' r. r r. r r HISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT HISTORICAL DATA SECTION - PART 1, AND HISTORIC GROUNDS STUDY OLD COURTHOUSE

Transcription

1 J, ---- L J HSTORC STRUCTURE REPORT HSTORCAL DATA SECTON - PART 1, AND HSTORC GROUNDS STUDY OLD COURTHOUSE JEFFERSON NATONAL EXPANSON MEMORAL NATONAL HSTORC STE ST LOUS, MSSOUR f John H Lindenbusch DENVER SERVCE CENTER NATONAL PARK SERVCE UNTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE NTEROR DENVER, COLORADO

2 33371 l/nu c { """"" F1 L m l L _ / CONTENTS List of llustations Foewod Administative Data Histoical Data Pelude: Pocuing a Plan The Fist Steps, Ealy Expansion, Completion, Moe Couts and Moe Poblems, Renovation of the Rotunda; Decline Eveywhee Else, A Last Huah, A Quate Centuy of Decline, iii vii ix Pesevation, Reh ab i 1 it at ion and Beyond, Appendices A Uses of nteio Spaces B Selected Newspape Repots: C Statement of Significance V Bibliogaphy V Guide to the Text i , 1869, and National Pak sv1ce cjfecn?n-t_o::"d 11 Noth Jt eet St Louis Misou J;xpans1on Memo!t:U

3 / LST OF LLUSTRATONS 1 Basement Plan, Febuay, 1937, evised July 16, 1940 and July 10, Fist Floo Plan, Januay, 1939, evised Second Floo Pl an, Apil 18, Thid Floo Plan, Mach, 1937, evised June 28, Roof Plan, Mach, 1937, evised June 15, Chonology of Constuction, Chonology of Constuction, The Exteio in The Oiginal Stuctue and the Southen Extension, Hypothetical Sectional View Though the Rotunda, Hypothetical Plan of the Fist Level of the Rotunda, Hypothetical Plan of the Second Level of the Rotunda, Hypothetical Plan of the Thid Level of the Rotunda, The Exteio in Plan of the Supeme Cout Elevations of the Supeme Cout Hypothetical Sectional View though the Rotunda, Sectional View though the Rotunda, June 1, Sectional View though the Dome and Lanten, Apil, Elevation of the Dome and Lanten, Apil, The Cout of Common Pleas, The Cout of Common Pleas, Exteio Stais of the Nothen Tansvese Hall, c Sketch fo "Libety" 87 iii

4 vm i L ft,, m L Sketch fo "Law" Studies fo "Law" and "Justice" Studies fo "Justice" Sketch fo "Justice" Sketch fo the East Lunette Study fo the West Lunette The Dome and Lanten, c 1868 The Exteio and Gounds in 1875 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 6, Fomely No 2, 1903 Bids-eye View of the Couthouse and Gounds, 1875 Pl an of the Law Libay, 1903 Plan of the Oval Coutoom of the West Wing, 1903 The Exteio of the Couthouse befoe 1895 Location of the Sundials in 1895 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 2, Fomely No 6, 1903 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 7, 1903 The Exteio in 1895 Sectional View of the Couthouse, 1898 Plan of the Second Floo, 1898 The Exteio, c 1907 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 Judges Bench, Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 Cleks Desk, Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 Sheiffs Stand, Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 8, 1903 Plan of the Oval Coutoom of the East Wing, 1903 The Oval Coutoom of the East Wing, c 1915 Plan of the Pobate Cout, 1903 The Roof and Skylights, 1906 Judges Bench, Cicuit Cout No 6, 1908 Cleks Desk, Cicuit Cout No 6, 1908 iv

5 (!" e t Filing Case, Cicuit Cout No 6, Cicuit Cout No 6, June 20, Faming of the Ceiling of the Noth Wing, Cicuit Cout No 5, afte Judges Bench, Cicuit Cout No 5, Sheiffs Stand and Railing, Cicuit Cout No 5, Locke, Cicuit Cout No 5, Basement Plan, July 17, 1941, evised Decembe 15, Fist Floo Plan, June 4, 1941, evised July 17, Second Floo Plan, June 4, 1941, evised July 17, Thid Floo Plan, June 4, 1941, evised July 17, v

6 FOREWORD (!",, [ This account of the histoy of the inteio and the gounds of the Old Couthouse was facilitated by the geneous assistance and co-opeation of National Pak Sevice pesonnel at the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial, the Denve Sevice Cente and the Midwest Regional Office who povided access to histoical ecods, made helpful suggestions concening subjects that should be exploed, and ecommended impovements in the text Membes of the staff at many institutions and agencies in St Louis must be given cedit fo thei patience and aid as the autho scoued thei collections Those include, in alphabetical ode, the Cicuit Cout of the City of St Louis, the Law Libay, the Mecantile Libay, the Missoui Botanical Gaden, the Missoui Histoical Society, the Municipal Refeence Libay, Olin Libay of Washington Univesity of St Louis, the St Louis At Museum, the St Louis County Public Libay, and the St Louis Public Libay A paticulaly deep debt is owed to Gehadt Kame, FAA, fo his help in analyzing achitectual ecods, and to Lincoln B Spiess, the tue authoity on Cal Wima as wel 1 as on the wok of othe at is ts of nineteenth-centuy St Louis All of that assistance is eflected in whateve meit the study may possess The faults that emain ae solely the esponsibility of the autho n many instances the documentay ecod of an episode which affected the inteio of the Couthouse contained only the sketchiest of detai 1 That is indeed as one would expect, since cout o municipal officials of the nineteenth centuy wee as little inclined to daw up a meticulous ecod of evey alteation o emodeling as thei countepats today ae to expend thei time ceating a complete documentay account of existing buildings which may attact the attention of an histoian a centuy hence Because that is tue, the autho has been foced to peppe the text with obsevations about what pobably happened when the suviving ecod makes an expession of cetainty unjustified o untenable Many, if not all, of those uncetainties could vanish if the entie body of local newspapes fo the peiod coveed by the study wee thooughly examined The shee volume of mateial made it impossible to scutinize evey issue of the publications issued ove the span of twelve decades deally, eades of the account pesented hee wil 1 find thei own cuiosity has been piqued about a paticula incident and will theeupon tun to the files of newspapes of its time to seach fo moe complete answes When that happens, knowledge of a fascinating but often enigmatic building wi 11 gow vii

7 !; e (; The focus of this study was esticted to the physical featues of the inteio and the Couthouse gounds No attempt was made to tace o analyze the myiad events which occued thee The significance of the stuctue as a place at which the couse of the histoy of the nation was affected has been outlined by both John A Byan and Donald Dosch, but neithe of those histoians had available the time they would have needed o wanted to exploe the matte in full detai 1 That task too is open fo someone in the futue who wishes to enhance ou undestanding of the histoic implications of the events associated with the Old Couthouse viii

8 " ( ADMNSTRATVE DATA A Poject dentification: Building Name, Numbe, Secific Location in Pak, and Date o PeiOcfOf Aistoica o Cultual Significance Name: Old Couthouse This stuctue, now occupied by aea headquates, was built in sections beginning in 1839 and was completed in 1862 Building Numbe: l Specific Location: The Couthouse is located in downtown St Louis facing the Mississippi Rive, with Boadway on the west, Maket Steet on the south, Chestnut Steet on the noth, and Fouth Steet on the east The Couthouse is on the west bounday of the pak; its addess is 11 Noth Fouth Steet, St Louis, Missoui, zone 15, easting 744,700, nothing 4,278,950 B Ode of Significance and Poposed Level of Teatment The pak is on the National Registe This stuctue is of highest significance as fa as histoical stuctues in St Louis ae concened The Couthouse is of the Fist Ode of Significance, and the ecommended level of teatment is pesevation C Poposed Development Wok t is poposed that a thoough achitectual suvey and analysis of the building be made, and that pesevation and adaptive estoation be caied out as soon as nk>ney is available O Poposed Use of Stuctue The building will house the administative offices of JNEMNHS and will contain living histoy exhibits, an exhibit on St Louis, and othe displays that ae supplemental to, and suppotive of, the Museum of Westwad Expansion E Coopeative Ageements Thee ae no coopeative ageements in effect ix

9 l (" ( [ f PRELUDE: PROCURNG A PLAN As the fouth decade of the nineteenth centuy neaed its end, ising civic pide coalesced with a concuent gowth in population to stimulate a feeling that the building which housed the couts of St Louis would need to be made lage and gande The communitys image of itself was not nealy as gandiose as it would become in the 1870s, but thee was a geat deal of pide in past achievements and optimism about futue pospects As one of the citys leades had put it a full decade ealie, St Louis had "isen fom the condition of a fontie village" to that of "a flouishing commecial town, the empoium of two States, and the entepot of all the tade of the uppe Missoui and Mississippi 11 1 Such a selfimage helped to poduce the sentiment which favoed the constuct ion of the fist building to house the govenment of the City of St Louis 2 t would also be a facto in the eect ion of a majo addition to the County Couthouse The gowth of the local population might by itself have been enough of an inducement fo an enlagement at the Couthouse While legal mattes in the past had been adequately handled by a small numbe of judges, the pessue on the Cicuit Couts calenda was becoming inceasingly intense Not many yeas would pass befoe questions of pobate would also become so numeous as to equie an expansion of the local judiciay n the immediate sense, the poblems faced by the Cicuit Cout wee of geate concen and a eduction in its case load was accomplished though the ceation of a Ciminal Cout by act of the state legislatue in Januay, The new cout would equie space that was not available at the moment, a fact that woked in unison with local boosteism to spell the end of the acceptability of the only cout building which existed in 1839 The County Couthouse of that time had been built by Laveille and Moton, the leading achitects in St Louis, in t was not, theefoe, an old building as such things go On the othe 1 Minutes of the Common Council of the City of St Louis (St Louis, 1l4J, This subject is discussed by John L indenbusch in "Getting it Right: The Building of the City Hall," St Louis, X, no 8 (August, 1979) - 3 William Hyde and Howad L Conad, Encyclopedia of the Histoy of St Louis (St Louis, 1899),

10 hand, it contained only a limited numbe of ooms and it offeed no eal oppotunity fo expansion ts inadequacies and the poblems it pesented wee outlined as ealy as Mach 1836 in a gand juy epot on "the situation of the Cleks offices of the diffeent Couts of this County" The Cicuit Cout was descibed as needing moe space "fo convenient aangement and safekeeping" of its ecods and fo the office of the clek The County Cout, foced to use a pivate dwelling fo its meetings, was equally deseving of moe spacious quates in a public building The pesent stuctue was not even fiepoof, and was inadequate fo existing, much less futue, needs4 The physical featues which that gand juy had examined consisted of a two-stoy, bick stuctue standing on a full city block which had been donated to the county in 1823 The 1 and had been given fo use as the site fo a couthouse by Auguste Chouteau and John B C Lucas Ove the couse of the next sixteen yeas, a fai amount of development had occued in addition to the constuct ion of the main building At least as ealy as 1830, pehaps even by 1828, a pivy had been eected which, if it fit the desciption witten in the ealie yea, was eight feet long, twelve feet wide and had a stone foundation t was joined, o eplaced, in 1832 by a new "necessay" The ecods of the time ae not completely clea on whethe the ealie pivy was then demolished, but they do indicate that in 1838 thee wee "small buildings" located on the gounds5 One of those may have housed the well which was discussed at sessions of the County Cout in both 1831 and Moe cetainty attaches to the othe contempoay featues of the gounds The old pilloy, said to have stood on the noth side of the lot, had been taken down in 1832 at the time a new enclosue was being eected aound the gounds 7 The men es pons ib le fo the wall wanted it to be in keeping with the dignity and the impotance of the site and efeed to the need fo a thing of "beauty, pemanency and usefulness" Towad that end, they eected by 1833 a wall made up of a stone base, a bick wall with a stone cap and "a 1 age gate on 4 "Repot of Committee on the Cleks Office filed 18 Mach 1836" Typescipt in the achives of the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial, St Louis (heeinafte cited as JNEM) 5 Recods of the St Louis County Cout,, 107, 162 and 300;, 203 (heeinafte cited as Cout Recods) 6 bid,, 245 and bid,, 305; St Louis Daily Missoui Democat, July 4, 1Sb2" -2-

11 , ( the east side 11 t was fa moe gand than the simple fence of ceda posts and fou-inch planking which had been envisioned in 1830 At the font of the Couthouse, the new wall was cuved back towad the building, opening an aea in which ceda posts and ailing wee used to make a hitching post set into the bick sidewalk The final touch was added duing 1837 with the planting of locust tees 8 Those tees wee the only physical featue of the Couthouse Squae which was yet to be added when the gand juy deliveed its doleful appaisal of the adequacy of the wok of the past decade The juos completely accepted the pemise that additional constuction was needed and they offeed thei thoughts on the shape that it should take Pefeence, they maintained, should be given to 11 two buildings of elegant style and supeio wokmanship, one on the south and one on the noth of and fonting in line with the font of the Cout House 11 in ode to povide both county offices and a new City Hall As an altenative, should the county be unable to bea the expense of that much constuction, they suggested that only one stuctue be eected "in the west of the Cout House 11 9 That smacks almost of pescience but the County Cout was faced with its usual financial poblems, in this instance made moe pofound by the effects of the nationwide Panic of 1837 The judges did not follow the ecommendations of the gand juy until almost half of 1838 had passed They then discussed a one-stoy stuctue which was to measue 30 by 132 feet and to contain six offices That numbe was loweed to fou in the announcement of an achitectual contest which esulted in the awad of pizes to Pete Books, the Supeintendent of the citys wate woks, and Heny Spence, a capente The designs they submitted wee fo a building which would have been eected on the southwest cone of the Couthouse Squae, and with the two sets of plans in hand the County Cout changed its mind The effots of Books and Spence wee fogotten and Heny Singleton beame the actual achitect fo the constuction which began in Cout Recods,, 181, 245, 303 and ;, 141 and 165; "Repot of Commissiones fo Enclosing Public Squae 18 Mach, 1831, 11 in Misc Legal Documents, 1800s, JNEM 9 "Repot of Committee on the Cleks Office filed 18 Mach 1836" JNEM 10 Mathews and Lyle to County Cout, June 19, 1838, JNEM; Cout Recods,, 221; St Louis Daily Dispatch, July 4,

12 { ;:?\ f-, Singleton was not a total stange to the County Cout He had in 1837 offeed plans fo "a latticed bidge ove the Rive des Pees on the oad fom the City of St Louis to Jeffeson Baacks 11 The judges had then decided against acceptance of his poposal because it "ould equie a geate expenditue than the Cout deem pope 11 1 The poposal fo the Couthouse, made only in the fom of a "sketch", fit the concept which the County Cout held in Mach, 1839 That sketch, almost cetainly simila to the famous view of the building which was published in 1840 by J C Wild, was the poduct of an evolution in the attitude of the membes of the County Cout on the matte of etaining the olde building They had oiginally viewed that stuctue as something that would continue to povide fo most of the countys needs Supplementay offices o coutooms would be housed in anothe building on the Couthouse Squae and it was envisioned as being athe pl a in in appeaance and fom The local sense of community pomise, a sense they may well have fully shaed, played its pat and eal monumentality was embaced when they accepted a design fo a cucifom stuctue which could only be bought to completion if the existing Couthouse wee demolished That athe adical tun in diection was taken on Mach 28, 1839, the date on which Pete Feguson, the clek of the County Cout, was asked to "pocue a plan o plans" in confomity with Singlejn s ealie sketch and to make "an estimate of the pobable cost 11 The epot which he submitted to the judges was not enteed into the ecod but it must have given cause fo optimism Singleton was engaged as the achitect fo a poject that at times would seem endless but which ultimately poduced the pesent Old Couthouse 11 Cout Recods,, 122 and bid

13 (" (/" HSTORC AMERCAN BULDNGS SURVEY MEASURED DRAWNGS Figue 1 Basement Plan, Febuay 1937, evised July 16, 1940 and July 10, 1941 Figue 2 Fist Floo Plan, Januay 1937, evised July 16, 1940 Figue 3 Second Floo Plan, Apil 18, 1934 Figue 4 Thid Floo Plan, Mach 1937, evised June 28, 1940 Figue 5 Roof Plan, Mach 1937, evised June 15, 1940 These plans ae included fo the assistance they povide in detemining the location of spaces descibed in the text They eflect, howeve, the numeous alteations made thoughout the histoy of the building, and must be used with that in mind Fo additional Suvey dawings of the Old Couthouse, see figues and The Old Couthouse was one of the fist buildings ecoded by the Histoic Ameican Buildings Suvey which since 1933 has gatheed dawings, photogaphs and witten documentation concening moe than 13,000 Ameican buildings of histoic and achitectual significance The mateial foms a national achitectual achive at the Libay of Congess A epoductive sevice thee makes the achive available to scholas and the geneal public -5-

14 , Figue 1 W ; "00#

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24 F L - ( ( \ F" L Figue 6 Chonology of constuct ion: Above, couthouse eected in ; Below, Fom of the exteio afte 1845 and until 1851 The dotted lines indkate poticoes which wee planned but not built Fom Donald F Dosch, The Old Couthouse: Ameicans Build a Foum "Oilthe Fontle, epoduced though the coutesy of the Jeffeson National Expansion Histoical Associa"fiOn, nc -11-

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26 lill1 [ [t,8\, - ffiw [ \ Figue 7 Chonology of Constuction, i Fom Donald F Dosch, The Old Couthouse; Ameicans Build a Foum on the Fontie, epoduced though the coutesy of the Jeffeson National Expans1on Histoical Assoc1abon, nc - - l Ji \, [ fi -, f \ -12-

27 L ( ; (F" [ "i C oc -c :ic t: " -- - ::: - - ::: 0 cc O -S - -"" C ) - "i oc c - ::: - "" t: c::s O - - ::: c::s c t: E ::: c cc" C( cc 1::s c t: O - {3 - c, E" -:::s c ()

28 (f!;i!t\ THE FRST STEPS, The constuction which was undetaken in 1839 included only the westen wing, the otunda and the two extensions fom the otunda which wee to late seve as links to the noth and south wings Even that limited pat of the oveall plan povided a geat deal moe inteio space than had been deemed necessay when the County Cout had fist consideed the question of pesent and futue needs With in the west wing, thee would be two vitually squae ooms, each poviding moe than 3, 100 squae feet of floo aea Eight smalle ooms wee placed in the nothen and southen extensions fom the otunda, thei dimensions being iegula because of the need to fit them against the cuve of the otundas wall All eight wee lage than the office ooms which had been envisioned in Septembe 1838 The County Couts willingness to pay the cost of building fo the futue had indeed inceased The letting of contacts and the hiing of wokmen wee authoized on July 8, 1839, and pogess was at fist faily apid The ceemonial laying of the conestone was conducted on Octobe 21 t was pl aced in the nothwest cone of the noth ex tens ion and emained thee until it was discoveed duing the pocess of constuction of the noth wing t was opened at that time and was found to have "a cavity about twenty inches long, eight deep, and eight wide, containing the decayed emnants of newspapes and othe documents, and a few pieces of silve, and coveed by a coating of wax Wate had ented the stone box and spoiled the othewise inteesting ecods" Ealy in 1840, aangements wee made fo the pocuement of "upwads of twenty thousand supeficial feet of hewing" The wood was cut in the vicinity of Gand Rapids, Wisconsin Teitoy, and was sawn at a lumbe mi 11 in that aea which was owned by David B Hill The timbe was then afted down the Wisconsin and Mississippi ives to St Louis The geatest pat of that wood must have been intended fo the oof of the west wing, and would have been discaded when it was eplaced in 1856 The tuss emnant which is now to be seen in the 1 Cout Recods,, Daily Missoui Democat, Decembe 17, Contact of Rufus Eaton, Januay 18, 1840; Typescipt copy of diay of Rufus Eaton, St Louis Buildings--Couthouse Collection, Missoui Histoical Society -13-

29 ( ()"; nothen extension, on the othe hand, is a pat of the mateial which was bought fom the Wisconsin Teitoy in 1840 The aival of the timbe at St Louis made it possible to complete the exteio constuction and, by the ealy pat of 1842, to begin wok on the inteio The pogess made duing 1841 was slowed by the chonic financial poblems of the county but the coectness of the oiginal decision to take on the budens of so lage a stuctue became obvious n Febuay, the state legislatue ceated the Cout of Common Pleas to hea civi 1 cases and emoved the County Couts juisdiction ove mattes of pobate Thee was now to be a Pobate Cout fo St Louis County, the judge of which was equied to have an office no moe than two hunded feet fom the Couthouse4 That taxed the capacity of the building which had been in use since 1828, and othe quates had to be ented fo use as a juy oom, a meeting oom fo the gand juy, and fo the clek of the County Cout at vaious times between Septembe 1841 and Mach t must, theefoe, have pleased eveyone involved that wok on the new building had pogessed to a point by the beginning of 1842 that made it possible to let contacts fo wok on the inteio That had not been accomplished without substantial cost --epoted to have eached $86,500 by Januay 14--but a milestone in the effot had been attained That was somewhat unfotunate fo Singleton because the County Cout now felt that it no longe eally needed his sevices He had supevised all the details of the poject, including the hiing of the wok foce n place of that aangement, the judges elected to ente into sepaate contacts fo each of the specific featues of the inteio finish Thee is no evidence that Singleton was dischaged, as has been fequently suggested, as a esult of a dispute o out of dissatisfaction To the contay, he emained in sufficient favo with the County Cout to enable him to obtain an appointment as one of thee pot wadens in Mach The contact fo plasteing the two coutooms in the west wing was given to John Shannon in Mach 1842 t called fo "all side walls to be finished plaine, thee will be stucco conices of appopiate size with achitaves soffits centes cicula mouldings and pannels Mouldings to be all un plain Such foms eithe 4 Hyde and Conad, Encyclopedia of St Louis, 1820 and Cout Recods,, 37, 41, 56, 66 and 91 6 bid,77,79and

30 t c ( L (< l finished o eady to eceive the stuco onaments as may heeafte be diected by the Supeintendent 11 7 The latte was William Twombly, a man who was willing to wok fo a monthly salay which cost the County Cout a geat deal less than the pecentage of the constuction costs which had been used to canpute Singletons comp ens at ion Plans fo the inteio seem to have undegone some alteation at th is time fo Twombly was paid an exta $125 "fo dafting pl ans fo the cout house and jail 11 on Apil 13, 1842 B No substantial change could have been made on the exteio at that late date, and the evidence suggests that Twombly played an impotant ole in detemining the appeaance of the two oiginal coutooms Additional evidence that both Singleton and Twombly changed the pl ans as they went along is found in the ecod of a dispute ove doos and shuttes which eupted in August 1842 The supplie, Kingsland and Lightne, appealed to the County Cout against the demands made by the two achitects The fim claimed that unde a contact given to them on Januay 15, 1840, they had ageed to supply fou "ion tunk" doos measuing by , two doos of the same mateial which would be by 4-11", and sixteen "ion tunk window shuttes", 4-4 1/2" by /2" Cast-ion fames of the same dimensions wee also to be povided Subsequently, they claimed, Singleton had insisted that "cast ion moldings to epesent pannels" be added to the doos and that the shuttes be made two feet longe He had given assuances that the payment to the fim would be adjusted Twombly, howeve, had now dmanded futhe changes but would accept no incease in the pice That is a most inteesting contovesy because it indicates that the doos leading into the basement of the west wing wee oiginally ion and futhe suggests vey stongly that the lage doos and the shuttes wee intended fo use on the fist floo The shuttes as oiginally odeed appoximate closely the size of the existing windows and the change in thei length which Singleton odeed would have caused them to extend down to the floo t is 7 "Contact fo Plasteing Two Cout Rooms, 11 Misc Legal Documents, JNEM The County Cout appoved the contact on Apil 11 See Cout Recods,, Cout Recods,, Kingsland and Lightne to County Cout, August 20, 1842 Misc Legal Documents, JNEM -15-

31 l "(: l Figue 8 The Couthouse fom J C Wilds Valley of the Mississipi llustated, 1840, based on Heny Singleton ssketch and s owing the o1gnal intent to ceate poticoes at the nothen and southen extensions Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society -16-

