE, RIO BRAVO, RIO DEL NORTE: All names of the same geogaphic object which is sometimes called by names not so suitable as these fo pint. SAN ANDRES : The apostle St. Andew, a favoite saint among many of the ealy Spanish settles. TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES : Fomely called Hot Spings, an obvious choice. In 1950, with mixed emotions, the people of this fomely nomal community voted to change the name to that by which it is now legally known. At the fist adio show--of the same name--afte this pebeian pebiscite, a doubting contestant was convinced of something, it is not known of what, by discoveing an honest-to goodness pachydem of appopiate name cavoting in the neighbohood of the dam of the same name. (It is eputed the beast was the sie!) UPHAM : Named fo one of the men associated with building the aiload though the Jonada del Mueto. WINSTON : Fomely Faiview. Named fo Honoable Fank H. Winston, once a membe of the State Legislatue, and a pionee in cattle aising and mining in southwesten New Mexico. Obviously a man of influence. 60

9 SOUTHERN SYSTEM BLACK RANGE i Ap CUCHILLOA SIERRA CABALLO SOUTHEAST MOUNTAINS OF SOCORRO -wows....4 RHODES SACRAMENTO SOUTHERN SAN FRANKLIN HUECO CNYON A MOUNTAINS ANDRES MTS. MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS SERIES / /, / 2 2 z. / ANII COLORADO MMINPINIBMIIIIIM MANCOS AGL L3 UPPER UPPER CRETACEOUS IONWEIMMIIMIMMIM=1 K CRETACEOUS WO= A E... ", li'- Apeed.ITZII:71 :11 A funlim Esten LOWER y.w. PA I A A A A JURASSIC MilffillWa Ag AWAAIMP'AIPAIIWAAVAMFM MAPAffi TRIASSIC A DOCKUM A A/ jpop 7ABIwAio AV Ai Aiaw AMI, PERMIAN AT AT A SAN ANDRES SAN ANDRES SAN ANDRES SAN ANDRES.. LOBO ABO oppo- 1=1:11MIII:D1:1-111L=M BAR-B A IA :IIIIIIIIMIIMIIIM :10:1-W111111MIMIIVIIIIIVMAMMVAUSIIIAMMilti4 11 PEN NSYL- MAGDALENA VAN IAN S N, z A. mi.omoigadiam A DER RYAN A Aimm. DERRYAN Amu. A= HELMS HELMS CHESTERIAN M I SSISS- Algitinti wed.," RANCHERIA RANCHERIA id/m4 S AVAW S N MIUMUNNAMW I PPIAN LAKE VALLEY LAKE VALLEY LAKE VALLEY LAKE VALLE MTEW A A Al Ai CABALLERO CABALLERO A A KINDERHOOKIAN PERCHA PERCHA PERCHA 11MINIA PERCH A UPPER DEVONIAN i MW =mama= ITATI AMIII ANIAVAII". AFAIIMW Eillfacidi A.tati DEVONIAN A monzeimmol NAT.E =NZIOIRMIlliIIIIIIIMMIIIIIII CANuTILLO MIDDLE DEVONIAN A APIMV ' AV Ay A SILURIAN FUSSELMAN WA VA II -4!..efzete V A Ai/PMP A N N' FU S S E L M AN FUSS E LM AN VSI PA IMAI VA I%, ivw... A A FUSSELMAN FUSSELMAN FUSSELMAN FUSSELMAN MINNIIHMMIKV3igidaiiIMAIiii TAMMEW Millfi..-111INNUMAIAMI101:144ILUMIltat IMEINIXEMEMLUE glionam, 1111M1114MX MMMINIIIIIIIMIIMIIEW2k01711=WAIMINY/Mi 41541V VAIIIIWAWIIIIA110 s WINIIIMIWAIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIVAIVAINIVIIIIIIIIIIN IIIIIIII211/1111 UPHAM UPHAM* UPHAM* CABLE UPHAM* UPHAM UPHAM' MONTOYA MONTOYA ORDOVICIAN ANYON AT CHAMPLAINIAN, Ai d i ow BASE m svm A i A p A A EL PASO N EL PASO EL PASO EL PASO EL PASO CANADIAN ' BLISS 11:141:1. 1,111=:1111:1- BLISS BLISS CAMBRIAN "'AV A/ A/ i Al Al AAl A WAUCOBIAN Paleozoic and Mesozoic Coelation Chat South Cental New Mexico