32 F l "!, l l l!! F i,,_, """ i

33 clea fom the ecod of changes made in the twentieth centuy that the jambs of all the windows in the west wing did un down to the floo up to that time The doos could have been meant fo use at the inteio entances to the two coutooms o fo the exteio openings of the extensions to the noth and the south of the otunda A geat deal of speculation necessaily attaches to that, and no cael at ion can be made between the numbe of shuttes which ae mentioned and the numbe of windows in existence at the time The shuttes may, futhemoe, have been emoved as ealy as 1855 Be that as it may, the documentay evidence of the use of ion doos and shuttes in the ealy constuction is conclusive nstallation of such ion elements fit a majo concen which was fequently expessed as, fo example, in the application of the tem 11 fiepoof 11 to a oom on the east side of the fist floo of the southen extension when it was assigned to the judge of the Pobate Cout on Api 1 2, 1842 l 0 The fact that the space thee was then eady fo use gives anothe indication of the amount of wok which had been completed as does the subsequent assignment of the oom on the east side of the fist floo of the nothen extension in the following Septembe 1 Those extensions had been bought to a much moe advanced stage of completion than had eithe of the majo coutooms in the west wing On Apil 2, 1842, an ode was issued suspending wok at the county s quay; esticting the stat of any new wok in the inteio; and instucting Twombly to push fowad the capenty and plasteing in the coutooms n spite of that, Twombly epoted on Octobe 10 that anothe six weeks would be equied befoe the lowe oom was finished He then indicated that the wok in that space had pogessed only to the point of the bicks having been odeed fo the paving of the floo 12 The bick was set on edge in the same fashion as that used in each of the fou ooms on the gound floo of the noth and south extensions The bick floo of the west wing coutoom was emoved duing the enovation of the space which was caied out in 1855, but it was a sufficiently stiking featue to cause it to be emembeed nealy a quate of a centuy late by an attoney who took 10 Cout Recods,, bid, bid, ; Twombly to County Cout, 20 Octobe, 1842, Old Reseach Notes, JNEM -17-

34 ( (" pat in a case head thee in 1850 That tial was, he ecalled, "held in the west wing of the cout-house, then in one apatment, coveed with a bick floo Any hope that the uppe coutoom in the west wing would soon be eady was dashed in Januay 1843 ts floo was discoveed to have settled, necessitating the connection of its beams to the aftes above by ionwok, ceating both a delay in the constuction and, obviously, a change in the floo plan The contacto fo that wok was paid in ealy Api 1, indicating that something 1 ike two months was lost as a esult of faulty design o constuction Consequently, the plasteing that had been odeed hastened in Apil 1842 was still undone in June 1843 Thooughly exaspeated, the County Cout then theatened to void the contact fo the wok14 When the poblem of the weakness of the floo on the second stoy, and theefoe also the ceiling of the fist, was discoveed the lowe coutoom was aleady completed and fit fo use t was descibed on Januay 25, 1843, as being a "spacious and gogeously funished and finished oom, with its fluted columns and massive ailings aound the ba" and as having "costly masony and lofty ceilings with conice and cente cicle " Desks within the ail wee coveed with satinette, puchased by the county on Januay 12, which was said to be "infinitely bette than nineteen-twentieths of the tax-payes can affod to wea fo pantaloons 11 The need to etn t? ti aea to do majo wok on the ceiling must have been d1 smayng The unexpected cost of that econstuction of wok which had been done just a shot time ealie had its effect on the plans fo the funishing of the second floo t was detemined on Januay 20, 1843, that it would have columns of the "plainest kind", some of which must have enclosed the ion hanges which now suppoted the floo Funitue was to include "pine benches with backs" in both the galleies and the lobby, but the judges bench was "to be fin ; shed in the same manne as the ba in the oom below 11 On the basis of those speci fi cat ions, an estimate was obtained fo the cost of completing the coutoom and it demonstates that inteio shuttes wee oiginal featues They ae also known to have been 13 W V N Bay, Reminiscences of the Bench and Ba of Missoui (St Louis, 1878), ; T ifiomas Schaf,Histoy of St Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), Cout Recods,, 315 and St Louis jil Peoples Ogan, Januay 25, 1843; Cout Recods,,

35 e: hung in the noth extension because a pai was emoved less than twenty yeas late 16 The contast beween the lowe and uppe coutooms was maked That on the second floo was descibed in vey unfavoable tems when it was completely emodeled in 1856: "As it was fomely aanged, it was the wost oom fo speaking that could have been devised, and it was disfigued by numeous unsightly fflumns and thee useless galleies, all of which will be emoved 11 The vexatious delays which had foced the County Cout to assign the easten oom on the second floo of the south extension fo the use of the Cicuit Cout in Septembe 1842 wee finally ovecome and the lowe oom in the west wing was eady fo occupancy by that cout on Mach 28, 1843 The Cout of Common Pleas, fo which the oom on the second floo was intended, was ass igned to the old building, as was the Ciminal Cout, on the same day18 The final plan fo the uppe coutoom was still unde consideation in June 1843 and the ecod of the payment fo the painting done thee does not appea until Septembe 12, 1844 At about the same time, payment was made to Jesse Little, a cabinetmake, fo "wok and mateials funished in vanishing tables in the Cout oom of the St Louis Common Pleas That appaently maks the end of five yeas of effot in the initial constuction of the west wing, and the appoximate date at which the Cout of Common Pleas moved to the second floo of that wing 16 Cout Recods,, 281; Joseph Foste to County Cout, Januay 30, 1843, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM; "Bi 11 of Coected Measuements August 12, , item Daily St Louis ntelligence, July 3, Cout Recods,, bid,, 366; V, 67 and 73 A numbe of efeences to funitue in this peiod help to fill a mental image of the appeaance of the two coutooms in the midl840s While pine benches wee consideed to be adequate fo the use of spectatos in the Cout of Common Pleas, the Cicuit Cout in the oom below was povided with chais Staining o vanishing ae the foms of finish most often mentioned but in one instance a 11 bill was eceived fo painting funitue fo the office of the Clek of the Cicuit Cout Tablecloths 11, pobably intended to mean something like the satinette used on the desks in the Cicuit Cout, wee povided in the Cout of Common Pleas as was a clock The clock, athe supisingly in view of the pevasive evidence of -19-

36 [ t" [" the geneally plain natue of the funishings, cost twenty dollas Such a high pice suggests tht a athe magnificent timepiece was installed on the second floo 0 Stoves wee puchased on thee diffeent occasions The fist acquisition and, at $390, the lagest, came in June 1842 t may have included stoves fo the noth and south extensions, fo the use of the wokmen in the unfinished west wing, and even fo the old building No moe cetainty about the place at "1ich the heating devices wee actually installed is pesent in the case of the expenditues of $16995 in Mach 1844 o of $825 in Apil of that yea The mino cost of the latte does, howeve, give the impess ion that the ealie puchases involved the most elegant models of stoves "1ich we then offeed by the supplies, Andews and Beackey of St Louis 1 Refeences to lighting devices ae the aest thing of all in this peiod On two occasions, candles wee puchased fo the Cout of Common Pleas; one while it was still located in the old bu il ding, the othe afte it had moved to its new quates in the west wing 22 The noth and south extensions continued to be the subject of attention in 1843 Although offices within them wee occupied at an ealie date, wok on thei stone enties was not undetaken until July l That was the date at which Fancis McDemott ageed to constuct the "buttesses", platfoms and steps at the ends of each extension The buttesses wee like the cheekwalls at the pesent west, east and noth enties and thee wee seven moe steps specified fo the noth side than thee wee fo the south in ode to compensate fo the diffeing elevatins caused by the gadation of the site 23 The cheekwalls and the steps have long since disappeaed but Mc Demotts wok is vey much a pat of the histoy of the pesent inteio The stone platfoms which he then ceated as enties to both extensions fom the pesent floos of the tansvese halls on both the south and the noth sides of the otunda Thei oiginal function as pats of the exteio poticoes explains \tttly they ae not at the same level as the floo of the otunda 20 bid,, 225, 307, 395, 482 and 520; V, 139; Daily JJeOPles Ogan, Januay 25, Cout Recods,, 150 and 540; V, 3 22 bid,, 306; V, "Specifications fo Stone Steps at Cout House July l, 1843," JNEM; Cout Recods, V,

37 Figue 9 Exteio of the Couthouse, , fom an oiginal dagueeotype The dating is based on the pesence of the bick wall built in 1833 on the south side, paa 11e1 i ng Maket Steet, and of a section of the wought-ion fence on the east side of the Couthouse Squae Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society L l ( -21-

38 f :

39 (" Yet anothe featue of the inteio--the two niches in the wal 1 of the southen tansvese hall--is a poduct of the wok completed befoe 1845 Like the floo in that space, the niches wee oiginally meant to be a pat of the exteio of the Couthouse but thei exact pupose was not mentioned in the accounts of the peiod The judges of the County Cout may have intended to place some type of statuay within them, and it might also be noted that the cicula fom of the heads of the niches echoed that of the windows which flanked the entance to the Laveille and Moton building n a sense, the ecesses theeby ceated a sot of achitectual continuity between the olde and newe constuction (Figue 9) No such niches, howeve, wee set into the wall at the enty to the nothen extension The conclusion of the wok necessay fo the extensions was taking place while McDennott bought the enties into being The ooms and halls of the thid floo wee plasteed in July 1843, and the bick gables unde the oof at the noth, west and south sides wee completed befoe Septembe 19, the date at which payment was made fo bage boads Five windows with walnut sills wee odeed fo those gables but they wee neve installed24 That pat of the contempoay ecod suggests that anothe in the succession of changes in plan while constuction was undeway had been made At any ate, the west wing and the two extensions to the noth and south of the otunda wee now complete, leaving the County Cout an oppotunity to concentate its attention on the otunda itself A plan fo that geat space was odeed made on June 1, 1843, at the same time that such wok was diected fo the second floo of the west wing The latte may have been assigned to Twombly but the fome was entusted to moe skilled hands, those of Geoge ngham Banett, one of the most noted local achitects at the time Little moe than a month late, the County Cout accepted his poposed design, odeing that he "funish the specifications and detailed plans as soon as pacticable" The matte was again discussed on July 20, and Oin Bullock was told to make an "estimate and calculations fo the capentes wok" He did so, only to be infomed on August 14 that the judges had "thought pope to alte the plan of the finish" Banett was paid one hunded dollas fo his effots and a new plan was obtained fom William Meedith, a man who appeas to be othewise unknown in local achitectual histoy His involvement in the design of the otunda came afte Joseph Foste, the contacto fo the capenty, had also been told 24 "Bond and Specifications," August 14, 1843; 11 Will;am Houstons Bond fo Bick Wok August 11, 1843," Misc Legal Documents, JNEM: Cout Recods,,

40 to pepae a plan, making it completely impossible to detemine who deseved cedit fo the oiginal featues of the space25 Foste pesented his own views in a epot which sheds a geat deal of light He descibed the plan of one galley--the Dome finished in a plain style--stais attached to the wall same as Banetts, ceiling vaulted as the plan exhibited Stais leading to top of dome between the plasteing and the outside and a heavy ballustade on top of dome as pe plans f the two flights of stais ae placed in the cente of the otunda as pe plan exhibited by me, leaving an open space in the cente of 21 o 22 feet level with the Cout ooms depessing in off sets to the cente thee will be an additional cost of fom 5 to 600$ making the total cost of the capentes wok and mateials say $5,280 Should the Cout add a Galley above the cost should be added--and if you should entetain the poposition of stealing [sic] the Dome fom its pesent exalted position to the mo low but tue position in the symmety of the building pesume fom oug data that it will add a cost of fom $850 to $ While no fulle statement than Fostes has been located, the geneal natue of the plan adopted fo the otunda in 1845 can be deduced fom othe bits of infomation and fom the physical dimensions of the space which it encompassed Those point almost unequivocally to a conclusion that the otunda was divided into five l eve 1 s by the ceation of fou ga 11 ei es between the gound floo and the inne dome even though thee is not a single efeence in any of the witten mateial to a fifth level galley The Missoui Republican, in its account of the fomal opening of the otunda on Febuay 22, 1845, was typical in that it took note of only thee galleies: 25 Cout Recods,, 388, 408, 419, 421, and Joseph Foste to County Cout, August 14, 1843, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM 27 Missoui Republican, Febuay 24, 1845 The second and thid galleies wee appopiated to the ladies, by whom they wee almost exclusively filled The pincipal floo was filled by the militay, and by citizens, and the steps and lowe floo [ie, the second level galley] and evey avenue, wee occupied by spectatos27-23-

41 "" Balanced against that, anothe local newspape stated that the otunda was on that occasion "absolutely packed, galley afte galley, even to the dome, 11 implying that thee was a galley inmediately beneath the inne dome-z8 f so, it had to fom the fifth level of the oiginal otunda The hypothesis that thee was a total of fou galleies is necessitated by the simple fact that the dome eected in 1845 ested on the top of the octagonal dum, placing its base oughly 67 above the stone fist floo of the otunda The fist 55 of that inteio elevation can be eadily accounted fo: the floos of the second, thid and fouth level galleies wee then, as they ae now, 18, 31 and 43 espectively above the fist floo Assuming a continuation of the use of the 12 height of the thid level galley fo any othe galleies above it, the floo of the fifth level galley would have been at an elevation of 55 and the top of the conice above it at 67 1 t seems fa fom coincidental that such a conice would have exactly matched the known height of the base of the dome Although no documentay poof can be advanced fo the existence of the fifth level galley of 1845, the established dimensions of the inteio space stongly suggest that it was then constucted A geat deal of conjectue must also be advanced with egad to othe featues of the inteio because the witten ecods of the 1840s and 1850s povide only fagmentay clues t is nevetheless possible to piece the scaps of data togethe in a fashion which ceates a coheent pictue The obsevations about the plan which wee offeed by Joseph Foste in 1843 ae an appopiate point of depatue fo such an effot His assumption that the stone flagging of the fist floo would be set in a stepped fashion, with the cente foming the lowest point, fits well with the intention of the County Cout to make the otunda available fo public meetings t may, fo that eason, have been indicative of a commonly-held concept of the space in 1843 f such a pl an was then seiously entetained, ;t was abandoned by the time the actual wok on the floo was begun unde a contact awaded to John Puvis and Fancis Mogan on August 7, 1843 Puvis and Mogan ageed to povide flagging that was not "less in thickness than thee and a half inches and Cente stone eight feet in diamete & not less than six inches thick, 11 "fou stone plinths fo columns about two feet fou inches squae, fffteen inches deep set on ubble stone foundation, two feet six inches 28 St Louis Weekly Reveille, Febuay 24,

42 TT TT f \! L_! Figue lo Hypothetical Sectional View Though the Rotunda, dawing will be povided by Denve Sevice Cente This L_: TT TT TT TT f7l Lt TT [J -25- t1

43 \ squae eighteen inches deep well laid in lime and sand mota, 11 "stai stones" fo which no specifications wee povided29 Aside fom the stai stones--they wee emoved in the couse of emodeling completed in the contact descibes the stones pesently found in the floo with the exception of eight vey impotant blocks The stone bases beneath the eight cast-ion columns which ae now located thee wee not mentioned in 1843 because neithe the stones no the ion columns wee installed at that time They ae instead poducts of the wok done in the yeas peceding 1862 All of the suppot which was deemed essential fo the second level galley in 1843 was povided by fou stone columns fo which the County Cout caused an advetisement to be published in August of th at yea A poposal fom Solomon Woods was accepted, and he eceived the last of fou payments on June 4, 1844, that date making the point at which the final wok of placing the columns on thei base stones could be undetaken They wee descibed in the contact as being 15 tall but that was educed to when the caving was completed The eduction made the columns equal in height to the pesent ceiling above the stone floo and caused the conice at the second level galley to have a depth which appoximately equaled that of the conices at the thid and fouth level galleies30 The pesent, deepe conice at the lowest galley was not ceated until 1869 when the second level galley was cut back Up to that time, all of the conices in the otunda had simila vetical dimensions The stone co 1 umns wee of the Tuscan ode and wee squaed at the plinth and at the top of the capital ndeed, they wee so unonamented as to cause one to wonde if Woods himself did al 1 of the caving Thee is in that egad ecod of the payment of a total of $477 between Apil 27 and Novembe l, 1844, to John F Thonton, an achitectual cave accoding to contempoay city diectoies, fo wok vaiously descibed as "caving fo Couthouse, 11 "caving caps" and "on account of caps fo the columns in otunda Thonton may have been es pons ib le fo the final shape of the stone columns, and the peiod duing which he was engaged in whateve he was doing fits neatly into the span of time duing 29 "Specifications fo the Rotunda," August 7, 1843, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM The flagging of the noth and south passages was accomplished at the same time See Cout Recods,, Cout Recods,, 408, 416, 458 and 505; V, 5 and bid, V, 9, 76 and and

44 , <: " which the stone was being bought to the Couthouse by Woods Capitals would also, howeve, be needed fo the wooden columns which wee set on the galleies above the fist level and Thonton may have been esponsible fo caving them The ecods maintained by the County Cout ae too impecise to allow any degee of cetainty about Thontons contibution t is nevetheless cetain that the stone bases set into the floo wee completely hidden by the squae plinths of the cumns since the latte wee moe than a foot wide than the fome The judges of the County Cout devoted a geat deal of attention to contactos who wee engaged in the fabication of columns fo the Couthouse between 1842 and 1844 The fim of Gaty, Coonce and Belzhoove began wok on cast-ion columns a yea befoe Woods was given his contact fo the stone columns The ecod of thei companys association with the pocess of constuct ion dates fom 11 July 1842 when a $500 payment was made fo the casting of ion columns 11 That was followed by the appointment of Meiwethe Lewis Cl ak and Mat in Thomas as a committee to examine the "cast ion fluted Gecian Doic columns now pactically made," an examination which led to the annulment of the oiginal ageement on Febuay 3, 1843 n the fims own statement on the questions which had aisen, a statement which is undated but which must have been submitted just befoe the contact was voided, efeence was made to instuctions it claimed to have eceived fom Heny Singleton petaining to "six cast-ion columns fo the Southen font of the Cout House Gaty, Coonce and Belzhoove s total effot has to have been concentated on columns which wee intended to be eected on the exteio of the building Even beyond the fact that they said as much in thei account of the ageement eached with Singleton, the pl an fo the otunda had not attained its final fom when the contact fo the cast ion was voided No futhe efeences to metal columns ae to be found in the minutes of the County Cout fo the two yeas that followed, making it evident that the suppot fo the galleies was povided by the fou stone columns on the fist level and by wooden columns above A final step in the pepaation of such wooden columns fo installation in the otunda caught the attention of the People 1 s 32 HASS Suvey No 31-8, sheet 42, "Elevation of the Oiginal Rotunda Column," Mach 7, 1938, JNEM, demonstates that the columns ae 14-5" high and gives the measuement of thei bases 33 Cout Recods,, 179, 258 and The fim asked fo $2,000 as payment fo the wok done That was the exact amount awaded on Febuay 3, 1843 \ -27-

45 t \ Ogan on Septembe 3, 1844 n ou stoll though the building and yad yesteday, we noted an appaatus in the couse of constuction in which the columns to be used in the inteio and which ae constucted of oak ae to be subjected to a steaming pocess whi will pevent decay and add to thei duabi 1 ity Since the final wok in the coutooms of the west wing--the only othe inteio spaces that had columns at the time--was ecoded on Septembe 12, 1844, the oak descibed just nine days ealie had to be intended fo use in the otunda The pesence of oak columns within the otunda was again alluded to when pepaation was made in 1844 fo _painting the space, and a total of twenty-fou was then mentioned35 Fo evidence concening the exact numbe on a paticula galley, and fo a clea indication of the ultimate fate of the oak columns, the teibly limited infomation pesented in the ecods of the oiginal constuction of the otunda must be fitted togethe with the fa moe detai 1 ed documentay mateial which is available fo the enodeling of the space completed in 1862 The same Joseph Foste who was es pons ib le fo the capenty equied in 1845 obtained the contact fo the majo enovations caied out less than twenty yeas late n his account of the 1 atte, he indicated that he cut eight holes "though floo and timbe" at the second and thid level galleies and filled an identical numbe of oenings of a simila size at the thid and fouth level galleies36 The newly made openings wee meant to allow the cast-ion columns installed just befoe 1862 to penetate those galleies and theeby fom continuous suppoting membes 37 The steaming of the oak in 1844 may well have added to the duability of the wood, but the columns made fom it wee emoved and discaded as pat of the fulfillment in 1862 of William Rumbolds scheme fo the eplacement of the oiginal dome 34 Peoples Odganj Septembe 3, 1844, quoted in John A Byan, 11 The Rotun a, : ts Changing Styles of Achitectue, ts Histoic Events and Mual Paintings, ts Restoation," Clak Hoope to James J Pudy, Octobe 1, 1844, Misc Legal Documents, J NEM 36 "Bi 11 of Coected Measuements," items 327, 328, 330, 346, 348 and Daily Democat, July 4,

46 f "" ( Filling of the holes in the floos of the thid and fouth level galleies is noted in Joseph Fostes accounts fo t was anothe pat of the wok equied when the oak co 1 umns wee taken away Foste installed new flooing at the places \tttlee those columns had stood since 1845, and his ecod of the poject fixes the numbe on each of the galleies at eight Because a total of only twenty-fou was mentioned in the specifications fo painting of the otunda in 1845, the conclusion that columns wee installed on only thee galleies is inescapable That is impotant because it povides an initial indication of the fom which the otunda took atop the fouth level galley o, to put that anothe way, suggests a geat deal about the teatment of the space between the 55 and 67 elevations above the fist floo Based s imp 1 y on the numbe des e i bed in the documents, thee could not have been any columns placed on a galley at that elevation All twenty-fou wee needed on the second, thid and fouth levels Such a conclusion also fits neatly with the ecods of 1845, which demonstate that thee was nothing above the floo of the fifth level galley equiing any columns fo suppot All to be found thee was the inne dome and it ested on top of the octagonal stone dum That method of constuction must have been enployed because the plasteing of the inne dome, and the painting of its suface, was completed almost seven months befoe the steaming of the oak columns as pat of the pepaation fo thei install at ion 38 Quite obviously, the fifth level galley could not be ceated until those columns wee in place, and in light of that it would have been impossible fo thee to have been any stuctual elements on that highest galley to cay the weight of the inne dome The fifth level galley, those bits and pieces of evidence suggest, had a floo which was 55 above the fist floo, and a balustade at its inne edge The inne dome, spinging fom the top of the exteio wall, began its upwad cuve 12 above the fifth level flooing and theeby seved as a cuved ceiling fo the galley as well as fo the otunda as a whole One facet of the wok done at the fifth level galley lends itself to only the most geneal of desciptions Fostes efeence on August 14, 1843, to "Stais leading to the top of dome between the plasteing and the outside makes it necessay to believe that a pai of stais enteed into some fom of poject ions which began at the level of the galleys floo and at a height of Cout Recods,, 484 and Joseph Foste to County Cout, August 14,

47 l ( \ above it began to follow the cuve of the inne dome Eveything indicates that the bases of both the inne and oute domes wee set on the stone wall of the octagonal dum, and no staiway to the obsevatoy at the top of the dome could have been built without thee having also been pojections offeing a means of enty as well as headway Since thee wee two staiways, thee had to be at least that many poject ions but an additional set may have been constucted to maintain symmety The stai in the lowe pot ion of the otunda was the subject of conunents that wee geneally devoid of eal detail t was paised at the time of its constuction as "a splendid piece of mechanism; in it we find united massive stength with elegant popotions The wok will be a feathe in the cap of ou St Louis mechanics 11 As fo its actual fom, it was cal led only a "spial staicase Limited though the infomation contained in such statements may be, it constitutes the fullest available basis fo a desciption of the stai in 1845 A esot to conjectue is once again demanded The mateial used fo the stai was not mentioned in 1845 but all the evidence indicates that it was wood The initial eason to be- 1 ieve that to be tue is lagely negative, thee being nothing in the minutes of the County Cout which indicates that payment was made fo enough cast ion to be used in eecting the staicase John D McMuay, a manufactue of ion ailing, did eceive $73694 on Novembe 1, 1844, but the size of that expenditue points to his having been the supplie of the exteio balustade at the top of the dome Foste, futhemoe, incopoated some 800 of yellow pine o oak fo "Stais in Rotunda" when in Augull 1843 he dew up estimates of the building mateial he would need A conclusion that such wood was actually used is waanted Had the stai stones which wee called fo in the contact fo flagging the gound floo been etained, the pecise location of the "spial staicase" could be eadily ascetained Unfotunately, those stones wee taken up duing the emodeling diected by William Rumbold befoe 1862, idding the space of any tangible evidence elating to that pat of the wok caied out befoe 1845 The fact that the plual tem "stai stones" was used indicates that the staiway was actually fomed in two sepaate pats, a conclusion suppoted by all of the othe documentay efeences As to the places at which they wee eected, the simple dimensions of the otunda again become impotant The pai which began at the 40 Peoples Ogan, Septembe 3, 1844, in Byan, "Rotunda," Cout Recods, V, 84; Joseph Foste to County Cout, August 19, 1843, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM -30-

48 W1 ill! f fi Figue 11 :,, -31- ; :

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50 figue 12 W1 UJ TT TT t\! "" \ -33-

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52 figue 13!1 Z_j ; 1 1 m ( i -34-

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54 ( ( ( fist level and ose as high as the thid level must have been set outside the cicle descibed by the fou stone columns because placement within the inteio cicle would have limited the open space thee to a mee 12 o 13, endeing the otunda unsuitable fo use as a place at which majo public meetings could be held By locating the twin staiways outside the cicle of the stone columns, that is between the columns and the wall of the otunda, an inne cicle with a diamete of would have ena ined unobstucted A hypothesis about the placement of the lowe stai can be developed on the basis of the ove-a 11 p 1 an fo the en 1 agement of the Couthouse which was adopted in 1839 t left the Laveille and Moton building intact on the east side, bought the west wing into being, and caused the addition of only small extensions to the south and noth of the otunda The enties fom the east and west would theefoe have been the most impotant, and it would have seened desiable to design the otunda in a way which did not place any obstuction in font of the pass ages leading to the east and west A slight hindeance to access into the nothen and southen ex tens ions would on the othe hand have been of fa less consequence, a consideation that pompts a belief that the stais wee placed in font of the southen and nothen entances to the otunda, leaving a seni-cicula space with a width of about 10 open between the stai and the wa 11 The base of one would have been close to the westen enty to the otunda, the othe would have been nea the easten entance (Figue 11) Anothe pai of stais leading to the thid level was constucted at the second level galley, simila in thei geneal fom to those on the fist level The bottom step of each was diectly above the base of the stai beneath it A visito who wished to each the thid level could theefoe at the second level eithe double back fom the ending of one stai to each the base of the stai ove it o could continue aound to the othe side to each the fist of the steps thee (Figue 12) A second pai of stais began at the thid level and continued the ascent all the way up to the obsevatoy at the top of the dome Fostes ecod of the wok he pefomed pio to 1862 makes note of his putting joists and flooing at two openings, each by , at the fouth level though which the oiginal stais had passed42 The wall of the thid level galley, futhemoe, still has shallow, ectangula pojections at six locations but those ae lacking at the notheast and southwest (see Figue 4), 42 "Bill of Coected Measuements, 11 items

55 - l c " l :, ;;\ -,_, -_:;;:" - ; -,f ; : :: - \, -;:_ --- -

56 --- - (,_!,!

57 (- ( " - indicating that the ealy stais wee affixed at those places The pais of stais on the fouth and fifth level galleies would al so have been attached to the wall until they enteed the space between the inne and oute domes Taking the whole of the witten mateial into account, and adding the equied amount of conjectue, an idea of the appeaance of the otunda as it was in 1845 emeges The second and thid level galleies wee then about fou feet wide than they now ae, thei geate width being needed to allow fo landings fo the lowe pais of stais The fou stone columns on the fist floo suppoted the second level galley and fou oak columns wee placed immediately above them on the second level A second oak column was set between each of those fou second level columns and the otunda wall, causing the openings fo the stais to be flanked by columns All eight wooden columns on the thid level galley wee placed at the same distance fom the otunda wall as the fou inne columns on the second level, and the fouth level columns wee in vetical alignment with those of the thid level The fifth level ga 11 ey had no columns and its floo was of the same width as that of the fouth level The view of the gound floo which could be obtained fom the fouth o fifth level galleies was theeby patially obstucted but such a desciption of the otunda fits well with all of the evidence which can be assembled concening the space Completion of the galleies and stais in 1844 was followed by a fluy of additional activity equied to give the otunda its final fom What can be viewed as finishing touches had, howeve, been applied at a much ealie date The County Cout made aangements fo plasteing long befoe the capentes began wok on the galleies o stais, an action which indicates the appoximate date of the completion of the inne dome John Stewat, who called himself a "Mud Daube," obtained the contact fo the plasteing on Novembe l, 1843, in which sepaate povision was made fo the conice at the domes base He was to be paid 16 2/34 pe foot, suggesting that it was athe onate43 The scaffolding eected to allow the plastees to wok on the inne dome was also of use to the paintes when the plasteing was complete Asa Wilgus was hied on Decembe 20, 1843, to decoate 11 the suf ace of the inne dome i n the best manne fo the sum of two hunded dollas and to complete the job within six weeks 11 Appoval of the payment to him of $250 was ganted on Mach 6, 1844, 43 John Stewat to County Cout, Novembe l, 1843, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM -35-

58 [, ( long befoe the capentes finished the galleies44 All taces of the painting wee destoyed when the oiginal dome was demolished, and thee is no way to detemine what sot of decoative scheme was employed t may well have been akin to the type of decoation which was popula on the ceilings of steamboats that plied the Mississippi and Missoui ives Wilgus listed such wok as one of his specialities in a contempoay city diectoy A less expensive fom of painting was seen as adequate fo the est of the otunda t was caied out by Cl ak Hoope unde a contact dated Octobe 1, 1844 The specifications called fo vanishing the oak columns and the caps of same, if equied, o 11 paint them if pefeed Because those columns wee subsequently emoved, it is impossible to detemine how the capitals wee actually teated Hoopes othe wok was quite divese in natue He gilded the metal pats of the oil lamps \ilich wee installed to light the otunda and did some oak gaining The lamps wee, as one would expect, one of the last featues of the otunda to demand the attention of the County Cout They wee mounted on cast-ion backets and thee wee six 11 on each galley and one 1 amp on each of the stone columns The lighting devices wee puchased in Decembe 1844 Vitually all of the capenty wok must have been completed befoe Hoope went to wok on the painting of the space Joseph Foste, howeve, may well have still been engaged duing this closing stage of the ove-all poject in building the ostum which was 1 ate used by Thomas Hat Benton duing his eel ebated addess in 1849 That piece of funitue stood in the otunda until 1862, and it was pobably made befoe the end of 1844 Aside fom some finishing touches to the painting which equied Hoopes attention, the space was by the beginning of 1845 substantially eady fo its public debut on Febuay 22 The assumption made by the judges on Decembe 30, 1844, that vey little moe wok in the otunda would be equied in the immediate futue poved, howeve, to be faulty The public had no soone seen the space fo the fist time duing the ceemonies held on Washington 1 s Bithday than it began to be alteed as poblems became appaent $17 62 was spent fo capeting in the otunda on 44 Cout Recods,, 484 and Clak Hoope to James J Pudy, Octobe 1, 1844, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM 46 Cout Recods, V, 13, 114 and

59 l ( l l L (" [" [ Mach 3, 1845, pehaps to be used as unnes on the stais afte it was discoveed that the teads became slippey on snowy o ainy days The cost of applying oak gaining on the wainscot of the fist galley was discussed fou days late, and Clak Hoope esumed painting at about the same time He continued to eceive payments fo his sevices until mid-decembe Payment fo oil and fo five additional lamps was made on Mach 15, 1845 On June 12, the doos of the otunda--doos which no longe exist--wee alteed by setting glass panels into them Joseph Chales did pat of that alteation, appaently woking on the doos in the east and west enties although that is not specifically stated in the ecod Cl ak Hoope is <1ff initely known to have put glass into the noth and south doos 4 The havoc ceated in the aea aound the newly constucted building led to its being coveed with tanbak in July 1844 and to a egading of the entie squae in the fall of that yea While the latte was being accomplished, poposals wee eceived fo the demolition of the buildings at the nothwest and southwest cones Although the pupose which those stuctues had seved is not mentioned in the ecods of the peiod, it seems clea that at least one had been a pivy The building on the nothwest cone was emoved in Mach J845 but no futhe efeence was made to that at the southwest 4 t must, howeve, have been azed befoe wok began on the new fence So gand and elegant a stuctue as the enlaged Couthouse equied a fence to match Specifications fo its stone base--descibed as 11 h ammeed stone wok the top to be dessed to the segment of a cicle"--wee dawn up in Novembe 1844 and a contact was let to Solomon Woods in the following Januay nstallation of the wought-ion fence atop that base was undeway by Septembe 12, 1845 The supplie of it, McMuay and Domand, continued to submit bills until mid-june of 1846 Although it had obviously taken quite a long time to complete the installation, the fence would pove to be one of the most duable featues of the Couthouse New sections wee added in 1861 on the nothen side, but the othe oiginal wought-ion emained in place until 1884 The stone base 1 asted a decade longe than that, finally being emoved duing the couse of extensive wok on the gounds in bid, 117, 134, 139, , 162, 187 and bid, 55, and bid, 86, and 302; Daily Missoui State Jounal, AJ)FTl 19, 1861, tanscipt in the achives at JNEM; Mayos Message with Accompanying Documents May, 1884, 196; bid 1897,

60 L i / \,-: The bicks used fo the sidewalk ceated duing the ealy 1830s wee still in acceptable condition but new cubstones and gutteing wee now installed Wok began on the noth and west sides in Septembe 1845 and a coal vault beneath the paving on the west side, discussed by the County Cout a yea ealie, could have been built at the same time The balance of the cubing and guttes was eplaced by James Kahoe between Novembe 1845 and August 1846 Once that was done, the appeaance of the sidewalks was vey much like that of the pesent pavement The sole exception to that was the 11 wagon tact 11 on the south side which was made in Novembe The oiginal locust tees had faed less wel 1 than the ealy bick Thity-eight new tees of the same vaiety wee planted along the edge of the sidewalks in Novembe 1845, and tee boxes wee placed aound them duing the following summes Two sepaate pojects wee undetaken to povide wate The fist poduced a cisten, the wok of Pete Books, in Apil 1843 t equied epai in July and was, on the equest of the City of St Louis, alteed in ode to make it possible fo fie engines to daw wate fom it sometime afte June 1845 t was clealy functioning popely at that time, leaving it difficult to undestand why a well was dug at the cone of Fifth (now Boadway) and Maket in Apil The effect of all that activity, as well as an indication of what was planned fo the inunedi ate futue, can be seen in an account published in the New Ea towad the beginning of 1846: We see that the wok of enclosing the Cout House gounds with ion ailing has been commenced and is pogessing apidly New and substantial sidewalks of bick ae to extend aound the whole enclosue, and on the oute edge a egula ow of white locust tees ae being planted f they aive at matuity and the yad is gaded and coveed with geenswad, the gates eected, mounds and gavel walks made, and eveything else that is in contemplation about the pemises fo use o onament completed, it will be one of the handsomest and most magnificent squaes in the land The wok is to be 50 Cout Recods,, 75, 219, 248 and bid, 246 and bid, 334, 336 and 395; V, 157 and 170; City Odinance 1477, June 6,

61 i l (&"" finished in the most elegant and substantial manne, at a total cost of between six and seven thousand dollas The ailing, which we saw going up yesteday, is of a beautiful patten, and all wought ion t was manufactued in this city by Messs McMuay & Doman, at a cost of thee thousand dollas t is but easonable that a building of the magnificence and cost of ou County Cout should have an enclosed yad and onaments to coespond with its own magnificence St Louis cannot, and but few othe cities can, boast of a moe commanding o valuable stuctue53 A sign that the County Cout could not el ax fo vey long and that it would again need to tun its attention to majo constuction came on Febuay 4, 1847 The State of Missoui then inceased the powe of the law commissione, a post that had been ceated in 1845, in a fashion that made it the equivalent of a cout of law n the not too distant futue, the commissione would have to be povided with space at the Couthouse Fo a few yeas, nonetheless, the County Cout did not need to westle with decisions petaining to new constuction o enovation A ceiling had to be plasteed in August 1846, and a sceen fo the Cout of Common Pleas on the second floo of the west wing as well as new capet fo the stais wee puchased in Febuay 1850 Fo the most pat, howeve, the inteio of the Couthouse would show little sign of change until Quoted in John A Byan, "A Physical Histoy of the Old Couthouse, St Louis, Missoui, , Cout Recods, V, 35 and 344; V,

62 L L ( t fy"" EARLY EXPANSON, The olde building on the east side of the Squae must have stuck the County Cout as being out-of-keeping with the now completed west wing and otunda, fo the judges had Joseph Foste daw up a plan and an estimate of the cost of a new east facade on Mach 9, 1850 Late in the same yea, they again indicated that they wee willing to conside the demolition of the stuctue A meet ; ng was held with the mayo of the City of St Louis fo the pupose of discussing 11 the application enbaced in the lette of said Mayo addessed to the Cout June 28, 1850 fo pemission of the city to eect east font of Couthouse fo city offices, etc 11 1 Nothing came of that but the intention to demolish the old building and to eect the pesent east wing on its site was now completely accepted The hope that such constuction would induce the fedeal govenment to ceate a Cicuit Cout and the State of Missoui to hold sessions of its Supeme Cout in St Louis was, when added to any othe eason fo doing so, found to be sufficient cause to ode the demolition in Febuay 1851 Robet S Mitchells plans fo the new wing wee completed duing the following eight months, making it possible to begin wok on the foundation within a yea afte the decision to demolish the old stuctue had been eached t was completely down by Mach 19, The loss of office and coutoom space which esulted fom that demolition was offset by the constuction of two bick buildings, each having two stoies They ae descibed only as being on the noth and south sides, but must have been located close to the easten o westen cones of the squae since they ae known to have enained in existence afte the foundations wee dug fo the pesent noth and south wings The fist to be bui lt--that on the noth--was equested by the sheiff, he ageeing to bea the cost The gound floo, that being all that he needed, had a second stoy added to it by the County Cout in ode to make an office fo the achitect Constuct ion began in Septembe 1851, and the fact that it was not completed until the same month of the following yea suggests that it was easonably substantial3 1 Cout Recods, V, 48 and bid, V, 282; V, 43, 81 and 97 3 bid, V, 422; V, 118 and

63 Wok on the second stuctue, that on the south side, was begun in Decembe 1851, in ode to meet the statutoy equiement that an office fo the Pobate Cout be located with in two hunded yads of the couthouse t was no doubt the twin of the sheiffs building, and an idea of the size and geneal appeaance of both can be gained fom the ecod of the hanging of six window shuttes on the second floo That would eflect a building with two bays on the font and ea and one on each side t was eady fo occupancy by the Pobate Cout and the county mashal in June The use of whitening, as di st inguished fom painting, is mentioned fo the fist time in the ecods of the County Cout on May 26, 1851 Fom that time on, the efeences to whitewash o calcimine being applied become faily common although the specific location of the wok is seldom identified Much of the wok was done by M L Julian, who gained a vitual monopoly on painting contacts given out by the County Cout ove the next decade5 The walls of the east wing wee not yet complete in Apil 1853 when the excavation fo the south wing was undetaken Still, the pogess on the two additions quickly became almost paallel The glass fo both was odeed on the same day in 1855 and inteio capeity was undeway at oughly the same time in the following yea Things seemed to go much moe smoothly than they had in the constuction of the west wing, pehaps because Mitchell was less subject to changing his oiginal plans o less willing to accept ideas fo alteations fom the judges of the County Cout One othe diffeence is appaent in the ecod of the east and south wings n the case of the west wing, the oiginal, if futile, hope was that both floos within it would be eady fo use by the couts at the same moment The ooms in the wings now being added wee fitted up as soon as the couse of exteio constuction pennitted Space in the basement could, theefoe, be assigned to the cicuit attoney as ealy as Octobe 22, 1855, and the Pobate Couts new oom on the south side of the fist floo of the east wing was usable by July 8, The fist indication of the laying of capeting in a cout oom came on Mach 8, 1853, when $4474 was spent on such mateial fo the Cicuit Cout t was placed ove the bicks in the fist 4 bid, V, 39, 151, 230 and bid, V, 345 Fo futhe efeences to such wok, see bid, V, 82, 143, 412, V, 50, 59, 105, 526, X, bid, V, 311; V, 279, 340 and bid, V, 292; Daily St Louis ntelligence, July 8, L

64 ( : : : f Figue 14 Lithogaph by Leopold Gast of Robet S Mitchells Pespective Rendeing of the Couthouse, Published in John Hogans Thoulhts About the City of St Louis (St Louis, 1854) The illusta ion indicafesthatfne poposed development of the gounds included fountains in both the southeast and the notheast yads, and that the geneal fom of the building at its completion in 1861 had aleady been detemined upon Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society -43-

65 L l L floo of the west wing The othe innovation of the yea, moe significant in tems of the oveall appeaance of the inteio, was the intoduction of gas lighting in Novembe A deposit of cabon fom the ealie oil lamps in the otunda may have been vey evident because it was again painted, this time by M L Julian, in May 1854 Pio to that, in Febuay, he had gained and vanished a case fo the office of the clek of the Land Cout, giving an indication of the finish which was applied to funitue at the time and, because of the identity of the cout, helping to point to the eason new constuction was neededa Actually, thee was a vaiety of new needs fo space The Land Cout had been ceated in August 1853; the Supeme Cout of Missoui was now to hold annual sessions in St Louis; and the Law Libay, a pivately suppoted oganization, had outgown the space on the west side of the second floo of the noth extension which had been given it in 1843 As even futhe inducement fo pessing ahead on the expansion of the building, the west wing had developed seious poblems and it was about to equie extensive enovation The changes to be made on the fist floo of the west wing wee undeway in Mach 1855, and they wee nicely descibed by a local newspapeman He also neatly pinpointed the poblems geneated by constant changes in the wishes of the men who wee esponsible fo the building "The House That Jack Built"--This thing of "sheds and patches," the St Louis County Cout House, appeas to be in a constant state of metamophosis The capentes and othe wokmen ae now busily engaged in teaing down and ipping up eveything inside of the beautiful oom heetofoe occupied by the Cicuit Cout, fo the pupose of unning a hall though it simila to the one in the opposite wing fonting on Fouth-steet This will leave a long oom on each side, full of lage columns, which cannot but be vey much in the way Oneof these ooms is to be occupied by the Cicuit Cout, and the othe by the Ciminal Cout The Juy Rooms, which ae to be taken off at the West-end, will educe the main ooms to something like just popotions This building has aleady cost about twice what two bette ones could be eected fo, and it is not half done yet9 a Cout Recods, V, 286 and 450; V, 25 and 72 9 St Louis Daily Evening News, Mach 13, 1855 The ooms wee in fact assigned to the Land Cout and the law commissione -44-

66 : lfp, v f l i L,- ""-, l Mitchell would late take cedit fo the alteation on this floo as well as fo those which would soon aftewad be made on the uppe stoy of the same wing, and he may not at the time have been pleased by a efeence to the "Gand, Gothic and Peculia" appeaance of the Couthouse10 The plan of the fist floo when the wok was finished was identical to that of today except fo the fact that the patitions ceating the juy ooms ae no longe in existence No ae the columns \Alich ae mentioned in the newspapes desciption They may have been emnants of the ealie constuct ion which wee in fact scheduled to be emoved duing the pocess of emodeling Futhe evidence concening the wok that was done in 1855 may be infeed fom the discovey in 1940 of an ealy laye of paint on the noth wall of the oom on the south side of the coido That wall was buht in 1855 and it was found to have a "high wainscot of mabeling 11 The enovation of the fist floo was still in pogess in Octobe 1855, the Cicuit Cout then being equied to open its session at the Cental Fie House The disaay visible to visitos at that time became moe widespead duing the yea that fol lowed Pepaations fo the impending demolition of the sepaate building on the noth side, the stuctue which the sheiff had equested in 1851, began to be made in Septembe 1856 "fo the pupose of commencing the eection of the noth wing," but the azing of it was, typically, defeed fo a yea 12 To add futhe to the impession of geneal upheaval, a complete enovation of the coutoom on the second floo of the west wing had been inauguated in July 1856 "Unsightly columns" and "thee useless galleies" which had been thee in the past wee now to be emoved Othe wok of 1856 in that oom involved placing the judges bench at the south side, instead of the west whee it had peviously stood, and dividing off thity feet of the aea fo juy ooms Futhe changes descibed at the time included a full eplacement of the oof above 10 St Louis Missoui Republican, July 24, 1855 and Novembe 10, 1859 Latte quoted by Chales E Peteson in "Memoandum fo the Files," May 28, 1946, JNEM 11 "Old Couthouse nteio Suvey," June 25 and 27, 1940, OCH nteio Suvey--West Wing, JNEM 12 Missoui Republican, Octobe 22, 1855; Daily St Louis ntelligence, Septembe 19,

67 ,,,,, A new oof will also be put on, the old one having so decayed as to be unsafe Fomely, the weight of the floo was sustained by the oof, to which it was attached by heavy ion ods By means of the patition walls ecently built in the oom below, the oom is now suppoted without any attachment to the oof, and the ods ae theefoe endeed useless The new oof will be of ion, coveed with coppe, as is the case with all the oofing put up since this All the epais ae to be completed in time fo the next tem of the Cout [of Common Pleas], commencing on the thid Monday in Septembe 13 The same epot indicated that the south wing was 11 i n a vey fowad condition" and the east wing was "almost entiely finished, the only unfinished oom being that intended fo the Cicuit Cout" Of that space on the second floo, it was said that "it will be the most beautiful oom in the building, if not in the West" Pat of the paise diected towad the new coutoom on the second floo in the east wing can be attibuted to the installation thee of the finest flooing that to date could have been found in the Couthouse While bick set on edge had been consideed an appopiate mateial fo the ealiest coutoom to be occupied by the Cicuit Cout--that on the fist floo of the west wing--the sense of fitness that pevailed in May 1855 demanded "the fine vaiegated mable known as McPheson mable" which was descibed in the contact with the Empie Stone Company14 The same flooing was used in all the ooms and coidos of the east wing The Cout of Common Pleas, which etuned to the second floo of the west wing when the enovation thee was complete, would a little moe than a yea late obtain flooing which was supeio in appeaance to that of the east wing On Novembe 24, 1856, the County Cout ageed to pay fo the i nsta 11 at ion of "ti 1 es of the fine mable obtained nea the on Mountain in this State The tiles ae to be x (except fo making out the bodes) one inch thick suface well laid in best quality of Hydaulic Cement and finely smoothed off--the tiles to be altenate--light and Flesh Colo" Since the alteation of the space emained unfinished at the time the Octobe 1856 session of the Cout of Common Pleas opened, its judge was given tempoay possession of the oval coutoom on the second floo of the east wing; a fact which helps to 13 Daily St Louis ntelligence, July 3, "Contact fo tiling and flagging the East Wing May 11, 1855," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM -46-

68 ( "" l povide an idea of when the constuction thee was complete15 The fist majo adonment of the gounds is a poduct of the same peiod On August 11, 1855, the City of St Louis ganted to the county 11 the fee use of wate fom the Watewoks fo a fountain to be eected by the County Cout in the Couthouse yad 11 The povision was made subject to the amount used not being in excess of 11 the capacity of wate issuing fom a thee-inch pipe," an indeed libeal estiction No definite date fo the eection of the fountain has been located in the official ecods but it was, accoding to a newspape account, pesent duing at least 11 seveal seasons 11 befoe Mach 1861 A futhe enbell i shment--the sub st itut ion of stone flagging fo the bick sidewalk aound the Couthouse--was also contemplated in June 1855 While the membes of the County Cout thought that the cost would be "only thee times that of bick, and the duability ten times as geat, 11 they abandoned this pat of thei plans fo exteio changes16 The time, effot and money that had been expended in the constuct ion of the south wing began to pay dividends on August 21, 1856 On that day, the oom at the west side of the second floo was eady fo occupancy by the State Supeme Cout and the space on the east side of the same floo was assigned to the Law Libay Vey little infomation is available concening the appeaance of the latte space at the time All that can be detemined is that it was funished with twelve cuspidos--a common featue in all of the ooms within the building--and that thee wee thee tables 17 A fa bette impession of the aangement and appeaance of the Supeme Cout can be gained as a esult of the existence of pl ans made at the time it was emodeled in the ealy twentieth centuy t was oiginally divided into two aeas: the coutoom pope adjacent to the coido, and a set of thee ooms located behind an inteio patition built of bick (Figues 15 and 16) The wall behind the bench had an elliptical niche with a cuved top The ceiling had a heavy conice and a cicula dome in its cente All things consideed, the popotions wee somewhat awkwad but the 15 "Contact fo tiling floos in Couthouse Novembe 24, 1856, 11 Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM; Daily St Louis ntelligence, Octobe 14, City Odinance 3425, August 11, 1855; Daily Missoui State Jounal, June 1, 1855, typescipt extact at JNEM 17 Cout Recods, V, 408; "The Law Libay Association of St Louis {A Bief Histoy), 11 3, Ms copy in Law Libay of St Louis -47-

69 [ [ f ll [ Figue 15 Based on "Bluepint pl an fo alteations, appoved on Januay 22, l 904, "Ach l v es of the Jeffeson Nati on a 1 Expansion Memoi a 1 - [ ll t «: c_ ) [ [ [ [ [ t\, [, -48-

70 i j

71 [, L f \ [ [ l [ f [ f [: [ f Figue 16 Based on "Bluepint plan fo alteations, appoved on Januay 22, 1904, 11 Achives of the Jenson National Expansion Memoial

72 i ----m L [ - - ( i------tn,d!f 1, 1 aaao Mm --;:::::::;;;;;::::b!:j ;: d -z /d au :t "i : ODD[] _ = 11-l 1:1 0 Y (1 i -! :2- ; ; :,! : i i \J W _J v = l DO -- L-- - =t- _U - -z 0 - o -- 4:; / ::! - _,,_ V </

73 oom must have been as impessive as space intended fo so impot ant a judicial body should be Justices of the Supeme Cout had become accustomed to having living quates povided fo them within the couthouse at Jeffeson City That tadition was maintained in St Louis with beds and othe funitue being placed in the thee ooms which wee located at the ea of the coutoom 18 Mitchell povided the design fo the Supeme Cout as well as fo the Ciminal Cout which held its fist session in the oom on the east side of the fist floo of the south wing on Novembe 3, 1856 He did not, howeve, wok on the oom which would be occupied by the Law Libay Accoding to the County Cout, plans fo that aea wee submitted by "M Dake," a efeence to Chales D Dake, a pominent local attony and one of the foundes of the Law Libay Association in 1838 The poblem of sanitation and the caying off of sewage was consideably lessened when the City of St Louis on Decembe 5, 1856, in esponse to a equest fom the County Cout, made povision fo 11 a sewe to connect with the one now teminating at the cone of Fifth and Maket steets, fo the pupose of daining the basement ooms of the Cout House 11 That must have vastly impoved conditions in the basement of the west wing whee pivies with cast-ion vessels which wee emptied once each week had been in use since An intiguing enty appeas in the minutes of the County Cout fo June 2, 1856 t cal ls fo the payment of $ to Hunt & Wiseman fo "hadwae fo couthouse" Since an ion double-doo was found in one of the enties to the west oom on the fist floo 18 Baton Bates, a justice of the cout, mentioned living in the Couthouse in a lette to his daughte on Apil 3, 1862, Bates Papes, Missoui Histoical Society Refeence to these "pivate apatments" is also to be found in the Daily St Louis ntelligence, Januay 30, Daily St Louis ntelligence, Novembe 3, 1856; Daily Missoui lje"mocat, July 4, 1862; Cout Recods, V, 396,""""4T8 and 440; Joseph F Callahan, "Law Libay Completes Centuy of Sevice, 11 The Bench and Ba (Febuay, 1938), 1 20 City Odinance 3751, Decembe 5, 1856; Cout Recods, V, 70 Anothe efeence to "sewes at Couthouse" appeaed on May 26, 1851 The meaning of that is fa fom clea but it seems appaent that it did not apply to a connection with an exteio sewe line See Cout Recods, V,

74 " f f/ " \ of the south wing in 1940, thee is at least ci cumstant i a 1 ev i dence that the doo was a pat of the oi gi na l featues- of the wing The amount of the bill suggests that the company supplied a fai amount of matei a 1, pointing theeby to a cone: 1 us ion t_h at such ion doos wee installed in moe than one place21 The ealiest indication of a fie at the Couthouse dates fom Febuay 7, 1857 As is fequently the case with such incidents, the epot is of moe impotance fo the detail it offes than it is because it documents a simple fact The fie boke out in the oom in the east wing basement which was occupied by the county teasue, and involved lathing on the east side of the office The account notes that "owing to the dampness of the stone wal 1, some studding had been put up to keep the lath and plaste fom it and it was behind this that the fie caught That is the sole evidence which demonstates that difficulty with wate seeping though the foundation had aisen so ealy in the building s histoy and also documents the mid-nineteenth-centuy esponse to the condition Much geate knowledge about the appeaance of the building at the time would be attainable if the esults of a poject undetaken fo the county in May 1857 had been peseved J H Fitzgibbon was then paid $1800 "fo photogaphs of Cout House" 23 Aside fom the dagueeotype made in 1845 o 1846 {Figue 9), no ealie evidence of the ceation of photogaphic illustations of the Couthouse has come to the suface Unfotunately, a seach of local collections has failed to disclose any examples of the wok done in 1857 by Fitzgibbon f those ae eve located, undestanding of the histoy of the stuctue will be consideably enhanced The des ie to have such photogaphs made may have been pompted by the fact that the building was about to undego yet anothe majo enlagement With the completion of the south and east wings, it had become an imposing edifice but had also taken on what must have seemed a athe stange aspect The squat dome atop the otunda ose between the east and west wings The stone columns of the east potico had been put in pl ace in 1855 but those at the west side would not be completed until late in The south wing looked much as it does today except fo the fact that the 21 Cout Recods, V, 376; Histoic Ameican Buildings Suvey, 31-8, Sheets 50 and 51, JNEM 22 Daily St Louis ntelligence, Febuay 7, Cout Recods, V, bid, , X, 54 and 108; X, 36 and

75 ; - ("", tansvese hall, the space between the ealy extension fom the otunda and the new wing itself, was not yet enclosed The gound on the noth side was still occupied by the two-stoy office building which shelteed the sheiff and the county achitect Both it and the simila stuctue on the south side of the squae which had been eected fo the Pobate Cout wee not azed unt i 1 Septembe 1857 All in all, the feeling of balance o symmety which Singleton had attempted to ceate in the design he povided in 1839 had not yet been attained The men who built the south wing found that an ealy eo in the placement of the west wing and otunda would poduce a mino asymmety which pesists to this day The facade of the south wing had to paallel the sidewalk on Maket Steet but it was discoveed that the poch which had been added to the southen extension was seveal inches out of line Compensation fo that was made by placing the ea wall of the new constuction at a vey slight angle to the ealie facade, ceating a space that is slightly wide at the east side than it is at the west When the noth wing was added, a simila coection would need to be made thee The floo of its tansvese hall is wide at the west than it is at the east The fist signs pointing towad the add it ion of the noth wing wee noted duing 1857, and the Couthouse was finally on a couse which would ove the next fou yeas make it both complete and substantially symmetical On June 19, the fence along Chestnut Steet was taken down That was eighteen yeas afte the constuct ion of the west wing had begun and the oppotunity to emind the County Cout of how polonged the wok had been was not ovelooked As the Odil St Louis ntelligence put it, 11 a geat deal of stone is alea y essed and we may expect soon to see at least the exteio of the couthouse finished Futhe poof to the public that county officials wee now detemined to complete the stuctue was povided in Septembe when the buildings ceated fo the sheiff, the achitect and the Pobate Cout wee demolished Even that much pogess duing the summe of 1857 did not totally satisfy local newspape editos One pinted two aticles about the Couthouse in a single issue: the fist speaking of the excavation fo the noth wing as an "inscutable stuctue" that was pobably intended fo use as the 11 esevoi 11 and the othe efeing caustically to the azing of the 11 tempoay 11 offices which had 11 stood since 1851 A singula anomaly, 11 the ite said, 11 the histoy of the cout-house in this fast city 111 Z6 25 ssue of June 19, St Louis Daily Missoui Democat Septembe 1,

76 e " Thomas Lanham, who had eplaced Mitchell as achitect in May 1857, did attempt to cay out his duties with easonable dispatch He awaded a contact fo the ubble and ashla foundation of the noth wing on Septembe 10, 1857, and the bickwok was to begin in the following August Typically in the histoy of this poblemplagued building, the contact fo the laying of the bick was voided by William Rumbold, Lanhams eplacement, in August 1859 By that time, howeve, the building had eached a point at which the coppe fo the oof had been odeed27 Passes-by in the summe of 1857 would have been even moe stuck by the appeaance of the dome than they would by the wok being done on the noth side of the lot By August 21, the old, squat dome had been emoved and in its pl ace had isen "the elegant famewok which fo some days past has adoned the noble elevation" A discussion of it was said to have poduced two conflicting opinions: one maintaining that it was meant to be a "hen coop," the othe that it was a "hog pen" Happily, the epot concluded, "the inticate case has been dismissed by the capentes, who have taken down the potentous fame, and will soon eect something which shall give beautiful pomise of a wok fo the ages and the wold to admie" 28 n fact, the otunda would be open to ain and snow fo seveal moe yeas but the last steps towad the comp let ion of the pesent stuctue wee now being taken Lanham would seem by August 1857 to have dawn up plans fo much moe than the eplacement of the squat dome with a lage one of his own design He caused the installation of additional means of access to the uppe floos of the building unde a contact ganted to James G McPheetes on Septembe 5, 1857, and which was appoved by the County Cout two months late Thee wee to be two flights of steps placed in the tansvese hall of the south wing, each unning fom the fist to the second floo, and "two in the same hall of the west wing one fom the fist floo to the second and the othe fom the second floo to the thid" A 11 wee to be made of ion "eady to eceive the wooden ail When McPheetes finished his poject, the Couthouse became endowed with an oveabundance of staiways Thee was the cicula 27 "Contact fo Rubble Masony fo Noth Wing Septembe 15, 1857," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM; Cout Recods, X, 44 and 136; X, Daily Missoui Democat, August 21, "Contact fo fou flights of stais Septembe 5, 1857," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM; Cout Recods, V,

77 ; e : "" stai in the otunda, the cast-ion staicase which was pat of the oiginal constuction of the east wing and which an fom the basement to the thid floo, the new stais in the south and west wings, and a 11 tempoay 11 stai which had been built in the noth wing to povide access to the oom on the west side of the second floo of the extension fom the otunda Little is known about that stai in the noth wing, but it was pobably eected shotly afte the Law Libay moved into the Couthouse in Januay 1843 t emained in being until Joseph Foste emoved it in about The ins ta 11 at ion of the stais in the south and the west wings theeby appeas to have been a pelude to the emodeling of the otunda, and the awad of the contact to McPheetes affods an indication that by Septembe 1857 Lanham had poduced a plan that cal led fo the emoval of the old cicula stais Once the wok in the south and the west wings was completed, he may in fact have begun to make changes in the otunda including the demolition of the hypothesized fifth level galley and the taking down of the stais which an fom the thid level galley to the obsevatoy Futhe eason to believe that Lanham envisioned a geat deal of emodeling in the otunda is pesented in May 1858 when M L Juli an, noted peviously as the County Cout 1 s favoite painte of the decade, was given a contact fo 11 knobbing, stopping, painting, vanishing & glazing" both thee and in the noth wing Neithe of those spaces was then unde cove but the achitect must have believed that his new dome above the otunda and the oof ove the noth wing would soon be in place Julian was paid $2,500 on Febuy 5, 1858; $300 on Febuay 5, 1859; and $500 on July 12, 1859 While the fist of those payments had to be fo wok in the east, south o west wings, the second and thid could eflect the completion of painting in the otunda o the noth wing The documentay ecod is once again not specific as to what it was that Julian was painting in late 1858 and ealy 1859 Lanham did have in May 1858 vey good eason to believe that thee would soon be a new dome ove the otunda He had made povision fo its suppot slightly moe than thee months ealie, contacting on Febuay 12, 1858, with James G McPheetes fo the twenty-fou cast-ion columns which wee to be placed atop the 30 "Bill of CoectedMeasuements, 11 item "Contact fo painting, glazing etc Noth Wing and Rotunda May 15, 1858, 11 Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM; Cout Recods, V, 529; X, 84 and

78 :: - existing octagonal dum32 Such wok was the pelude to the completion of the dome itself, it being intended to be made fom "heavy ion plates epesenting paneling, and in the ealy pat of 1858 Lanham could tun his attention to the emodeling of the inteio because it then seemed safe to assume that his entie plan would be bought to completion in the vey nea futue That would seve to explain the absence in Joseoh Fostes accounts of any mention of the cutting back of the second and thid level galleies o the emoval of the stai above the thid level galley since he descibed only wok done afte Lanham was dismissed as the achitect in Septembe 1859 Lanhams tenue, it should also be emaked, stetched sane twenty months beyond the date at which he made povision fo the eection of the exteio cast-ion columns of the dome and it is highly unlikely that he did nothing which affected the inteio of the otunda duing that amount of time He must indeed have begun the wok which would eventually be completed by his successo in July, 1862 That Lanham was not dilatoy in his duties is demonstated by the apid pogess he made in the constuction of the noth wing The ageement he eached with James McPheetes in Febuay 1858 called upon McPheetes to 11 make delive & put up at said Cout House the inside columns to suppot the floos of said noth wing Those columns wee theefoe odeed only five months afte povision was made fo the foundation of the wing f the achitect could manage that ate of speed in the wok thee, it is doubtful that he acted sluggishly in caying out his ideas fo the otunda The noth wing, it should be noted, was unusual in one espect Ealie expansion of the building had followed closely, o slightly peceded, a gowth in the local legal system No new couts wee anticipated in the late 1850s and it is moe than possible that the noth wing was begun with the assumption that it would eventually be occupied by the City of St Louis The notion that city offices would someday be located within the Couthouse had aisen as ealy as 1850, and the county now willingly allowed a single city agency --the Fie and Police Telegaph--to take the thid floo of the nothen ex tens ion fom the otunda The necessay equipment was installed and the sevice enteed opeation on Febuay 22, 1858, coincidental ly the thiteenth annivesay of the fomal opening of the otunda Jo 32 "Contact fo Cast an Febuay 12, 1858," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM 33 Daily Missoui Democat, July 4, "Contact fo Cast on Febuay 12, 1858" 35 Daily Evening News and ntelligence, Febuay 19,

79 l C "- "- The lack of a need to locate new coutooms on the second floo of the noth wing had the effect of making it possible to have thee the only full thid floo in the stuctue The placement of domes in the ceilings ove the oval coutooms of the east and west wings and above the Supeme Cout on the west side of the south wing had been the poduct of the need to contend with the judges sense of what was pope to thei dignity Those domes also made the space above the ooms totally unusable Because the second floo of the noth wing was to be tuned to non-judicial puposes, and because the always delicate sensibilities of the judges did not need to be consideed, simple flat ceilings wee sufficient thee Th at pemitted the space above to be used as a thid floo Attention was also being given at the time to the exteio of the Couthouse On Novembe 4, 1858, the County Cout diected that "a suitable dial o plate to show the hou by sun and shadow" be pocued and indicated confidence in the ability of Majo W H Bell, then stationed at the United States Asenal in St Louis, to supevise the eection of the device in the southeast yad Payments to vaious individuals, but none to Bell himself, appea in the ecods between Mach 25 and July 25, 1859 n the midst of that peiod, Benjamin F Cain was appointed "Supeintendent of the County Sun Dial, and he may have taken on the task oiginally assigned to Majo Bell Regad fo the appeaance of the inteio did not slacken duing the couse of the wok on the noth wing and the dome The vaious cout officials wee neve avese to making equests fo new o bette funishings and thee was consequently a consideable amount of capeting done at this time, including enough to ceate a bil 1 fo $10420 as a esult of wok fo the Supeme Cout The Cicuit Cout obtained a chandelie and two stoves, while the Pobate Cout had "gas fixtues" put up seveal months 1 ate Those fixtues may also have taken the fom of a chandel ie37 With the passage of time, the coutooms wee becoming inceasingly elegant Delay bed by contovesy maked the histoy of the constuction of the new dome duing 1859 t has been ably descibed by John A Byan and Donald Dosch, and need be followed hee only in its geneal outline A conmission to inspect William Rumbolds poposed design was appointed on Octobe 4, an event which was followed by an ode of Octobe 24 that "al 1 wokmen whose sevices ae at pesent unnecessay" be dischaged The quest ion of the stength of the dome which Rumbold intended to eect was not finally settled 36 Cout Recods, X, 54, 93, 101, 108, 117 and bid, V, 525; X, 56, 81 and 98; X,

80 d l L : until Januay 1860, indicating that the suspension of wok spanned moe than thee oonths38 The pogess which was appaent in the constuction of the noth wing, on the othe hand, caused the inteest of the City of St Louis in the acquisition of space thee to become eve geate n Octobe 1859 the mayo of St Louis epoted to the citys legislative body that thee was "easonable assuance" that the noth wing would be made available fo use as a City Hall He ecommended the appointment of a committee to discuss the matte with county officials, noting that the city could in such fashion secue fiepoof quates which would be supeio to the ented space which had been used fo municipal offices since 1849 As to the elationship of the city and the county, he offeed his belief that "ou inteests have now become so blended that that which is beneficial o injuious to one is so to both His obsevation would soon pove to be in keeping with the views of county officials as well His statement was, in fact, intended as much fo the county commissiones as it was fo the membes of the City Council The fome made up a elatively new govening body, having ep 1 aced the old County Cout as the esult of a contovesy centeing on financial mismanagement which had begun to bew duing 1858 The state legislatue had eacted to an eve-deepening scandal by abolishing the County Cout One of the men \Alo became involved in the sequel to all of that opined that the highly chaged atmosphee of local politics at the time led the legislatos astay They thought, he agued, that the act ceating the Boad of County Commissiones would not change the paty affiliation of local leadeship t was meant to be a piece of geymandeing which would insue continued contol of the county by Democats To thei chagin, the election of the new govening body fo the county poduced a Re pub 1 i can majoity 40 The immediate impact of that change was sufficiently impotant to meit attention Thomas Lanham was dismissed and William Rumbold, achitect of the existing dome and citic of Lanhams plan fo the 38 bid, X, 136; X, 28, 39, 58 and Mayos Message with Accompanling Repots of City Offices Octobe lo, 1859 (St Louis, 859), 4 40 William Taussig, "Pesonal Recollections of Geneal Gant, 11 Missoui Histoical Society Publications, (1903), 5 See also St Louis Dail Expess, August 10, 1860, fo an account of continuing Repu ican electoal success that suppots Taussigs contention -57- had

81 same wok, was installed in his place The change in paty contol, howeve, had a moe subtle influence on the oiginal decoative wok inside the new otunda Like most things that elated to govenmental affais in St Louis duing the mid-nineteenth centuy, it took on all the tappings of paty allegiance!ill " ; [ :; :;_ : ; ; i 0 ; -58-

82 "" f " f \ c e" " COMPLETON, n spite of the delay caused by the contovesy ove the stength of the dome which Rumbold poposed to eect, the wok above the otunda pogessed with pleasing speed A goup of local officials and newspapemen wee invited to a 11 col lation 11 on July 4, 1860, which was held in eel ebat ion of the fact that "at last the wok of geneations bids fai to be pefected" Fo weeks past wokmen have been engaged in elevating to thei position the massive ion ibs, each weighing two tons, which ae to fom the fame wok of the dome The pogess of the wokmen has been watched with eage inteest by ou citizens, who expessed thei admiation as the ibs was [sic] slowly but suely elevated to the dizzy height whee-they wee to find a esting place on the moning of the gloious Fouth, a paty of fifty well-known citizens, membes of the pess and othes, at the invitation of the Contactos assembled on a platfom on top of the otunda, to hono the occasion 1 With that amount of wok complete, Rumbolds attention could tun to the featues planned fo the uppe level of the otunda One of those, the glass to be set into the walkway at the lanten, could be attended to locally That glass was meant to admit light onto the two sets of stais which Rumbold caused to be installed: one in the space between the inne and oute domes which ose thity feet and ended at a point level with the inne suface of the top of the dome; the othe placed above the eye of the dome, affoding access to the walkway above The glass which would eventually be installed in that eye was also illuminated by the light which enteed though the glass in the walkway Since the wok it entailed posed no seious o complex technical poblems, it poved possible to pocue the glass fo the walkway fom a fim based in St Louis--that headed by the same James G McPheetes who had been successful in obtaining contacts fo the cast-ion stais in the south and west wings and fo metal which had been used in the constuction of the dome2 Rumbold 1 s second concen of the moment, that of finding a supplie fo the glass to be set into the eye, poved much moe toublesome fo him 1 Daily Expess, July 6, J G McPheetes Contact--Glazing on Dome, August 29, 1860, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM -59-

83 t -- \ &"" Like the glass installed in the walkway, the mateial used in the eye was to seve moe than a single function t would, in the fist place, allow some of the light which passed though the walkway glass to be admitted into the uppe eaches of the inteio of the otunda n that sense, it can be consideed to have fomed a skylight The degee to which it helped to illuminate the inteio was, howeve, geatly diminished because, as Rumbold descibed it, it was "done in enamel colos mixed with stained colos on the glass, and vitified 11 3 The pupose of that was not made clea in the accounts of the wok done befoe 1862, but a statement made in 1869 offes complete claification While the vitified colos wee then said to have "pevented the light fom being eflected downwad," Rumbold had not used clea glass in the eye fo a vey good and simple eason: it "was painted and stained to hide the stais ove it fom being seen fom below 11 4 Because it was intended to fulfill that function, it would neve povide moe than a minimal amount of illumination fo the inteio The "painted and stained" glass was at that time fitted into the cicula opening ceated by the conice atop the pesent lowe dome A space which was appoximately 12 in height was theeby set off fom the sight of the visitos below, and it contained an ion staicase which an up to the walkway of the lanten 6 To each that stai, a peson had fist to ascend one of the staiways pl aced between the inne and oute domes and then to pass though one of the dooways in the patition which suounded the space above the eye of the dome Joseph Foste accounted fo the hanging of at least one doo with a lock in this pat of the building, 3 William Rumbold to Boad of County Commissiones, May 31, 1862 County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM 4 Daily Democat, Novembe 7, bid, July 4, bid, Novembe 7, 1869 The space which was hidden fom view was that which is now the uppe dome, a featue of the otunda that did not yet exist in 1862 Thee was then a single dome, which has since come to be temed the "lowe, 11 and the inteio was descibed by the Oaiy Democat in 1862 as ising to a point which was only 131 above t e stone floo of the otunda The same epot specifically added that the height "of the dome (inside) is 30 feet, 11 5 a measuement which coesponds to the pesent lowe dome as neatly as does the figue given fo the height of the entie space With that know- 1 edge as a guide, it is possible to envision the appeaance of the otunda as it was when Rumbold completed his wok (Figue 17} -60-

84 ll U,, \ TT Figue 17 Hypothetical Sectional View Though the Rotunda, dawing will be povided by the Denve Sevice Cente This TT tl_j! [_! M UJ -61-

85 -;;, TT [i l Figue 18 The dawing eflects changes made subsequent to 1862 lfi llj i : li1 l!_j -62- l!1 LJ, ;: : -

86 _),: i : i! T " " i,i,,, "!!! Mf_TUl!

87 TT m Figue 19 Changes made in the lanten afte 1862 ae shown [J [! TT TT c \ TT W1 - ) ;, ml! ; -63-

88 (""/ 1) t a \,_ e i5 2!! C,4!) J MFlfAS i l HT 15 2D - - -

89 i i! ;, - t-, :, Figue 20 f fl, : ;! -64-

90 tl_-a - _i l - t, -_i--- t"tut JMV"""" m]i! 1n1 -- l- \ i ELWATXONi OF DOME

91 i l ( " ; indicating that it was possible to block admission to the lanten wheneve that was deemed desiable7 A sweeping emodeling of the otunda unde the diection of Thomas Wal sh in 1869 destoyed all of the physical evidence which would pemit a pecise desciption of the wok supevised by Rumbold Thee is, nevetheless, vey good eason to suspect that the glass which was placed in the eye had a diamete of about 12-6" A poposal fo its fabication was eceived on August 3, 1860, and it was accepted by the county commissiones thee weeks late No one in St Louis was found to be capable of doing the equied wok, and Rumbold was foced to tun to a fim in New Yok The cost was to be computed on the basis of $125 pe squae foot, with deli vey to be taken at the companys headquates athe than in St Louis An initial payment of $15225, epesenting the amount which would have been due if the diamete was appoximately , was authoized on Decembe 13, 1861, and a bill fo a smalle amount--$3164--was pesented on Januay 3, Thee is yet anothe eason to believe that the glass fo the eye was of that size t would have pemitted the inclusion of a cicle of flooing which was oughly 5 in width aound the peimete of the glass, theeby solving the poblem of how one eached the ion staicase leading up to the walkway of the lanten Anyone standing in the otunda below and looking up into the dome would have seen within the eye a ing encicling the glass, but would not have been awae that a staicase was pesent above it The payment made in Januay 1862 epesented the 1 ast efeence to the oiginal contacto in the minutes of the county commissiones Whethe by eason of difficulties encounteed in shipping the glass to St Louis, o fo othe easons, Rumbold found it necessay to institute anothe seach fo a supplie He epoted on May 31, 1862, that he had "found that it was impossible to execute the designs in stained glass" and indicated that he had come to the conclusion that enamel and stain would have to be vitified to the suf ace of the glass Only one poposal fo the wok was obtained "on account of the size of the lights; o athe the lack of capacity of the kilns to bun the enameling" He theefoe ecommended that the poposal of the sole bidde be accepted "fo the manufactue, tanspot at ion and setting of said glass at thei own isk 11 9 The failue of the oiginal contacto to complete the poject may, in shot, have been the esult of difficulties encounteed in 7 "Bill of Coected Measuements," items Cout Recods, X, 191; X, 48 and 63 9 William Rumbold to Boad of County Commissiones, May 31,

92 ( : (" attempting to make use of stained glass athe than of poblems which aose in shipping the mateial fom New Yok Be that as it may, the outcome of the change in manufactues was yet anothe setback in the pogess of constuction Since Rumbold submitted his views on the matte only a little moe than a toonth befoe the fomal opening of the emodeled otunda on July 4, 1862, placement of the glass within the eye had to be defeed until afte the date at which the wok in that pat of the Couthouse was supposed to have been bought to completion 1 0 The est of the wok in the uppe eaches of the new dome was caied out moe expeditiously Joseph Foste and his employees ae known to have been engaged with the capenty by August 1859 but, as was noted befoe, they wee pobably then continuing an effot begun ealie unde Thomas Lanhams diection Fostes accounts, because they wee subjected to a vey thoough eview in 1863, went into minute detail and they constitute the best available souce of infomation on majo constuction at the Couthouse duing the nineteenth centuy With egad to the lanten, howeve, they offe only a patial pictue because it was made of cast ion as wel 1 as wood Foste did only the capenty, and he made no efeence to the install at ion of any of the metal in the lanten, that being some othe contactos concen The fist enties in his statement nevetheless help to illuminate one pat of the histoy of the stuctue He descibes the "lst Base of lanten" as having a diamete of and as being in height Quite clealy, that was the section of the lanten immediately above the walkway; a place at which thee ae now eight casement windows n building it, Foste used thee cicula ibs of twoby-fous and a total of of lining 11 He ceated neithe openings no jambs in that lining, leaving theeby no possibility that the pesent windows could have been installed at that time With egad to othe pats of the lanten, Fostes account of what he temed "the ceiling to lanten" is also of inteest He shows it to have been made of tongue-and-goove boads which wee funished to him by the county To that suface, he attached 11 8 diminished ibs foming panels 9 11 x 18 = long", inside of which was a cicula panel with a diamete The latte had within it a "moveable panel o tap doo diamete" Fom those specifications, it is easy to mentally econstuct the oiginal teatment of this pat of the lanten Ribs adiated fom a cicle in the cente to fom a cicula design divided into eight 10 Cout Recods, X, "Bi 11 of Coected Measuenents, 11 items 1 and 2-66-

93 l ( segments This would have been the featue which was shotly aftewad descibed as the 11 sta Within the otunda, specifically at the pesent fifth level galley, the wok done by Foste was subsequently alteed He accounts fo the use of eighty full and foty-eight half balustes Th at numbe can be made to fit into the balustade thee only if the wooden ail and balustes extended aound the entie opening The fou sections of ion ailing which ae now pesent ae the esult of a vey ealy change They wee aleady in pl ace on July 22, 1872, a fact that can be detemined fom a epot by the buildings janito that they wee in an unsafe condition T3 Why the wooden ailing was emoved, and why the ionwok that eplaced it equied epai less than a decade late, has not been ascetained The county commissiones wee obviously satisfied with the pogess of the wok duing the fist half of 1860 A confident pedict ion was issued that the Couthouse would be complete by July 1861, an announcement which was geeted with "thee times thee" chees 14 ndeed, a sense of ugency seems to have developed which had neve befoe been so evident n Decembe, the idea was advanced by Rumbold, and accepted by the commissiones, that plasteing of the noth wing could be pushed fowad duing the winte--if the oof was finished in time--by putting stoves into the ooms One day afte he made that suggestion Rumbold was told to advetise fo poposals fo the plasteing 1 5 Cout officials made equests duing the couse of 1860 which equied attention and which made it impossible to concentate totally on the new constuction n Januay, the clek of the Land Cout complained that his office was "small & inconvenient, but with some alte at ions and aanging of desks and ailing can be made to answe 11 He was speaking of a oom on the noth side of the fist floo of the west wing, pobably that at the west end which had been cal led a juy oom in 1855 The commissiones 12 bid, items 38, 42 and 43 The "sta" is mentioned in "Contact fo painting the exteio of the Couthouse, Octobe 19, 1863," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM t was to be vanished 13 "Bill of Coected Measuements," items 233 and 234; Cout Recods, XV, Daily Expess, July 6, William Rumbold to Boad of County Commissiones, Decembe 3, 1860, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM; Cout Recods, X,

94 l l : _ c ;, ageed that the enovation was necessay and odeed Joseph Foste to include it in his wok16 Extensive changes wee made to impove the cleks woking conditions The existing floo had sleepes placed on it and tongueand-goove boads wee nailed to those t is possible that the new flooing coveed a section of bick paving which had suvived the alteations made in 1855 A ailing with a gate and an attached desk was un acoss the oom Bookcases, shelving and banks of pigeonholes wee built, all being set behind double-doos Witing sufaces wee coveed with what Foste called "oil cloth" but which Rumbold late efeed to as "enamel cloth" (t would be eplaced in 1863 with geen baize) Foste also ehung the doo leading into the coutoom in ode to compensate fo the change in the floo level All in all, the emodeling poduced a complete change in appeaance The county even paid fo ;aly fou days of labo spent in "emoving funitue ubbish etc" What would geneally be called a secetay, but descibed by Foste as simply a desk, was constucted fo the county teasue and a ail was built aound it While the ail made fo the clek of the Land Cout was suppoted by balustes, this ailing was fixed to posts with the openings between them filled with latticewok A small shelf was fitted into the cuve of the ail and a desk was placed on the top of the teasues safe The county audito, who shaed the oom on the west side of the fist floo in the south wing with the teasue, obtained a simi- 1 a desk The witing suf aces wee made in two pats, with hinges, and wee coveed with oil cloth A foot stool, 5-0" long 9" wide, made with two backets was also povided fo the audito Desks and othe types of funitue wee pepaed fo the use of othe county officials at the same time, and Fostes wok made a significant change in the appeaance of the vaious offices He did not do any cabinetwok within the actual coutooms at this time l8 A shap citicism of a pat of the inteio of the bu i 1 ding was leveled on May 14, 1860, by the Hon H A Clove, judge of the Ciminal Cout He had held sessions on the east side of the fist floo of the south wing since Novembe 1856 and obviously felt that 16 Edwad N Tacy to Boad of County Commissiones, Januay 23, 1860, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM; Cout Recods, X, "Bill of Coected Measuements," items bid, items

95 t L ("" the date at which his coutoom should have eceived attention had long since passed The oom is now, and since the occupation of it by the Cout has always been in an incomplete condition and so as to make it vey unpleasant to hold Cout in Of couse it is the intention of some time to put it anothe condition allude paticulaly to the flooing of the Room, which is of ough undessed plank hastily put down fo the pupose of making it tenpoaily tenantable by the Cout t opeated as a sounding boad, evey footfall upon it is completely echoed, and pesons cannot walk odinaily in & out of the Room without causing such noise as to almost make it impossible fo paties speaking in the Cout Room to be head Also of the Doo, and the geneal funitue of the Room need edessing also need & ask the Cout to funish a chai fo the Cout This chai at pesent occupy is delapidated & falls occasionally t has been used eve since can ecollect in the old Ciminal Cout Room in the old East Font of the Cout House & believe at one time was used by the late Judge Manning who was many yeas ago judge of the CoutT9 The commissiones found that his plea was justified They appopiated $2,000 on May 22, 1860, fo the needed enovation, making it possible fo Rumbold to ente into a contact in July fo a new floo made up of white and black mable tiles set in an altenating patten New funitue was also povided but no documentay evidence concening it has been peseved20 Given the need to make so many inteio changes duing the yea, the commissiones may well have been delighted that a equest made by the Law Libay Association on Decembe 5, 1860, was accompanied by a statement that the oganization was willing to absob the cost They wee, needless to say, told that it would be all ight fo them to make the changes they deemed necessay in the gas 1 ighting21 19 H A Clove to Boad of County Commissiones, May 14, 1860, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM 20 Cout Recods, X, ; Simon Claks contact, July 17, 1860, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM 21 Cout Recods, X,

96 " i [ : : ; Those widespead changes in the inteio duing 1860 ae descibed only incompletely in the ecods but clues of eal inteest ae povided about the appeaance of the vaious offices and the Ciminal Cout n the case of the Cout of Common Pleas in the oval coutoom of the west wing, a much bette fom of insight is available A celebated tial occued thee between Mach 20 and Apil 1, 1860, involving an allegation of beach of pomise against a pominent St Louisan22 The event eceived widespead attention fom the pess, and two illustations of the coutoom and the paticipants in the litigation wee pinted By fa the bette, and moe accuate, of those appeaed in the New-Yok llustated News on Apil 14, 1860 (Figue 21) t depicts a ow of desks with cuved legs, pobably of ion, at the side of the coutoom which ae said to have been used duing the tial by epotes but which may nomally have been occupied by attoneys The judges bench has pigeonholes at the font, a featue which is known to have been common in funishings constucted at a late date, and imposing lighting fixtues The juy is povided with chais which, in a deviation fom pactices known to have been followed subsequently, est on the floo athe than on a aised platfom The paticipants in the tial ae aanged aound cicula tables; some occupying chais which ae like those used by the juos, while othes ae seated on a slightly diffeent fom of chai The geatest numbe of the spectatos ae, howeve, standing All in all, those featues of the illustation match almost pefectly othe documentay evidence fom the peiod The molding applied to the ceiling is like that which was found when the Histoic Ameican Buildings Suvey ceated its ecod of the oom in 1940 On the othe hand, a chandelie is hung at the cente of the oom, and it must have been suspended fom the spot which afte 1870 would be taken up by a skylight 22 Donald F Dosch, "Histoy of the Old St Louis Couthouse," (1969), 56-57; Daily Expess, Mach 20-Apil 1, 1860 So fa as the oom itself is concened, seveal mattes of inteest ae depicted Coat hooks attached to ails ae pesent on the walls of the patitions, and the windows, as well as the only visible doo, ae akin to those which ae pesently to be found on the noth side of the fist floo of the east wing The similaity does not, nevetheless, extend to al 1 of the featues of the windows The sash shown in the illustation seems to have been of nine-ove-nine athe than six-ove-six lights -70-

97 8 #- E m l [ f Figue 21 llustation of the Cout of Common Pleas fom the New-Yok llustated News, Apil 14, 1860 Coutesy of the Missoui Botanical Gaden, St Louis TT l L TT -71-

98 ( = ( ( 1 (: "",J"fc l L ii! 1 J i S 1 t: J!; ; a l! e 1

99 l ( ( - (,-, [ Figue 22 llustation of the Cout of Conman Pleas fom Hapes Weekly, Mach 31, 1860 Coutesy of the Mecantile Libay, St Louis -72-

100 L! t,, 1- ; " i - (,,,,,,,, L

101 , ("" " Hapes Weekly on Mach 31, 1860, povided the second illustation t was fa less skillfully dawn and it is useful moe as futhe cooboation of the gaphic evidence povided by the llustated News than it is in its own ight The atists talents left a geat aeal to be desied and many significant details ae eithe pooly endeed o ae totally lacking Paallels ae, nonetheless, to be found in the shape and fom of the windows, doos and lighting devices Of geat significance, the heating system is shown as a fee-standing stove located within the coutoom (Figue 22) The placement of that stove uns counte to the pesistent legend that the heating system fo this coutoom was hidden behind the cuved patitions in the cones and that the gilles set into the walls of those aeas wee intended to allow the wam ai to flow into the coutoom The subsequent histoy of the building, to be teated late, indicates that the atists effots wee in this instance accuate and that the legend is unfounded Thee is indeed evey eason to believe that the stoves wee exposed to view in 1860 While, theefoe, the illustation published in the llustated News is fa and away the best evidence that has been found petain Tigto the appeaance of a coutoom at so ealy a date, the view contained in Hapes Weekly does add to ou knowledge of the inteio Should it eve pove pactical o feasible to undetake a full estoation of the coutoom, much of the basic data could be gleaned fom the combination of the two views Both of those views of the inteio, it should be noted, depict funishings that would be changed only two yeas late Judge Rebe then deemed it my duty to call the attention of you Boad to the Room of the Cout of Common Pleas; and to state that the pesent aangement of the attoneys desks (& seats) is in the highest degee inconvenient and detimental to the apid dispatch of the public business f the desks & seats (& the platfoms on which they stand) wee emoved fom within the Ba, and thei places supplied with two plain tables (one on each side of the entance) with a suitable numbe of chais--and a small semi-cicula table in font of the Cleks Desk--it would be a vast impovement Thee is too little lobby to the oom and the plan poposed would much incease the capacity to accomodate those whose business bings them thee without -73-

102 ; ; ( " encoaching on the convenience of the Ba23 With no majo expenses being entailed in the poject as envisioned by Judge Rebe, the commissiones happily appoved the "change of funitue" on June 2, Some thought may have been given in July, 1860 to a majo addition in the gounds A casting of Jean Antoine Houdons statue of Geoge Washington had ealie been offeed to the City of St Louis The city had declined the oppotunity to spend $10,000 and the statue wound up on the southwest cone of the Couthouse Squae while a campaign to aii5 the puchase pice though public subsciptions was inauguated The effot poved to be unsuccessful but the statue itself did eventually find a pl ace in St Louis t has been in Lafayette Pak since 1869 The commissiones did not leave any ecod of a discussion of making an appopiation towad the cost of puchasing the statue but they clealy, in allowing it to be bought onto the gounds, suppoted the effot The suspicion that it was hoped that it would emain thee pemanently does aise As what would pove to be only a tempoay measue, $300 had been spent on epais fo the pavements aound the building in 1859 The wea and tea ceated by the movement of so much stone and othe mateial intended fo the constuct ion which had been done duing the pevious decade, as well as the age of the existing sidewalks, made it necessay to completely eplace the bick pavements in 1861 Rumbold 1 s advetisement on Octobe 11 fo poposals stipulated that the new sidewalk was to be made "with had Paving Bick, laid in Sand 11 That was a common pactice in St Louis, one that must have been employed in the ealie paving as well Jacob Coneli was ganted the contact but no indication of the date at which he completed the wok has come to light26 That new sidewalk must have been badly needed fo thp commissiones wee faced with sevee financial limitations The local economy was seveely affected by the outbeak of the Civil Wa and the consequent closing of the lowe Mississippi Shut off fom taditional makets, St Louis enteed a peiod of economic difficulties 23 Sam Rebe to Boad of County Commissiones, May 31, 1862, County Cout Recods, OCH Tansactions, JNEM 24 Cout Recods, X, Daily Expess, July 27, Cout Recods, X, 92; X, 28; Daily Evening News, Octobe 11 and 22, 1861; Daily Missoui Republican, Octo23,

103 ("" -- and the county found that it had to accept in payment of taxes notes that had been issued by banks which had ceased opeations When the commissiones efused in Septembe 1861 to allow the puchase of new funitue and fixtues fo the office of the clek of the law commissione, they cited "had times" as the eason fo thei action n light of the supposed affiliation of the law commissione with the Douglas faction of the Democatic Paty, the efusal may have had some political undetones but the county teasuy must indeed have been nealy bae When, nevetheless, a second petition was pesented--this time signed by "vaious membes of the St Louis Ba 11 --the oiginal decision was evesed The clek was theeupon given a new bookcase and desk27 Completion of the constuction of the noth wing was nea; the plasteing, with a finish coat of Plaste of Pais, having been attended to by Apil 24, 1861 The question of the use to which the space within it would be devoted had engaged a geat deal of attention in the peceding months The City of St Louis had made an ovetue in Novembe 1860 fo a lease coveing the entie wing and indicated a willingness to find othe quates fo the Recodes Cout That was the place at which tials fo such things as dunkenness o postitution wee conducted and the county was adamant in its efusal to pemit pesons chaged with such offenses to be bought into the Couthouse With the city now willing to agee that some othe location should be found fo it, as well as fo the Depatment of Health, discussions began on the moe vital matte of the amount of the annual ental and the length of the lease An ageement acceptable to both city and county was eached at the end of June The lease may have been doubly welcome to the county because it was theeby elieved of any esponsibility o expense in funishing the ooms in the new wing Those duties wee delegated to the city enginee fo all of the space except the oom at the west side of the second floo, the Conunon Council eseving the ight to funish that fo use as its own chambe Appopiations totaling $1500 wee made, suggesting that a athe wel 1-appointed inteio was found by people who came to the new City Hall afte the movement of 27 Cout Recods, X, 19-20; Daill Missoui Republican, Septembe 11 and 26, Octobe 2, 1861; Daily Expess, August 4, "Contact fo plasteing Apil 24, 1861, 11 Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM; Cout Recods, X, , 355 and 376; City Odinance 4871, June 28,

104 the muni 2 cjpal offices to it was completed duing the closing days of 1861 l (" The ecods of the City of St Louis do not contain any efeence to the installation of a staiway in the tansvese hall of the noth wing, indicating that the county included such wok in the ove-all pogam of constuction The minutes of the county commissiones ae, howeve, equally silent on the subject, and the only clea statement made in the documentay mateial fom the time is contained in Joseph Fostes desciption of the emoval of a "tempoay" stai fo the noth wing as pat of his effots between 1859 and Wee thee no conflicting evidence, one would assume that shotly afte Foste emoved that stai, J G McPheetes would have been given the task of installing two flights of cast-ion steps, one at the east and the othe at the west end of the tansvese hall The latte would be the stai that is in existence; the fome would have since been enoved, leaving maks on the stone wall which ae still visible Such a staightfowad account seems, unfotunately, to be belied by the fact that the stone of the wall at the west side clealy show that a stai once existed thee which an acoss the full width of the hallway and which was attached to both the southen and the nothen walls of the pesent space The south wall was ceated befoe 1845 and its use as the suppot fo a stai which existed pio to is no occasion fo supise The fact that the same stai was also attached to the nothen wall is, howeve, a wholly diffeent matte since that wall is a pat of the noth wing which had begun to be eected in 1857, only a vey shot time befoe Foste emoved the 11 tempoay 11 stai No futhe infomation beaing on the quest ion of the stai in the noth wing appeas until Octobe 19, 1863, the date at which a contact was awaded to James S Wilgus and Ewing C Kitchen fo painting "the ion stais" i "the open Couts in the Noth and South sides of the building 11 l That demonstates the existence of a stai in the nothen tansvese hall on that date, but does not completely claify the question of pecisely whee it was located t could have been the stai which left maks on both walls at the 29 City Odinance 4897, Novembe 4, 1861; Daily Evening News, Octobe 23, 26 and 30, 1861; D2ly Missou1 Republican,"lJctobe 13 and 15, Decembe 13, 22, and 31, 1861; Mayos Message Octobe 14, 1861, 5 30 "Bi 11 of Coected Measuements," item "Contact fo painting the exteio of the Couthouse, Octobe 19, 1863," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM -76-

105 ! west end of the space The paintes may, on the othe hand, have been told to wok on the cast-ion stai which is now in place as well as on its countepat at the east end of the hall The witten ecod of the pocess of constuct ion of othe pats of the Couthouse offes good eason to believe that the achitects and county officials could fequently change thei minds and, consequently, thei plans That may vey well have happened in the 11 case of the stai fo the noth wing, and Fostes stai could have been eected only two o thee yeas befoe tenpoay" he emoved it While acceptance of that pemise simplifies the stoy to a vey consideable degee, some caution still must be execised in eaching a conclusion The physical evidence pesented by the fabic of the stuctue is in this pat of the building among the most baffling facets of the histoy of the inteio, and it emains only pobable that the cast-ion staiway now found in the nothen tansvese hall was installed befoe 1863 The contact let to the paintes in 1863 is of paticula inteest by eason of the fact that it descibes both the south and the noth stais as being in 11 open couts, 11 a futhe indication that thee wee neithe windows no doos in the tansvese halls at the time Joseph Foste, howeve, included in his account the wok of "piecing out window casings ove the platfom of the noth stais on the west side 11 which included an achitave, sill and a fascia below the sill He made no efeence to jambs o to windows making it difficult to fully compehend what it was that he did2 He seems, nevetheless, to have at least patially filled the opening in one pat of the tansvese hall of the noth wing The platfom to which Foste efeed was, of couse, the old noth wing poch fo which columns had been intended but neve eected Duing the couse of the wok on the wing, stone steps with ion ailings wee placed at the nothen edge of its east and west sides They appea in a numbe of photogaphs dating fom the mid-nineteenth to the ealy-twentieth centuies, and they wee appoximately fou feet wide (Figue 23; see also Figues 32 and 34) The tansvese hal 1 of the south wing also had steps leading to it They too wee of stone but wee boade than those on the noth, a condition made possible by the fact that thee was no sunken aeaway thee, as thee was at the noth, to intefee with 32 "Bi 11 of Coected Measuements," items t

106 [ Figue 23 Potion of a Photogaph, c 1868, Showing the Exteio Stai Leading to the Tansvese Hall of the Noth Wing and Awnings at the Windows Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society fl [ lu [ [ J 11%1 ii! [ [ if»"? Z --;,P L -78-

107 1"11 F [""! Fl l >; [""1 [

108 thei placement The steps on the west side of the southen tansvese hall emained in place until as late as Because the noth wing was to be used as municipal offices athe than as coutooms, it may have been sepaated fom the est of the building by the eection of a patition acoss the tansvese hall Clea evidence of the dilling of a line of egulaly spaced holes into the stone floo is pesent and they could have been intended to eceive anchos fo such a patition The fact that the existing concete ceiling is of ecent oigin makes it impossible to detemine if othe signs of such patitioning wee once pesent in that space The existence of patitions somewhee within the noth wing duing the peiod immediately following the completion of that wing was noted by Tuman J Hosme, the city enginee, in May 1862 He did not identify thei location, saying only that it might late be deemed necessay to extend them "up to the ceilings with sash wok 11 He added that he would make no ecommendation until the fall because "the ex12eience of the hot weathe may pove that it should not be done He may have been descibing wok which had been done in the tansvese hall but that is by no means definite Aside fom the Counci 1 Chambes on the west side of the second floo, each of the ooms in the wing was shaed by moe than one municipal office and patitions would have been desiable within them By mid-1861, Rumbold was able to concentate completely on the task of finishing the otunda Thee is eason to believe that in spite of the faily advanced state of the wok thee some changes wee still being made Fo example, William Smith & Co on Apil 24, 1861, enteed into an ageement which stipulated that "all columns and pilastes with thei caps ae to be made of wood in the fist and se gnd stoey New finish All othes made and fomed in pl asteing 11 Smith was clealy pepaing the wooden columns which, with thei cast-ion countepats, would be located on the second and thid level galleies as eplacements fo the oak columns which had been installed thee in 1845 Foste made eveything on the galleies above, using wood supplied by the county The notion of facing any of the columns with plaste must have been discaded soon afte Smith stated wok 33 Bluepint pl an, "A 1 teat ions in the Cout House, 11 Januay 22, 1904, JNEM appoved on 34 Mayo 1 s Message May :!, 1862, "Contact fo plasteing the Rotunda, nne Dome & Noth Wing Apil 24, 1861, 11 Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM -79-

109 Fostes accounts point to one othe change made in the closing stages of the pocess of binging the otunda into being His men spent fouteen to sixteen days in e-doing the soffits ove the elliptical lunettes 36 He does not, unfotunately, offe any inf omation on the natue of the change which was made o on the question of whethe the oiginal wok was odeed by Lanham o Rumbold A seies of aticles published by the Daily Missoui Republican indicates that the two staicases to the lanten wee 1n place by Octobe 1861 Titled "The Man in the Cupola, 11 the aticles poved to be an attenpt at satiical humo but the unning joke suggests something about the pogess of the wok37 The end of the long yeas of constuction was apidly appoaching and epots of the otunda began to be filled with statements concening its decoative details An impotant pat of the pepaations fo the enovation of the otunda was the emoval of the old cicula stai, a poject which had been ecommended as ealy as 1855 and which was pobably begun by Lanham38 t was gone by June 18, 1862, a date on which a epot was issued indicating that the stai and "othe ubbish" would no longe be in evidence The tem "ubbish" had been used by the county commissiones, one wite pesumed, to insue a geneal sweep of eveything old o musty, o that tended in the slightest degee to obstuct the view of the beholde while suveying fom the expansive aea at the bottom of the gogeous and imposing stuctue above f this was the object, it has been attained The staiway, that wound like a huge monste of life fom the base to the floo above, and whose immense stength and capacity have fo yeas defied the mass of human beings that have swayed and stamped and pessed upon it with a violence at times pefectly feaful to contemplate, has been ton away39 36 "Bi 11 of Coected Measuenents, 11 item Daily Missoui Republican, Octobe 31, Novembe 1 and Decembe 8, bid, May 2, 1855, quoted in Byan, "Rotunda," Dail Evening Democat, June 18, 1862 The ode of the county comm1ss1ones was issued on June 2 See Cout Recods, X,

110 The same epot went on to descibe the demolition of anothe featue of the otunda that had stood since 1845: the ostum The stuctue that suppoted the stalwat fame of the mighty Benton, while he held foth to his enaptued listenes, has cumbled beneath the blows of the County Achitect, and will hencefoth be emembeed, like the toweing Missouian himself, only in connection with the tiumphs and gloies of the Dead Past The desciption of the appeaance of the otunda on that day povides futhe eason to believe that the oiginal staiway was made fom wood The wite mentioned that the gound floo was filled with boken wood fom the fome stai That the mateial was 11 boken 11 is nevetheless doubtful since Foste claimed to have 11 taken down 2 flights of Geometical Stais leading to the 3d Galley in Rotunda with the view to using same again" and the stai was advetised as being fo sale on July 2, Foste did not, it should again be noted, take out the stai above the thid level galley duing the wok he descibed as having been done afte 1859 That bolstes the contention that Thomas Lanham was esponsible fo the beginning of the emodeling of the uppe pat of the otunda With the visito s vision of the uppe dome no longe obstucted by the otunda stai and the fowad pojection of the thid level galley, the most significant pat of the wok undetaken in "Bill of Coected Measuements," item 349 Evening News, July 2, 1862, quoted in Chales E Peteson, "The Development of the Couthouse Rotunda," 4 The second and thid level ga 11 ei es at the time the emodeling was inauguated had been of the same width but the thid level was now cut back and cast-ion columns wee installed Foste, as was peviously indicated, did the capenty wok equied fo the eect ion of the cast-ion columns When those wee in place, the second level galley ested on two sets of suppots: the fou stone columns dating fom 1845 and the eight newly-ceated cast-ion columns The cast ion was said to be intended to both cay the weight of the galleies above and to affod suppot fo the dome, a dual pupose which demanded that the metal fom continuous units fo the full height of the otunda The stone columns theeby took on the vey limited function of upholding only the second level galley, a galley which in 1862 was left at its oiginal width t would emain substantially wide than the othe galleies fo anothe seven yeas -81-

111 [ became moe appaent--the muals and fescoes being ceated by Cal Wima and his half-bothe, August Becke They wee the majo figues in one of the most fascinating aspects of the histoy of the inteio of the Couthouse even if only a limited amount of what they did duing the yea is still to be seen The fist official ecod of thei involvement appeas on Januay 22, 1862, when M L Julian elinquished his ights steltllling fom a contact with the county, pobably that which had been appoved in 1858 He was neithe a fescoe no an atist, and he willingly suendeed the esponsibility fo such wok Rumbold theeupon submitted specifications fo the "fesco finish" and two of the county commissiones, John Lightne and William Taussig, wee named as a special committee to which the "eight pincipal designs fo the main panels of the Rotunda" wee efeed August Beckes poposal fo the wok was accepted at the same time4 The efeence to "eight panels" at that time is of inteest because it fits with an account which appeaed moe than thity yeas late but was filled with sufficient detail to indicate that it was based on an inteview with one of the men invo 1 ved in the wok in 1862 The panels to which the committee gave its attention wee all in the dome, fou being pojected fowad to affod space in which to conceal stais and to maintain symmety The lunettes, theefoe, wee not included in the oiginal discussion of the wok which was to be done Exactly that point was made in 1894 Wimas allegoical figues wee descibed in an account published at that time, and it was said that all fou wee completed befoe any decision was eached about the lunettes William Taussig was said to have theeafte detemined that Wima should be conmissioned to do the fou muals in the lunettes That pat of the account is staightfowad, but a statement was then made by the autho which defies belief He maintained that in endeing the sky in each lunette, Wima combined wate and oil paints "to secue that peculh light effect which he had seen and become imbued with while on the plains" No evidence exists that Wima eve used wate colos, and that pat of the account of his wok at the Couthouse uns afoul of the histoical ecod42 41 Cout Recods, X, Missoui Reeublican, Novembe 18, 1894, typescipt in St Louis Buildings-Old Couthouse, Missoui Histoical Society; Authos inteviews with Lincoln Spiess, St Louis, 1979 The notion that the lunettes wee an "aftethought" was again expessed by the St Louis Globe-Democat, Mach 5,

112 e " "" Taussig offeed his own vesion of the stoy in 1886, none too supisingly pesenting himself in a cucial ole He indicated that the appointment of the committee on Januay 22, 1862, was simply a device meant to cicumvent any legal need fo an open competition with the contact to be awaded to the lowest bidde The decision to employ Wima as the atist had been made in advance of the meeting of the commissiones, and thei action was simply a fomality equied by law As fo the choice of subjects to be depicted, Taussig made no statement about the point in the pocess at which it occued but he denied that Wima had any es pons ibil ity The "two paint in gs on the east and west side wee decided by us [ie, the committee] and fo the histoical paintings on the noth and south sides we consulted the late Judge Wilson Pimm, who had published some histoical eseaches about St Louis t took the atist but a few days to bing those ideas in fim and clea cut lines All of that does fit togethe The south and noth lunettes wee to be devoted to histoical events: the discovey of the Mississippi by Henando DeSoto and an attack on St Louis which took place duing the Ameican Revolution, espectively Repots of the ceemony held to commemoate the completion of the otunda indicated that Wima also dew upon Pinms knowledge of the founding of the community in 1764 fo the east lunette, and that the atjst was still engaged in "touching" the mual depicting the attack44 The seveal accounts that suggest that Wilson Pinm was involved with those lunettes make vey good sense He had published one of the ealy histoies of St Louis as a seies of aticles in the llinois Monthly Maazine in 1832 As one of the men who pesided in a cout with in t e building, his inteest in the Couthouse was obvious 43 Typescipt tanslation fom Westliche Post, Septembe 29, 1886, JNEM The tanscipt contains one appaent eo Taussig named John Fisee as the othe membe of the committee; the minutes of the county commissiones say that it was Boad Pesident Lightne 44 Daily Democat, July 4, 1862 The complete text of the aticle is given in Appendix B, pat 1 The east and west lunettes, devoted to the founding of St Louis in 1764 and the Cochetopa Pass, wee those which Taussig indicated wee filled with scenes chosen by the committee of the county commissiones The westen scene, he maintained, was ins pi ed by a "pictue by Leutze 11 He meant "Westwad the Couse of Empie Takes -83-

113 ,;,0\ ts Way" at the National Capitol, and that points to one of seveal athe cuious facts about the scene45 n the fist place, Leutze had been one of Wimas instuctos at Dlisseldof between 1852 and 1856 n the second, the Cochetopa Pass had been studied by John c Femont seveal yeas ealie as a possible oute fo a aiload to connect St Louis with the Pacific coast The fact that Femont had been the pesidential candidate of the Republicans in 1856 would hadly have escaped the attention of the county commissiones The inclusion of a view of the pass within the otunda in 1862 had, in shot, both local and political significance t would in the immediate futue come to be egaded as atistically supeio to the scenes endeed in the othe lunettes46 t was also the only one of the fou fo which majo wok emained to be done afte July 4, 1862 Wimas effots in the otunda theeby had to be continued duing the subsequent peiod, and he may have given much moe caeful attention to the teatment of the westen view Contempoay accounts of Wimas involvement in the decoation of the otunda offe suppot to the theoy that the fou scenes in the lunettes wee included in the ove-all plan only afte the completion of the allegoical figues in the dome A epot pinted on July 5, 1862, stated that wok on the lunettes was begun only "two months ago, and one of the suviving sketches fo the figues in the dome is clealy dated Mach 10 (Figue 24) Wimas effot, all of the accounts of the time as well as the late ecollections of men such as Taussig seem to agee, was divided into two distinct stages The allegoical figues came fist and they wee finished befoe even the subjects to be depicted in the lunettes wee detemined The ealie wok, indeed, fit even bette with the political situation of 1862 than did the 1 unettes A majoity of the county commissiones wee Republicans and within the otunda they openly expessed thei political inclinations by causing it to become what one wite of the time called "a patiotic and stay dome 11 t can be popely intepeted as a statement of suppot of the Union cause, made little moe than a yea afte the Civil Wa had begun, and a challenge to the Confedeate sympathizes who wee numeous in St Louis n keeping with that, Becke placed stas in the panels of the dome whee osettes might have been moe taditional 45 bid; Daily Evening News, Novembe 29, Globe-Democat, Decembe 5, Daily Evening News, July 5,

114 e,,,, His wok above those stas was equally clea in its political connotation The conice beneath the eye of the dome was descibed on July 4, 1862 as being composed of ovelos and two lage beads; the uppe onamented by an oak weath in stucco, and the lowe by an olive weath in fesco The moldings ae eniched with the ivy onament, and the fieze with a luxuious unning scoll Within the latte is to be wought a gand Ameican eagle, with all the stas of the Union above48 The stuccoed oak weath was the wok of William C Smith and Becke may have added colo to it At any ate, he, like his co-atist Cal Wima, had to esume wok in the otunda afte the opening ceemony in ode to ceate a futhe expess ion of patiot ism and allegiance to the Union A numbe of Wimas peliminay studies fo the wok in the otunda have been peseved Those done fo the allegoical figues, because that facet of his effots has since been obliteated, ae of paticula inteest, and they meit compaison to a desciption which was published in 1862 LBERTY, occupying the notheasten panel, is the seenely adiant Ameican divinity, in he ight hand beaing the "Sta-Spangled Banne," he left the Union fasces, while below, at the ight, ae the national shield and bid n the southwesten panel towes sten JUSTCE, holding the scales of tial, gasping the swod of etibution, and having the eyes bandaged, to denote that she egads not pesons, and cannot be moved to mecy LAW, pesonified by the figue of the geat lawgive, Solon, stands meditatingly in the southeasten panel, leaning upon a column, and pondeing the code he is engaged in pefecting COMMERCE is fitly epesented by the winged Mecuy, bon of the bain of Jove, tipping fleetly ove the globe, beaing the scepte of powe, while beneath him ae the symbols of navigation and tanspotation49 48 Daily Democat, July 4, bid -85-

115 c,,:"" The suviving sketch fo Libety, endeed in full colo and beaing the date Mach 10, 1862, fits vey neatly the witten desciption The figue is indeed a "seenely adiant Ameican divinity" and the symbols of the United States ae vey obvious All in all, this pat of Wimas effot seved well the appaent intent of the county commissiones to make use of the otunda fo a statement of allegiance to the Union (Figue 24) Two entiely diffeent vesions of Law ae in existence The moe finished sketch is the ealie of those and it diffes in evey espect fom the published desciption (Figue 25) The pincipal figue is decidedly feminine and is not leaning 11 upon a column" A cheub is also pesent in this vesion, adding futhe weight to the conclusion that someone detemined that majo evisions should be made The second sketch fo Law, done in pencil and obviously a vey peliminay study fo the wok, coesponds in at least a geneal way with the newspape account Whethe, howeve, the wod "Dago" which appeas on the base of the column and the epesentation of a face on the shaft wee included in the final wok is impossible to ascetain (Figue 26) n the case of Justice, fou diffeent studies still exist They indicate a geat deal about the pocess though which the figue eached its final fom The vesion which Wima endeed in full colo, futhemoe, has had its suf ace scoed to ceate a gid patten That stongly suggests that he actually used it in tansfeing the design to the lage suf ace of the otunda t theeby offes as pecise an indication of the appeaance of one of the allegoical figues in 1862 as will eve be likely to be obtained (Figues 26-28) No sketch fo Conmece has been found Evey contempoay attempt to descibe it implies that it was much moe complex in design than the othe thee woks t was also the subject of comments which wee both citical and deisive Mecuy was potayed by Wima as a typical figue fom Roman mythology and was "in want of a summe coat Always eage to take advantage of any oppotunity to use satie in comments about lawyes and judges, local newspapemen al so eminded thei eades that Mecuy was the god of thieves and had "moe votaies in the building than all the est united Globe-Democat, July 2, Daily Democat, Novembe 7,

116 : \ f Figue 24 Wimas Sketch of 11 Libety 11 fo the Notheast Panel of the Dome, Dated Mach 10, 1862 Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society t " f :!_ \Y /: f/11 \ f\ -87-

117 ; ; :! : ;:,:: --,,, :::;---,, ;- ( : lc< 1

118 f u Fl tu Fi u tu Figue 25 Cal Wima s Sketch of 11 Law 11 fo the Southeast Panel Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society Fom the D Wl [_! 1 c \ l 151 Li Ft u Fl L [J -88-

119 !--- :::,, // \ _,(0 - t _ \,

120 L [: ( Figue 26 F1 u l c Peliminay Studies fo 11 Law 11 of the St Louis At Museum and "Justice" Fom the Collection LJ 8 LJ c -?! u E FF t c C -89- F1 L

121 ll [ ; - A v l [ [,_, : : / \ - - [, l!l, [ (, : : : ; - : -; ::,> f - l"": 0 : ;,",,: _ : - : ; 1 \,, / : j-1, t :: : -:

122 L : ;::,, t L Figue 27 Peliminay Studies fo 11 Justice 11 Louis At Museum Fom the Collection of the St L i L L: LJ l " [l W1 Li l Li -90-

123 f""l l (! f"1ll! :: :_ -:):! i1 l l - - :i -- -: P"1 l " \, _, u,

124 ( \ Figue 28 Wima s Sketch of 11 Justice 11 fo the Southwest Panel of the Dome Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society LJ c [] [ { "\ -91-

125 [ [,-

126 f ;,"" \ A suviving and faily detailed sketch fo the east lunette, that which shows the founding of St Louis, is by no means the final vesion which Wima poduced The placement of the figues diffes fom that in the actual lunette and the inclusion of a pennant beaing the name of St Louis adds a touch of whimsy (Figue 29} The only othe existing sketch fo a lunette petains to that at the west t is so lacking in detail as to make it moe an inteesting piece of evidence on the evolution of the design than a fitting subject fo close compaison to the finished vesion (Figue 30} The final poduct of Wima s wok was fascinating to the people who viewed it and it was impotant within the context of the histoy of the entie building as well as that of the otunda Unfotunately, the avages of time, fie, wate and ovepainting in 1880 and 1921 have destoyed o obliteated much of what he did in 1862 Studies by the National Pak Sevice concluded that only the noth lunette, that showing the attack on St Louis in 1780, could be bought to a state close to that of the oi gi na 1 painting Th at fnding coesponds with the views of the leading authoity on Wima5 2 Beckes decoative wok in the Couthouse has also been eithe completely lost o coveed ove by late paintes and atists His effots neve eached the atistic level of Wimas, but they cetainly coveed a fa geate amount of suface within the building n fact, he became what could be temed the countys esident fescoe between 1862 and 1873 Payments to him duing 1862 came to nealy $3,000, a pat of which he must have diveted to Wima since no diect payment to the latte appeas in the documentay souces So fa as Becke was concened, the oiginal decoations in the otunda bought a long, and lucative, association into being with the county commissiones He fescoed the Law Libay on the east side of the second floo of the south wing in 1863, the Ciminal Cout at the east side of the fist floo of the south wing and the Law Counissiones Cout in the southen half of the fist floo of the west wing in 1864, and the Land Cout on the noth side of the west wings fist floo in 1865 Anothe $980 in commissions was given him duing 1866, and almost as geat an amount was paid g him in , making the end of a six yea gap in such wok Al 1 of that is poof not only of his pesonal contibution to the 52 Authos inteview with Lincoln Spiess, St Louis, Cout Recods, X, 103, 117, 148, 158, 179, , 202 and 341; X, 51, 144, 206 and 375; X, 64; XV, 67 and 360; XX,

127 : [ " [t_! [1 [l Figue 29 Sketch fo the East Lunette Fom the Collection of the St Louis At Museum L n u fl f: [i """" \ i -93-

128

129 l u Figue 30 Pencil Study fo the West Lunette Fom the Collection of the St Louis At Museum LJ [j l D D [1 l l u D -94-

130 1 L!Fl t_!, -,-,,, "" : l (/ ; ; l ( (; <:: , _ - _--_:, _;- "") - ;- _,, [ fl [ W1 lu [ t : t \,,\, J : [:: / - : l i ;

131 L T" 1:>11\ l decoation of the inteio of the Couthouse but also of the extent of the fescoing which was done The absence of any ecod of wok by him afte 1873 indicates that he fell fom political favo fo he is known to have continued to make fescoing his pincipal business Favoable comment in 1862 was also diected towad the plasteing done by William C Smith, paticulaly the thee-dimensional epesentations of the Seal of the State of Missoui which wee situated below each of Wimas allegoical figues in the dome Less enthusiasm was shown ove the wok which had been done at the second level galley, it being descibed in July 1862 as unonamented The thid level galley was then said to have been equally devoid of decoation, having only 11 a plain whitewashed wall Two yeas would pass befoe those galleies took on an aspect which came even close to matching the ichness above All things consideed, the fomal opening of the otunda was pematue since the eye had not yet been filled with glass and the decoative painting was incomplete Rumbold and the county commissiones could, howeve, take some consolation fom the fact that they had managed to make the space a much loftie and moe imposing pat of the stuctue while also making fa bette povision fo the admission of natual light than had been included in the constuct ion completed in 1845 That was assued by the twenty-fou double-hung windows which Joseph Foste had been told to ceate on the fifth level galley Foste descibed them as having six-ove-six lights with fou cicula lights filling the ached top of the uppe sash 55 t is clea that this pat of his wok at the fifth level of the otunda was, like the balustade he installed thee, changed within less than ten yeas A photogaph made pio to the alteation of the 1 anten in shows single panes in both sashes of all the cicula-headed windows (Figue 31) The oldest glass now pesent in those windows povides a basis fo speculation as to why the oiginal mateial was discaded so soon afte it was fist installed That glass has an etched suface which seves to diffuse sunlight, suggesting the possibility that the windows which Foste made admitted so much sunlight as to poduce discomfot fo people standing on the fifth level galley o caused the tempeatue thee to ise to an undesiable degee nstallation of the glass which 54 Democat, July 4, 1862; Daily Missoui Republican, July 4,18"62 55 "Bill of Coected Measuements," items

132 L 0 [ \ L: Figue 31 Potion of a Photogaph of the Couthouse, c1868 Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society L: l C D l [j Q Q [1 [ L\ \ t" L -96-

133 c fp (":"" :? ; -, -i : - _! "- =::::::: : - -: " - -, +,! :: :: - :: -- :,:Tt,e, -: :::--- - ; - 4f,,: =!f,,1\:_ lo;j,7,", - > ), \ ":f-: 1; lif- ;;:"- ;,"!-" :;:: :j-!j -,"1, : d ; 1-: :?-} _: - - t l,,i1,,; ti,---,, : j:! ),,_ :\\\- : _ " (: :: : \ _,;", _, - ::, {:,, ;: --:::_: ; _\; : ::,-; :!,_;}jt :< - \ ; +: ;-< 1h:l\::, -"-,1o! - t ": :,: - -, - -

134 contains a design set against a backgound of etching may well have been seen as a fom of esponse to such poblems l (/"" The pocess by which the etching of the suface was accomplished is most intiguing The polished sections which ceate the design ae the thinnest, indicating that the entie suface was etched and the design was then cut into it Why the less complicated method of masking the pats which wee to emain clea pio to the etching of the est was not employed is yet anothe matte of uncetainty in the histoy of the inteio of the Couthouse Whethe with six-ove-six lights of clea glass o one-ove-one lights containing etched glass, the twenty-fou windows cetainly admitted enough sunlight to make the otunda a fa less gloomy pl ace than it had been since 1845 Conditions thee befoe 1862 wee at best dim and at wost so bad that in Januay 1858 two pisones could effect an escape fom thei guads in mid-aftenoon because the otunda was so dak56 The entie otunda had now been consideably impoved, and the men who wee involved in its alteation must have felt a sense of deep satisfaction The Couthouse was at long last complete; twenty-thee yeas of labo wee at an end The fact that continuing complaints would necessitate futhe emodeling of the otunda befoe less than a decade passed was yet to be discoveed 56 Daily Evening News and ntelligence, Januay 16,

135 1 l, \;-,, MORE COURTS AND MORE PROBLEMS, The completion of the otunda and the noth wing in 1861 and 1862 usheed in a bief peiod of elative tanquility in the histoy of the inteio of the Old Couthouse Aside fom an unsuccessful attempt by the Land Cout to gain pemission to use the oom at the east end of the second floo of the south wing which was occupied by the Law Libay, and the fescoing of that vey oom by August Becke in Octobe 1863, little of note happened The only eal exception to that was the cause of the displeasue of the judge of the Land Cout with his oom on the noth side of the fist floo of the west wing--the ins ta 11 at ion "in the ecess nea the east doo" of a pivy l August Becke continued his wok on the inteio duing 1864 A equest by Judge Pimm of the Ciminal Cout--the man who had povided the histoical expetise fo the noth and the south lunettes--fo "cetain changes" was soon followed by a payment to Becke fo fescoing Pimm s coutoom at the east side of the fist floo of the south wing Anothe commission came in Octobe, this calling fo Becke to "paint the Law Commissiones Cout" on the south side of the fist floo of the west wing His most lucative wok of all, nevetheless, was gained as the esult of the contact ganted to the fim of Alexande and Yule on Decembe 27, 1864 William Rumbold had epoted to the county commissiones in Novembe that the "inside walls of the Cout House need painting" and, whethe by his diect ion o that of the commissiones, a clause was placed into the esultant contact to insue that the "Fesco painting may be done wel 1 11 The contacto was, towad that end, to be equied "to employ August Becke, atist, to do all said fesco painting that is specified in said specifications fo said wok 11 2 The contact affods a good oppotunity to mentally econstuct the geneal appeaance of inteio spaces The coido walls wee to be "laid off in blocks of stone, tinted so as to show the same in a distinct manne This includes the halls of the staiways, except fo the pat that is to be laid off in panels and the same moulded with al so a cap mould in imitation of wainscoting which will be done as diected" So fa as the specifications fo wok on the ceilings of the coidos ae concened, they tell us almost as much about the contempoay coutooms as they do about the 1 Cout Recods, X, 309, 341, 350, 355 and bid, X, 1, 122, 135, 144 and

136 L :: : c public aeas The ceilings wee to be "finished with a neat conice, simila to that in the Law Conmissiones Cout Room 11 3 Paint used in the otunda was to be "tinted to coespond with balance of the wok in the new finish," appaently meaning that A 1 ex ande and Yu 1 e wee to use the ea 1 i e wok done in the uppe galleies and the dome as a guide A simila instuction was given with egad to the columns They wee to "coespond with the pi- 1 astes of said new finish in tone and execution of wok mabel ing the whole in the same style" "Moldings on the walls and ceilings" wee made a pat of the wok but the conices and soffits of the second, thid and fouth level galleies wee to be simply coveed with thee coats of paint No diections on onamental detailing wee given fo them Wainscoting was to be gained "in imitation of light oak 11 4 The same fom of gaining was specified fo all of the inteio doos That wok would have matched the finish applied to the exteio doos by Wilgus and Kitchen unde a contact awaded to them in Octobe The specifications fo the wok they wee equied to do, it should be noted imply that the exteio doos of the west wing wee actually made of oak athe than simply being gained to simulate that type of wood Alexande and Yule wee also instucted in Decembe 1864 to decoate the tansvese ha 11 s of the noth and south wings Those pats of the building wee still exposed to the weathe, and it is not possible to detemine fom the language of the contact if the walls and ceilings of the two halls wee to be painted at this time The cast-ion stais cetainly wee, the specifications calling fo two coats of 1 ight bonze paint on "the undeside, font ends and balustes 11 6 n all pobability, that was the only wok done thee by Alexande and Yule Painting of the est of the two spaces had been coveed by the contact given to Wilgus and Kitchen in Octobe 1863, and the walls and ceilings cetainly should not have been in need of additional attention only fouteen months late 3 "Contact fo Painting the Walls & Rotunda Decembe 27, 1864," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM 4 bid 5 bid; "Contact fo painting the exteio of the Couthouse, tctobe 19, 1863," Cout Recods on Constuction, JNEM 6 "Contact fo Painting the Walls & Rotunda " -100-

137 \ - ; ::, : :: f"" Monochomatic painting was called fo in the Alexande and Yule contact in the basement of the east wing, an aea which had undegone change in the sping of open wok wought i an 11 doos, 2 locks fo same & five open wok window guads o gatings 11 wee odeed in Mach, the final payment fo them being made in May7 The office of the county teasue was located in this basement, and the ionwok and locks must have been intended to povide secuity When all that painting and fescoing was complete, the inteio of the Couthouse pesented, tuly fo the fist time, an appeaance of being both finished and elegant Fescoed ceilings and conices, simulated stonewok on the coido walls, and fescoed moldings o panels on the ceilings and walls of the otunda--the whole of it must have given an impession of almost incedible ichness n at least one oom, the ichness had aleady become tanished Justice Moody of the Cicuit Cout filed a petition with the county commissiones on Febuay 13, 1865, asking that the oval coutoom in the east wing be cleaned and painted Rumbold examined the oom and filed a epot that offes quite a bit of detail about the inteio Moodys coutoom, accoding to Rumbold, was in need of cleaning only by washing down the walls & ceiling and othe wood wok by a pope peson, also the bette keeping in pope condition the floo matting, and washing the floo to cleanse the same One of the pincipal objects in fesco painting the walls of these cout ooms was that the same might be easily cleansed by washing without injuy to the paint o walls, and pesent a new oom when so cleaned would also emak that the stoves ae the pincipal cause of the walls being in thei pesent condition eithe fom the smallness of the flues, o the winds when in cetain diections, causing almost continual smoking [in] the oomsa Robet Rombaue, the pesident of the Boad of Assessos, had a moe seious poblem with his office t was located beneath the 7 Cout Recods, X, 33, 51 and 61 8 William Rumbold to Boad of County Commissiones, Febuay 23, 1865, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM See also Cout Recods, X, 184 and

138 -:: Fie and Police Telegaph in the noth wing, and acid fom the batteies used by that agency was leaking though the ceiling of the assesso 1 s office in Novembe 1864 His equest that something be done did not lead to any inmediate emedy He again complained about the same Poblem in Apil 1865, this time adding a equest fo a new clock 9 His subsequent silence on the matte suggests that coective steps wee at last taken At the instigation of the Law Libay, a change in the configuation of the inteio spaces was made in 1865 The fist equest of the association fo pemission to eect on the second floo of the south wing a patition acoss the hall which an between the Law Libay and the Supeme Cout was pesented on Novembe 13 t was denied but Chales Dake epeated the plea two weeks late and the commissiones then ganted thei appova1lo The space affected was, of couse, between two walls which no longe exist No act ion at all was ecoded with egad to a equest submitted by the Pobate Cout on August 7, 1865, fo alteations and additional funitue fo the coutoom and cleks office The judge thee may not have been in the best of favo since he was diected in the fol lowing Febuay to take the space in the west wing fomely occupied by the law commissione That ode was, howeve, escinded a few months late and the Pobate Cout was not foced to move fom its quates on the south side of the fist floo of the east wing ll Rumbolds duties as achitect duing the yea included a suvey of the toilet facilities His epot to the county commissiones on Novembe 2, 1865, like the statement he had made ealie about the fescoing in the Cicuit Cout, is full of detail: would call the attention of you honoable body to the Wate Closets in the noth pat of the Cout House They ae in want of epais to pevent the noxious vapos fom aising fom the sewe, and which finds its way into the stais of the east wing To pevent this, it will be necessay to have stoppes eithe of cast ion o lead would ecommend cast ion, as the most duable fo such a place-- 9 Cout Recods, X, 133 and bid, X, bid, X, 270 and 372; X, (:""

139 l m l : : : E"" Also thee wee pepaations made fo Wate Closets in the South Wing, and a Sewe has been made coming into the same, fo said wate closets would like to know the pleasue of the Cout whethe these ae to be made as aanged fo 12 He was instycted to cay out "the ecommend at ions set foth in said epot f it could be accepted at face value, an account published in the Dajl{ Democat on June 29, 1865, would offe a unique desciption o he type of capet which was then to be found in the Couthouse t stated that it was ed, white and geen; colos which wee supposed to symbolize ed tape, the dingy appeaance of the exteio, and the gass which the goundskeepe had to cut by hand because the stiny county commissiones would not povide the pope equipment T4 The \lftlole thing, unfotunately, has to be egaded as anothe in a long seies of satiical jabs at the county govenment The stuctue of the local system of civil couts had by this time come to include the Cicuit Cout, Land Cout, Cout of Conunon Pleas and the Office of the Law Commissione The state legislatue detemined in Decembe 1865 that the cumbesome division of juisdiction should be ended, a goal which was eached by abolishing all but the Cicu;t Cout and adding two new divisions to it That meant that fo a few months one fewe coutoom would be equied but the ceation of the Cout of Ciminal Coections on Mach 15, 1866, caused the numbe to etun to its fome level 15 n light of the county s ealie efusal to allow the city to locate the Recodes Cout in the building, it is highly ionic that the Cout of Ciminal Coections was the site of tials of individuals chaged with such misdemeanos as dunkenness o postitution, the vey offenses which had made people bought befoe the Recodes Cout odious to the countys leades The City of St Louis began in this peiod to make changes in the noth wing A 1 ibay, "to be located in the hal 1 occupied by the 12 William Rumbold to Boad of County Commissiones, Novembe 2, 1865, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM 13 Cout Recods, X, The stoy is pesented in Donald Dosch, "Histoy of the Old St Louis Couthouse," Hyde and Conad, Encyclopedia of the!!l of St Louis, 508 and

140 l ( (",;;,, f?! f - -, - ) Council 11 to affod "bette means fo obtaining infomation on mattes petaining to municipal legislation," was bought into being At oughly the same time, that oom on the west side of the second floo was fescoed but the epot of the wok makes no mention of the name of the atist Within but a few moe yeas, close to $3,400 was expended fo office funitue and geneal epais within City Hall, appaently eflecting costs entailed in efitting the oom on the east side of the second floo of the noth wing when the Boad of Aldemen took it ove The city enginee was theeby displaced, and the oom was given "fescoing and onamentation" as a esult of its change in pupose16 Had its wishes been fulfilled, the city would a shot time late have caused a majo change in the lanten On Mach 29, 1867, an odinance was enacted calling fo the installation of a clock with fou faces, each to be five feet in d1;mete, "which shall be capable of being illuminated at night 11 Even though the city was wi 11 ing to spend as much as $3,500 fo such a device, the county commissiones pl acidly ignoed the poposal They wee fa moe concened at the time with the expenses which built up as vaious officials odeed funitue The commissiones denied esponsibility in Decembe 1867 fo any costs incued "unless pemission is fist had fom the Committee on Cout House" The offende was not mentioned, but the souce of the commissiones testiness was evealed a month late when a payment of $47790 was made fo funitue 18 Thei desie to hold down expenditues was undestandable but they would with in less than two yeas find it necessay to embak on a seies of majo pojects which would entail a substantial dain on the countys financial esouces The exact diection those took would be shaped by a newcome in the histoy of the Couthouse, Thomas Walsh William Rumbolds death in 1867 made it necessay to find a eplacement fo him when majo wok began to be contemplated in 1869, and Walsh was then a quite familia peson to the commissiones He had been awaded the commission as achitect fo the new county jail as well as fo the Fou Couts building in St Louis, a stuctue which would house the ciminal couts when it was completed19 The commissiones wee theefoe fully awae of his pofessional qualifications fo wok at the Couthouse Of 16 City Odinance 5033, Novembe 4, 1865; Mayos Message 1866, 20 and 34; 1869, City Odinance 6130, Mach 29, Cout Recods, XV, 89 and Daily Democat, Febuay 14, 1869, \- " -104-

141 ( L """, pehaps equal consequence, Walshs ecod duing the Civil Wa was found to be acceptable The Daily Democat denounced umos which began to cfcul ate concening him and assued its eades that "we happen to know whee M Walsh was at the time efeed to, and take pleasue in saying that he was on the side of loyalty t is but just to M Walsh that this disclaime should be made, although the souce of the slande is hadly wothy of not ice 11 ZO He could, in shot, be tusted both pofessionally and politically Conditions in the otunda had become the subject of a numbe of pointed citicisms duing the 1860s The acoustics wee said to make it an undesiable setting fo lage public meetings21 Moe to the point, it offeed a "dak and gloomy appeaance" which one wite attibuted to mistakes made by Rumbold duing the emodeling completed in 1862 Afte yeas of labo and enonnous sums of money spent in designing and decoating the inteio of the Cout House and its onamental dome, it was supposed that all was completed by the County Achitect unde a fome administation But it was found deficient in one of the most essential points--that of light2z Walsh esponded by making sweeping changes and the otunda theeupon took on its pesent fom The wok which he supevised was well undeway by August 16, 1869, the date at which the county canmissiones diected that the "fou stone columns which wee taken out of the Rotunda of the Cout House be tuned ove to the Commissiones of Towe Gove Pak fo the use of such pak" 23 The columns had become supefluous because Walsh had cut back the second level galley by oughly fou feet, making the floo thee simila in width to those of the galleies above The conices of al 1 the galleies wee theeby bought into appoximate vetical alignment, enhancing the sense of visual unity Aesthetics wee not, howeve, the achitects pincipal concen The fou feet of flooing had seved to daken the fist level by blocking sunlight admitted into the otunda though the windows on the fifth level Walshs emodeling was paised fo 20 bid, Mach 16, Missoui Republican, July 28, Daily Democat, Novembe 7, 1869 given in Appendix 8, pat 2 The text of the aticle is 23 Daily Democat, August 17, 1869 See also the account in the Missoui Republican, Octobe 30,

142 (, : : :, " the effect it had in "allowing the windows in the dum of the dome to be seen fm the gound floo, thus enabling them to eflect 1 i gh t be 1 OW Remov a 1 of the fou stone co 1 umn s and emade 1 i ng of the second level galley poduced a sot of anomaly in the stone fist floo of the otunda The stone bases on which the columns had ested wee allowed to emain in place, thee being no eal eason to add to the ove-all cost of the wok by taking up enough flagging to make it possible to use similaly sized stones fo the whole of the floo ndeed, the wok on the fist and second levels of the otunda was but a vey small pat of the total poject envisioned at the time, and the commissiones simply could not authoize any expenditue which did not elate to th majo pupose of the emodeling: making the inteio less dak and gloomy Eveyone was in ageement that the installation of the enameled and stained glass in the eye of the dome had in that espect been a seious mistake, and Walsh included its emoval among the wok begun in 1869 The stai to the walkway of the 1 anten was theeby exposed to view, and it too was taken out With the stai gone, the cicula platfom inside the eye of the dome ceased to seve a pupose Walsh had it and the patition aound the space above the lowe dome demolished in ode to ceate the uppe, o, as it was dubbed at the time, the "counte" dome25 He topped the dome with a thee-pat conice which teminated at a newly-ceated cicula opening in the base of the lanten While the exact date of this wok cannot be positively detemined, the authoization of the sale of old ion beams fom the otunda on Novembe 15, 1869, pobably signals that the old oculus and the stais above wee then gone Walshs wok geatly inceased the amount of natual light which enteed the otunda Rumbolds design had indeed been flawed because it pemitted the admission of only as much light as could penetate both the glass set into the walkway of the lanten and the "dingy coloed glass" in the eye of what now became the lowe dome but which was peviously the only dome ove the otunda26 As an answe to the poblems which had pompted the emodeling in 1869, Walshs plan dew compliments As a puely pactical matte, he was also foced to include a geat deal of wok on the lanten since it now had to be made watetight That had not been a matte of concen to Rumbold because the base of the lanten had not had an openin in it and had acted as a oof ove the space in which 24 Daily Democat, Novembe 7, bid; Cout Recods, XV, Daily Democat, Novembe 7,

143 L [ i L e "" the stai had been set When Walsh caused an opening to be cut into the base, he inceased the amount of sunlight which could ente the otunda but he also made it necessay to enclose the openings between the columns of the lanten with cast-ion gids and glass W H H Russell, in an addess to the membes of the Missoui Histoical Society deliveed in Januay 1870, povided an impefect clue as to the time at which emodeling of the lanten was completed His topic was the Couthouse, and he mentioned that "the eye of the dome is now about being finished, all the glass being in 11 -Z7 Glass in the eye of the oiginal dome had without question been emoved athe than installed by Walsh, and Russel 1 must have intended his comment to be a desciption of changes made in what would popely be called the lanten ndeed, it is vey possible that he was efeing to much moe than simply the glazing of the openings between the columns thee The casement windows now at the landing of the lanten wee definitely not a pat of the oiginal constuction by Joseph Foste They may well be the poduct of the wok which Walsh supevised in 1869 Because those windows seve to incease the amount of sunlight which is cast down though the uppe, o "counte," dome, they ae cetainly in keeping with the pupose fo which the emodeling was instituted Thee is no known documentay evidence elating to the install at ion of the casement windows, but the dating of them fom 1869 at least has logic on its side The enclosed lanten and the newly-ceated uppe dome wee each deemed to be in need of decoation and the sevices of Leon Pomaede, "a St Louis atist of ecognized genius," wee engaged Both Cal Wima and August Becke, the men es pons ib 1 e fo the adonment of the otunda in 1862, had been appentices of Pomaede at the outset of thei own caees, and St Louis ans of 1869 expessed a highe egad fo thei old mentos wok, finding it to be "in bette taste" 28 He was said to have done decoative painting in the lanten "in the Geek Cointhian style, with conice, pilastes, imposts and aches" but that epot may have been meant to apply to the uppe dome as well as to the lanten itself Quite obviously, the balance of the wok which he was descibed as having completed must have been on the suface of the uppe dome even though the implication is left that all of his effots wee concentated in the lanten 27 bid, Januay 7, bid, Novembe 7,

144 [ : :: :: ;, (""" The decoations ae divided into fou sections, epesenting fou eas in the histoy of the State Fist, the figue of King Fedinand epesents the Spanish ea, when all the Southen and Westen potions of the continent wee unde Spanish ule Second, the Fench peiod, shown by the stiking figue of Napoleon the Geat, who acquied the Louisiana Teitoy fom Spain Thid, the age of Westen pionees, epesented by Pesident Jeffeson, who puchased Louisiana fom Napoleon, and sent Lewis and Clak acoss the continent to the Pacific slope Fouth, the pesent ea, epesented by the figue of Columbia in a poud and defiant attitude; the stas of the States cluste in he diadem, and not one has been lost, although many have gown dim in the pocess of econstuction Between these figues ae smalle goups and a pictue of the coat of ams of the United States 9 The inclusion of the 11 stas of the States 11 is of special inteest The chance to make a statement on political questions had once again aisen and had once again been seized The county leades in 1862 had been Unionists and the wok of Wima and Becke was shaped by that fact With the Civil Wa in the past, Pomaede s effots in 1869 became a fom of symbolic comment on the poblems which the United States faced duing Reconstuction Pomaedes commission to decoate the uppe dome and the lanten came at vitually the mid-point in the six-yea-long peiod between 1866 and 1872 duing which the minutes of the county commissiones contain no ecod of payments to August Becke fo fescoing That may indicate Beckes having fallen out of favo fo eithe political o atistic easons A published comment on We ime s" south lunette which speculated that it was a copy, we believe, of the painting in the Capitol at Washington" seems, howeve, to have caught Beckes attention and to have aoused his indignation ove such a slight to his deceased half-bothes eputation The newspape which pinted the aticle caied a etaction only two days 1 ate The souce of the new infomation was not supplied, but a most apologetic tone was employed and the coect spelling of 11 Wimas name was used Wimas pictue was entiely oiginal, as wee all his poductions He was possessed of too much genius to al low him to be dependent on any one fo ideas Although some othe inteested o knowledgeable peson may have isen to Wimas defense, Becke cetainly would have been the most likely individual in St Louis to have done so 29 bid 30 bid, Novembe 7 and 9,

145 ", t e"" The combined effots of Wima, Becke and Pomaede had by the beginning of 1870 caused a geat deal of the uppe pat of the otunda to be coveed with atistic wok To some local esidents, nevetheless, at least a small degee of an appeaance of incompleteness emained n dawing a vebal pictue of the fouth level galley, one took note of the fact that the "niches" thee wee "yet to be filled with some fine wok of at The sufaces of them would, in fact, emain undecoated until anothe decade had passed and Ettoe Miagoli joined the list of atists who plied thei caft within the otunda A less immediately appaent pat of Walshs emodeling in the otunda became the subject of highly flatteing comments Removal of the staicase which had been in the space below the lanten demanded that a new means of access be povided to the exteio walkway The substitute fo the olde stai was placed so that it led "outside to the same place, but still concealed fom view, 11 taking the fom of "ascending and descending stais made fee fom dange o embaassement" fo visitos who "by an ingenio plan ae aided in the ascent at evey winding of the staiway 11 Even though no complete account of this pat of the changes effected in 1869 has been discoveed, the weight of the evidence points to a conclusion that the pesent stai between the inne and oute dome is completely Walshs doing and that he emoved the ealie stai in that space which had un only to the level of the top of the lowe dome People who enteed the Couthouse in the closing months of 1869 wee geeted by futhe evidence of Walshs alteations in the coidos leading into the otunda As yet anothe esponse to the "dak and gloomy appeaance" of the inteio, "lage ion sky- 1 ights" wee set above those spaces and wee descibed as thowing "not only a flood of light into these passages but also into the otunda of the dome" 33 The use of ion fo the skylights installed in 1869 suggests that a geat deal had been leaned ove the past decade As pat of the oiginal constuction of the noth wing, Joseph Foste had built a numbe of wood-famed skylights containing in some instances "sash fitted to slide on ion ailway" so that it could be opened to admit fesh ai34 That fom of constuction seems to have poven a souce of poblems, and Walsh 1 s skylights wee made moe duable and less complicated 31 bid, Febuay 4, bid, Novembe 7, 1869, Febuay 4, bid, Novembe 7, "Bi 11 of Coected Measuements, 11 items

146 :f, - : : : (",_ The published accounts of the emodeling demonstate that it had a widespead, indeed pofound, effect on the inteio of the Couthouse That view is futhe bolsteed by a epot on Januay 24, 1870, indicating that "the alteations in the dome of the Cout House have cost, up to date, about $25,000 When completed the total cost will be about $30, While that affods insight into the chonology of the wok, it also gives ise to futhe puzzlement Anothe account published moe than two months ealie had indicated that all of the majo pats of Walshs poject had by then been bought to completion 36 The exact natue of the wok which was expected to demand an outlay of some $5,000 afte Januay 24 is indeed an intiguing question Quite conceivably, the placement of the eight casement windows in the base of the lanten had been added to the emodeling pogam and was still to be undetaken in late Januay Walsh may also have decided to eplace sections of the old wooden balustade which Joseph Foste had descibed at the fifth level That wok had been done pio to July 22, the date at which the ion ailing thee was in unsafe condition37 t is howeve just as likely that the change fom a wooden balustade to an ion ailing occued at a time pevious to 1869 An alteation at this level of the otunda, specifically the change of the twenty-fou windows fom sixove-six to one-ove-one lights, is known to have been caied out befoe Walsh set to wok on the otunda and the lanten The ion ailing may have been installed at the same time the new glass was placed in those windows While cout officials must have been impessed by the evidence of a geat deal of money having been spent to make the inteio a bighte place, they wee by no means disinclined fom bewing futhe poposals which would keep Walsh busy duing 1870 The campaign they conducted showed them to be politically sagacious since, in the fist place, they banded togethe to pesent thei equests at the same time They also managed to enhance thei chances fo success by means of a judicious leak of the contents of thei petition to local newspapes befoe they pesented it to the county commissiones The editoial esponse was most favoable and helpful 35 Daily Democat, Januay 24, bid, Novembe 9, Cout Recods, XV, 108 Fostes efeence to the numbe of balustes he installed is in "Bill of Coected Measuements," items 233 and 234 _ -110-

147 " [ t, (d" fl" t A petition signed by Judges Rombaue and Knight, of the Cicuit Cout; Judges Wagne, Bliss and Cuie, of the Supeme Cout; Colonel Julius Conad, County Recode; and the Diectos of the Law Libay Association, will be pesented to the County Cout on Monday, asking that cetain much needed impovements be made in some of the ooms of the Cout House What is wanted is moe light and fesh ai--especially fesh ai The cout ooms ae a disgace to the city, and detimental to health, and should be alteed so as to make them in keeping with the ecent salutay impovements in the otunda and dome, which meet the appobation of the public38 The use of the tem "County Cout," it should be noted, was again common in St Louis and was even pefeed to the moe accuate "Boad of County Commissiones" Fo puposes of claity, howeve, that body will hee be called the county conunissiones n the petition which was submitted on Mach 28, R E Rombaue, of Cicuit Cout No 1 in the oval oom of the east wing, and James K Knight, Rombaue s countepat in Cicuit Cout No 3 in the oval oom of the west wing, equested simila impovements Rombaue called fo: n Cout Room No 1, being the old Cicuit Cout, a skylight and ventilato above the chandelie--a skylight will save the County in gas bills (now absolutely necessaily incued) its cost within a few yeas Wate closets if they can be constucted without ceating smells in the juy oom and judges oom in the small cone ooms on the south east and noth east cone of Cout Room A flew boken though into the juy oom, as now no stove can be placed into that oom--and in cold weathe juos suffe vey seveely39 Knight equested the same sot of wok, adding that he would like to have "the Judges Desk alteed to coespond with the one in Cout Room No l 11 The desciption of the juy ooms is of paticula inteest fo it offes fim evidence that the stoves used to heat the oval coutooms wee not hidden behind the patitions in the cones of 38 Daily Democat, Mach 27, "Petition of Judges and Ba fo Alteations, Mach 28, 1870," Misc Legal Documents, JNEM -111-

148 - t ( - : : :-_, those spaces Had they been, thee would have existed no need fo 11 flews 11 to allow wam ai to ente them The pat of the petition dafted by the judges of the Supeme Cout mentioned a need fo a wate closet and "pipes fo conducting wate in the ooms" on the west side of the second floo of the south wing The Law Libay asked fo a wate closet, pehaps intended to mean the same plumbing fixtue which the Supeme Cout desied, as well as epais and painting of the walls on the east side of the second floo of the south wing The county ecode wanted, quite simply, new shelving to accomodate the ecods accumulated by his office Ove the past twenty-five yeas, those had gown fom a mee eighty volumes to close to five hunded, making his equest seem eminently easonable40 The advance publicity given to the need fo futhe expenditues within the Couthouse did not cause the county commissiones to act pecipitously They decided on Mach 28 to "make a pesonal inspection11 and diected Walsh to conduct his own study of the poblems41 Such a cautious appoach did not shield them fom futhe editoial scutiny The Daily Democat on Apil 1, 1870, continued to wage its campaign: Judicial Dakness--Justice Not Blind--The achitect who dew the plans of the Cout House appeas to have entetained the pagan idea that Justice is blind At any ate, he fashioned the cout ooms in such a manne that vey little sola light can shine upon the judicial altas, and in all the cout ooms gas is used at midday to enable the eyes of Justice to gaze upon the biefs of the lawyes Judge Knights cout, in paticula, is beknighted, and might be mistaken fo a heathen temple, in which a pepetual flame is kept up n the basement, whee the Sheiff and Collecto, the County Suveyo, the dam shop Collecto, and othe offices, ae buied fa fom the light of day, a pepetual dampness pevails, and the offices have a ghoul-like appeaance, like men who live in mines o pison cells42 Walsh pepaed his own epot on the conditions within the Couthouse in time to be able to submit it to the county commissiones on Apil 7, 1870 They, howeve, detemined that yet anothe week of study and contemplation should be given to the petition and did 40 bid; Compton and Oy, Pictoial St Louis, Daily Democat, Mach 29, bid, Apil 1,

149 l - :: i ; _, not each thei decision until Apil 14 They then ignoed the equest of the Supeme Cout and the Law Libay Nothing whateve was odeed done to make life moe pleasant fo the officials in the basement of the east wing Those men had not, afte all, been paties to the dafting of the oiginal petition The two judges of the Cicuit Cout and the ecode, on the othe hand, obtained eveything fo which they had asked The ecode was _given the shelving he needed; the judges got a geat deal moe4 By Octobe 30, 1870, the oval coutooms wee so changed and emodeled that they ae scace ecognizable to those accustomed to thei old condition Cicuit Couts No 1 and 3 ae eally elegant, and have lost thei old sombe, uncomfotable appeaance The judges benches and ailings ae changed both in position and fom, and geate and bette accomodation is given the public44 Movement of the judges benches fom one location to anothe was in this instance clealy a pat of an effot to give the judges bette light to ead by They wee placed in font of the windows on the east and west sides of the second floo The new location of the bench in the oval coutoom of the east wing can still be taced in the maks left on the mable floo tiles by the faming of the platfom The geneal setting, that is the appeaance ceated by the columns and the patitions between them, was not changed by Wal sti The most basic fault found in both coutooms was attended to in a fashion that caused a quite impotant change in the two ceilings The old ventilatos ove the coutooms ae taken out and the eye of the domes coveing these couts ae enlaged and wought ion sky lights placed ove them, and the sub-domes undeneath eflecting ays of light diectly down into the cout-ooms below, and ove the lawyes desks These sub-domes ae a vey handsome featue in the couts and ae tastefully fescoed45 The fescoing was pobably also the wok of Leon Pomaede, but no poof of that has been located The epot of the es ult of 43 bid, Apil 15, Missoui Republican, Octobe 30, bid -113-

150 (, :,,"1\ Walshs enodeling in each of the coutooms does, nonetheless, make it clea that thei ceilings took on a wholly new appeaance in 1870 Walshs epot to the county commissiones on Apil 7, 1870, went beyond a mee examination of the complaints eceived fom the petitiones Even befoe they pesented thei equests, the notion had been advanced that "the building should be heated as othe buildings ae in evey civilized county The old coal stoves should be etied, and heating funaces substituted Thee was ample pecedent fo that in St Louis since both the city hospital and the new county jail had "steam heating appaatus Walshs citicism of the coal-buning stoves was neithe novel no supising but it was stongly phased: "the heating of the building by steam is an impovement which should be made; the stoves now used fo that not only blacken the fescoed walls, and ceilings, and annoy the Cout, but ae insufficient to heat the ooms; this mode of heating belongs to the past" The county commissiones may by Apil 15, 1870, have begun to wonde if anyone would eve be satisfied with the conditions in the building, but on that date they authoized Walsh to install steam heating The contact was let in June 1870, and the appointment of an enginee on Octog 1 signaled that all would be in eadiness fo the coming winte The new heating system would pove to be fa less than totally satisfactoy Complaints concening the smoke it poduced wee voiced only a few months afte it came into sevice, and the level of heat inside the building was said to have vaied a geat deal in spite of an ealy belief that it could be "inceased o modified at pleasue Pat at least of the initial poblems stemmed fom insufficient insulation on the pipes which caied the steam Steps to coect that wee taken in Novembe 1871 That did not, howeve, put an end to poblems A new funace and wate ciculato wee installed in Mach 1873; a wate tank was added in the following July; and the commissiones head a epot concening the "Mogan Smoke Bune" in Febuay 1874 Notwithstanding all of that attention, the heating system continued to function pooly The enginee pesented a equest fo "alteations, impovements and 46 Daily Democat, Mach 27, bid, Febuay 1, Thomas Walsh to Boad of County Commissiones, Apil 7, 1870, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM; Cout Recods, XV, 3 and 71; Daily Democat, Apil 15, Daily Democat, Decembe 29, 1870, Januay 8, 1871; Missoui Republican, Octobe 30,

151 : : :, \ epais" in June 1874, and in the same month a bid was accepted fo "coveing steam pipes"--the second time such wok had been found to be necessay afte only thee seasons of opeation Fou yeas late, it was declaed that the "heating appaatus and pipes ae in vey unsafe condition, 11 a epot that could also have justly singled out poblems with the amount of heat which was deliveed in some pats of the building A stove was equied on the second floo of the south wing in 1882, affoding a fom of testimony to the defects which wee inheent in the steam system which was installed in 187o50 The initial eaction to the steam heating was, nevetheless, geneally favoable To ou fotune, one newspape aticle diecting compliments towad the county commissiones fo odeing the installation of it in 1870 included a good desciption of the adiatos which wee placed in the ooms of the south, east and west wings The steam coils ae enclosed by bass sceens and coveed by polished mable slabs The ventilation is found to wok well in all the ooms and offices, and is so aanged as to cay off all aified ai fom the couts both in summe and winte51 Because it was still occupied by the City of St Louis, the noth wing was not meant to be heated by the system installed in 1870 Extension of the pipes to the ooms thee would be delayed until Novembe 1873, afte the municipal offices had been moved to a newly-constucted City Hall and the county had taken possession of the noth wing fo its own use52 The funace and boile wee located in the easten end of the basement of the south wing, and th at pat of the bu i 1 ding could be used fo no othe pupose until the twentieth centuy Othe wok completed befoe Octobe 30, 1870, made the east wing basement moe function al, and may have constituted a fom of esponse to the citicism of conditions unde which county officials thee had to wok On behalf of the county collecto, a bick patition was emoved fom the oom on the south side of the coido, ion beams and columns being put in place to povide the suppot which it had peviously affoded New countes, desks and tables wee puchased, making the collectos office "one of the handsomest and 50 Cout Recods, XV, 121; XV, 417; XX, 26, 140 and 378; XX, 35; XX, 233; Mayos Message 1878, Missoui Republican, Octobe 30, Cout Recods, XX, 261 and

152 - [ (" t - < ;: : e " most convenient in the building" S3 The ion gates which had been installed in 1866 now seved to povide additional secuity fo the taxes which wee collected mpovements in the ventilation and waste disposal pipes fo the public toilet in the basement of the west wing wee also uged by Walsh The commissiones left no ecod of any action being taken on that ecommendation but on Novembe 10, 1871, they did authoize the "Committee on County Buildings to have such changes made in the constuction of the wate closets in the west end of the south wing of the Cout House as they may deem necessay and pope" That may have been a delayed esponse to the Supeme Couts equest fo a toilet on the second floo of that wing in Mach 1870 S4 Had Walsh had his way, 1870 would have been the yea in which the tansvese halls in the noth and south wings would have been enclosed With all of the wok which was actually undetaken in that and the pevious yea, the county found that it simply did not have the two thousand dollas which the achitect estimated would be needed to build "sash doos, fames &c" even though the poposal evoked a geneally favoable public esponsess n comments concening the painting of the wought-ion fence aound the Couthouse which wee incopoated in his epot of Apil 10, 1870, Walsh made a most inteesting point The fact that the ion-wok was in need of paint is not at all supising but his inclusion of an estimate of the cost of "painting the cut stone base unde it, when painted in dak colos" is the sole indication that the natual colo of the stone was hidden by paint at the time56 Maintenance of the building and gounds was the esponsibility of the janito of the Couthouse, an office to which James Quigley had eceived eappointment on an annual basis since 1844 He is without question one of the most coloful chaactes in the stoy of the building and he was always the daling of local jounalists who egulaly descibed his antics On Septembe 3, 1869, fo example, he was epoted to have "made an ascent to the dome of the Cout House, yesteday, by means of a ope A bucket was attached to one 53 Missoui Republican, Octobe 30, 1870 S4 Thomas Walsh to Boad of County Commissiones, Apil 10, 1870, Misc Legal Documents, JNEM; Missoui Republican, Octobe 30, 1870 SS bid 56 bid -116-

153 n [ Figue 32 The Exteio and Gounds in 1875, Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society C (,?" \ -117-

154 t "

155 ( _, ::, t" end of the ope, and in this the adventuous Janito pl aced himself, while seveal men hauled him up That may have been a simple statement of fact but it must be noted that the newspape in which the stoy appeaed had a month ealie descibed a athe un- 1 ikely visito to the building: A lage spide, belonging to a species that is ae in this egion, has taken a position on the oute wall of the Cout House, nea the office of the Dam Shop Collecto ts body is coveed with billiant and vaiegated spots, and the top of its head is of downy whiteness The legs ae about thee inches long, and the two foelegs ae cloven fo thee-fouths of thei length, so that it can spead them out and use them as a sepaate pai t has woven a singula looking web, of billiant whiteness and unique fom t is conjectued that this spide has taken his position fo the pupose of obseving the eclipse58 A sola eclipse did occu at that time, but the account of the spide, and pehaps of Quigleys adventues in the bucket, has all the hallmaks of an attempt at levity with a meaning which is now totally obscue Quigleys tutle, a well-established featue of Couthouse loe, was the subject of published comments that sometimes betay signs of humoous invention Actually, the documentay evidence indicates that a diffeent tutle was placed in th fountain each yea "as soon as the fost is out of the gound" 59 That which was thee in 1868 would have been a most notewothy specimen fo it was said in the fol lowing sping that "wokmen ae engaged in epaiing the fountain in the Cout House yad The cement at the bottom is loose and leaky, caused, pobably by the scatching of the tutle that fomely inhabited that aqueous dwelling" 60 Since the fountain had an ion bottom, the cedibility of that stoy becomes athe tanished, leaving one to speculate on how many of the othe epots egading Quigley stetched the tuth Popula though he was with jounalists and the geneal public, and automatic though his eappointment as janito may have become, 57 Daily Democat, Septembe 3, 1869 See also Daily News and ntel112ence, Febuay 3, 1858 fo evidence of Quigley_s_ populaity 58 Daily Democat, August 5, bid, Mach 15, 1869 See also the issue of Mach 26, bid, Mach 16,

156 ::l : L fl" -l t"" Quigley did not always manage to get what he wanted fom the county Re 1 i ef fom the dudgey invo 1 ved in tending the lawn seemed at hand in July 1869 when it was announced that Yesteday a benevolent young man who had doubtless been a fequent witness to the effots of Janito Quigley to keep down the weeds, and peseve his pastue in good condition, walked into the Cout-house yad with a patent lawnmowe, and in a few moments shaved the gass down as nicely as a Bussels capet Afte the job was finished a petition to the County Cout was dan up, and signed by many who had witnessed the mowing61 Aleady awae that a substantia-1 amount of money would have to be expended in emodeling the inteio of the building, the commissiones wee in no mood to authoize the puchase of a lawnmowe The petition was summaily ejected62 Completion of the Fou Couts Building in 1871, and the movement thee of the Ciminal Cout and the Cout of Ciminal Coections, inceased the space available fo the civil couts and fo othe county offices The mashal took ove the fome office of the c 1 ek of the Cimi na 1 Cout and the assesso moved into the coutoom on the east side of the fist floo of the south wing He had peviously been located acoss the hall in a oom which was now emodeled A patition which divided the space fomely occupied by the assesso fom the office of the county teasue was left in pl ace, the clek of the Supeme Cout moving into the aea which the assesso now vacated The flagging of the teasues office with DeSoto stone aleady in the possession of the county may have extended into the cleks new quates as wel163 The tansfe of the assesso was accomplished duing Febuay 1871, and his fist equest fo bette funitue was pobably made shotly aftewad t was not acted upon fo a full yea, the commissiones finally deciding that the oom should only "be fitted up in a plain manne accoding to the design submitted by Thomas Walsh While the poduct may have been "plain", the wok done in the assessos office was extensive t entailed capenty, gas-fitting, plumbing, steam-fitting, painting, capeting and 61 bid, July 23, bid, July 27, Cout Recods, XV, bid, XV,

157 :: :: i- ; : :: :, cabinetwok Single doos leading into the coido wee pobably installed at this time and they wee fitted with glass65 The final expenditue fo the changes made to accomodate the assesso, dating fom Mach 31, 1873, mios one incued fo the teasues office duing the peiod Both wee fo awnings and togethe they constitute the ealiest documentay evidence of the use of such means to shade the inteio fom the summe sun A photogaph made befoe 1870, convesely, indicates that awnings wee then in use and gives visual poof that the suviving witten matte does not offe a complete account of the stuctue (Figue 23) Whethe the inteio shuttes which ae known to have been pesent in all fou wings wee now being emoved is not at all clea, but the appeaance of the exteio duing the summe months had cetainly undegone change An estimate in 1876 that about fou hunded dollas would be needed to epai and e-cove awnings is futhe evidence that they had come into geneal use66 The expiation of the lease which the City of St Louis held on the noth wing was at hand, and the pocess of enegotiating it was maked by gowing anco on both sides The county wanted the city to pay moe than the $1,000 annual ental which had been called fo in the oiginal lease n esponse to that, the city sent a bill fo wate it claimed to have been used at the Couthouse which totaled moe than $16,000 The county commissiones eacted by odeing that the wate closets nea the noth wing be closed To add to the countys poblems, the oof began to leak67 The mood of the commissiones became quite unpleasant They even took the unpecedented step of ove-uling thei own Committee on the Cout House in the matte of the equest eceived fom the Supeme Cout on Octobe 30, 1871, to have "the two doos leading to said Cout Room fastened togethe so as to make one, o that a new doo be made That is an isolated efeence to a des ie to eplace the double-doos but it could indicate a moe geneal dissati sf act ion which poduced othe changes at the inteio enties duing the peiod 65 Assessment and Bond of F G Boehme, Mach 28, 1872, County Cout Recods--OCH Tansactions, JNEM; Cout Recods, XV, 223; XV, 32, 44, 47 and Cout Recods, XV, 389; XV, 445; XX, bid, XV, 107 and bid, XV,

158 : :, e,"" Awnings on the south side of the fist floo of the east wing, and a new capet, wee equested by the Pobate Cout in August 1872 The desciption of the existing capet is phased in an intiguing fashion t was said to be "vey much woe, entiely though in some places, and hould be coveed (patially at least) with matting o oil cloth The concluding phase of that indicates that the judge was willing to accept some sot of linoleum The Pobate Cout occupied both ooms on the south side of the fist floo in the east wing and each was developing poblems The cei 1 ing and conice in one--pobab ly the office of the clek at the east end--wee eplaced in 1873 The judge himself odeed the wok without fist obtaining authoization fom the commissiones, a tactic that led to a unning dispute ove payment of the bill Fou yeas late, installation of a second new ceiling fo the Pobate Cout was appoved without dissent o even comment70 A new local official, the juy commissione, made his appeaance befoe the commissiones on July 8, 1872, equesting "such office funitue as he may equie to facilitate the tansact ion of the incease of business in his said office" n the same yea, the old office of the Keepe of the Rotunda was abolished, eithe fo economy o as a esult of dwindling inteest in that pat of the inteio 71 A geat deal of the county commissiones time and attention had to be spent in attending to the assignment of the ooms in the noth wing following the vacation of them by the City of St Louis duing the last half of 1873 An ovetue fo the etun to county contol of the second floo of that wing had been made in Decembe 1870 When it became cetain that the city would not enew the lease, a numbe of petitions wee diected to the commissiones The Supeme Cout and the Cicuit Cout, fo example, both asked fo the same oom on the second floo The latte was successful Both the county audito and the Cicuit Cout desied anothe of the ooms With So lomon-1 i ke wisdom, the commissiones esolved that matte by appoving the Cicuit Cout 1 s equest and assigning is[ofoohih t! aed7n the noth side of the west wings 69 bid, XV, bid, XX, 100 and 208; XX, bid, XV, 279; XV, bid, XV, 166; XX, 246 and

159 : &«""- Movement of the Cicuit Cout into the noth wing obviously could not be accomplished without some cost even if it had not been necessay to extend the steam heating system to it The county commissiones would ode that the old funitue and fixtues which the city had left behind should be used wheneve possible but the sensibilities of the judges had to be consideed Fom the judge of Cicuit Cout No 4, to whom had been assigned the east oom on the second floo, came equests fo capet to eplace the existing matting, a themomete, and a dozen chais The fome office of the mayo, on the west side of the fist floo of the noth wing, was conveted fo the use of Cicuit Cout No 2 by installing funitue and fittings which ae most likely to have been identical to those shown on a plan of the space made in 1903 (Figue 33) An additional appopiation of $5,000 fo epais came in handy, allowing that wok to be accomplished as well as the installation of gas chandelies in the five juy ooms Wok was al so appoved within the oval coutom of the west wing, but no indication of its natue was offeed 3 nfomation about the fountain in the southeast yad, and about the aeaways aound the building, becomes plentiful in 1872 The "chain ailing and posts" which had been in place aound the fountain and atop the walls of the aeaways was emoved, the mateial then being sold to the Comissiones of Lafayette Pak Futhe need fo wok on the fountain became evident when the citys Boad of Wate Conunissiones, no doubt inspied by the contovesy which evolved aound the cost of the wate supplied to the Couthouse, potested in June 1872 that the nozzle which had just been installed was too lage They suggested one of "the Rose patten, 11 and of a smalle size, be substituted74 The lawns also equied attention The ealiest ecod of sod being used at the Couthouse appeas on Mach 22, 1872, and efeences to such teatment of the gounds ae to be found almost annually between 1872 and Repais to the oof of the noth wing made duing 1871 had not been completed in time to save the ceiling of the oom on the east side of the second floo Bids fo its emoval and econstuction wee solicited in Mach 1874, the commissiones finding it necessay to ode that it 11 be painted plain (ie conice and walls) 73 bid, XV, 325; XV, 109, 260, 324 and 393; XX, bid, XV, 384; XV, bid, XV, 335; XX, 29; XX, 51; XX,

160 (-< )\ Figue 33 Plan of Cicuit Coutoom No 6, Designated No 2 fom 1873 to 1896, August 1903 The dotted 1 ines indicate existing funitue and fittings at the time the plan was made Fom "Fist Floo Plan," August 8, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson "Naonal Expansion Meiiloial

161 L \ -1 _ L ---- :,,, \ \ --, \ \ ,,, --via,ij -- _, p, :J f ti,, l " :, ,, " --, , ll\ t L l t ", J - -J, t--, : " L,_"S,, "t ;_,,, t _, i= ---- : :::, t t -----f t L , --- -:,;: 1 :,, 1 11 J :,,,_J-;u : t- -J!!ii \ _,, -- Lit \;) n f -- : i--,-! Cieeu1-couP H" :: : i _; s-- 1 Ly, _, t 1 :a: lel, - f = - - : J, ,1 i " :: -l-=,--w-,u j"j l"9j: :, : : L : : : : : : , il lt/dti, : i-- -1 "L,;: : ----:::t :, t 1 : 1 ti 1 "f i, : J L-,--& Jt -- -J U - ; :: 37b -4 l ,,;::_-!-&a -d ,-, 1-z------, / / /

162 - -::- -: e"" " f" the ceiling to be neithe fescoed no painted, but simply \\tlitewashed1176 The oom had been assigned to Cicuit Cout No 4 in Novembe 1873 but was by August 1874 tansfeed to the county enginee Cicuit Cout No 4 was moved to the space on the east side of the fist floo of the noth wing whee it emained until 1896 Pessues on the teasuy having been made even moe intense by the onset of the Panic of 1873, and thee being moe space available than was actually needed fo official use, the commissiones decided to ent out ooms in the basements of the east and noth wings to pivate concens The fist lease was fo the offices which the county collecto had peviously occupied in the east wing and it was to un fo five yeas 77 The tenants wee title examines, and thei movement into the building povided a new fom of convenience fo people who came to it on mattes petaining to the sale o tansfe of eal estate The entie basement of the noth wing was now vacant and it too was tuned into a souce of income CR Clake, an achitect, took a lease on Febuay 9, 1874, fo the oom at the east side Ten days late, H M Thompson, popieto of the St Louis Potteies, established an office on the west side unde an ageement which pemitted him to display samples of his companys poducts "inside of the ion ailing" That could have included a wide ange of things since the St Louis Potteies made sewe pipe, dain tile, mineal paint, queenswae, tea cotta and hydaulic cement78 Even the space unde the potico of the noth wing was tuned to the geneation of evenue A notay public took one-half of the space thee afte ageeing to pay $50 in ent each yea As was the case with the ealie leases, the tenant had to pay all the costs fo wok equied to make the space usable, including those of extending the steam lines in ode to povide heat79 The poceeds that could be deived fom such leases wee not sufficient to cause the commissiones to allow them to emain in effect fo vey long n esponse to a equest on Decembe 7, 1874, fo new juy ooms, they odeed the county counselo to find a way 76 bid, XX, 408; XX, bid, XX, 272, 284 and Compton and Dy, Pictoial St Louis, 50 Recod of the leases is to be found in Cout Recods, XX, and Cout Recods, XX,

163 L D C l JfA, i Figue 34 Bids-Eye View of the Couthouse and Gounds, 1875 Fom Richad J Compton and Cami 11 e N Dy, Pictoial St Louis -olitesy of the MecantlieL1bay, StLouis -125-

164 ;, J J,) 1 Ltil wl j J l J i J J l J J J J J J J

165 F" l ( - :: : : c; """ to get the tenants out of the basement of the noth wing in ode to make the space thee available fo the juosbo Limited though the income fom those leases may have been, it must have helped when an unexpected expense aose as a esult of the collapse of the flag pole atop the lanten in Septembe 1873 t had lasted fo a bit moe than a decade, and its eplacement was diected in Januay 1874 That would last fo almost exactly the same amount of time as had the oiginal The City of St Louis in 1884 spent $1, fo a 11 new flag pole, ball and epais" The ball at the base of the pesent pole was, howeve, found in 1979 to have an insciption on one of its pats which is dated June 18, 6cJainfataJ 1 epais athe than complete eplacement of The cuious elationship of city and county continued to impinge on the histoy of the Couthouse Afte sending a bi 11 on Mach 30, 1874, fo "a lot of secondhand funitue" left in the oom which was now occupied by Cicuit Cout No 5, the city did a volte-face by willingly paying fo a six-inch wate main which was laid in Fouth Steet between Maket and Chestnut in the following July 82 The ion fence and its stone base had now stood fo almost thity yeas Thei condition pompted a discussion in Mach 1875 of the desiability of movin% them to the new County Poo House and of flagging the gounds 3 The question was taken unde advisement but nothing was done at the time The fence would in fact emain in pl ace fo anothe decade and its stone base was not emoved until The idea of placing flagging in the yads was dopped completely The need of both the assesso and the ecode of deeds fo additional office space was bought to the attention of the commissiones in May 1875 Chales Geen, Pesident of the Boad of Assessos, dew up a plan fo changes in the south wing which utilizes vey nicely a lot of what has heetofoe been waste oom in the building The wide and commodious 80 bid, 329 and bid, 337; Mayos Message Mby, 1885, 127 nfomation about the insciption supplied y Michael G Hunte, Cout Recods, XX, 438; City Odinance 9069, July 7, Cout Recods, XX, 404 and

166 l l \ : ("" hall, which sepaates the south wing fom the main building, has neve been of the least pactical use and it is a ae thing that anyone passes though, thee being moe convenient means of access to the vaious ooms than though it The alteations contemplated will close this hall up on each side of the entance to the otunda fom the Maket steet font and that potion east will be united to the assessos office, also including what is now the sheiffs office in the main building The space taken in on the west side will be added in like manne to the ecodes office The wok of making these alteations will be poceeded with immediately, and when completed will tansfom these offices fom the most inconvenient to the most convenient in the cout house84 The newly-ceated offices would have been on the fist floo of the tansvese hal 1 between the otunda and the south wing, and the account of the wok that would have been equied fai 1 s to note that it would indeed have been substantial and costly Windows o doos would have been equied at the east and the west ends of the hall and the cast-ion stais which had been installed in 1857 would have to be emoved85 That much wok was beyond the county 1 s means and, desiable though the enlagement of the two offices may have been, the poject was qui et ly abandoned n the couse of the discussion of the plan which Geen advanced, a desciption was given of the existing office of the ecode which would also apply to othe quates within the Couthouse t was said to have "neve been fitted up with any conveniences, and its appeaance is vey like that of a hospital fo disabled funitue, o a junk shop Few of the county officials, one suspects, could boast of anything that was much moe elegant The ealiest efeence to a est oom fo women had come in 1868 when a equest was eceived fo pemission to un a wate pipe fom the battey oom of the Fie and Police Telegaph in the noth wing "to the ladies pivy diectly undeneath" That eceived a favoable esponse fom Edwad Motime, then the supeintendent and achitect, but it is not clea if the pipe was eve actually 9- stalled The "Ladies Saloon" was, howeve, efubished in St Louis Republican, May 30, The fact that the hall would have to be "blocked up" was mentioned in St Louis Globe-Democat, May 30, Republican, May 30, Cout Recods, XV, 243 and 251; XX,

167 ( 11o, Evidence of the continuing financial difficulties faced by the county is scatteed though the ecods of the 1870s An attempt to foce the Law Libay to pay fo the gas it had consumed seved only to daw the ie of the local Ba Association, the county commissiones ultimately finding it politic to assume all esponsibility fo the bills fom the past as well as those of the futue That is an indication of both the influence of the attoneys and of the condition of the countys teasuy The expense of maintaining the Couthouse was becoming inceasingly oneous88 Changes in funishings and lighting fixtues made in the past had poduced an accumulation of "old tables, benches, chandelies and othe old ubbish 11 The commissiones odeed that all of that be sold in June 1875 f cout officials had thei way, the money deived fom the sale could be quickly spent James J Lindley, the Judge in Cicuit Cout No 4, equested epais and impovements in his oom on the east side of the fist floo in the noth wing ealy in 1876, and the Pobate Cout asked fo a new ceiling ove the coutoom on the south side of the east wing in Febuay of the following yea89 Anothe alteation of the basement of the east wing was conducted in Mach 1876 n this instance, a patition was un acoss the space unde the potico in ode to ceate an office fo the countys school commissione 90 That pat it ion emained in pl ace at the time the National Pak Sevice moved into the building Mino though that wok was, it epesented the only eal change made in the inteio duing 1876 The county commissiones accustomed eluctance, o inability, to povide funds fo enovating o emodeling the stuctue had now inceased fo a vey obvious eason t had become cetain that the City of St Louis would sepaate fom St Louis County and that owneship of the Couthouse would be tansfeed to the city as pat of the pocess Thee was, theefoe, little if any inducement fo the county to appopiate funds fo pojects at the building duing the yea Among the fist expenses to be absobed by the City of St Louis wee those connected with changes made in the Supeme Couts oom on the west side of the second floo of the south wing That cout discontinued its sessions in St Louis and the space it had occupied was assigned to a newly ceated Cout of Appeals Roughly 88 bid, XX, 362, 375, 382 and bid, XX, 154; XX, 21; XX, bid, XX,

168 l l t" l $900 wee spent to povide funitue, capets, oil cloth, matting and C!ltains fo the judges of the new Cout of Appeals duing The cost to the city of maintaining that paticula coutoom deceased shaply in each subsequent yea until 1885 when the State of Missoui assumed esponsibility fo its upkeep o impovement The wok undetaken duing the bief peiod in which the city povided fo the needs of the Cout of Appeals does, howeve, contain one mino mystey $46 wee spent to cut a window fo the cout in 1877 but the ecod is tantalizingly silent as to whee the opening was located92 Thee is equal uncetainty about whethe a change in the kind of stoage facilities which wee used by the clek of the Cicuit Cout occued at this time o if the body to whom he now epoted simply began to ecod tansactions which the county commissiones had not noted in thei own minutes The clek, once the city and the county became sepaate political entities, was unde the juisdiction of the judges of the Cicuit Cout meeting in Geneal Tem They would on uncounted occasions pass on expenditues fo tin boxes, always appopiately painted and letteed, to be used fo the stoage of ecods93 Such enties continue until well into the twentieth centuy and the numbe of tin boxes which wee then to be found within the Couthouse stagges the imagination The space assigned to the clek came to contain many thousands of such document boxes Both cutains and window shades wee in use by this time, and the funitue in the chambes of the judges had taken on a athe comfotable chaacte Lounges had been puchased as ealy as July 1878 Simi 1 a funishings, sometimes futhe descibed as having leathe coves, continued to be acquied thoughout the balance of the peiod in which the Cicuit Cout was located within the Couthouse94 Although the damage it caused was mino, a fie at the Couthouse on May 28, 1877, bought foth infomation on the space between the 91 Mayos Message 1878, Fo the final statement of expenses incued "6Y""the city fo the Cout of Appeals, see bid 1886, Mayos Message 1878, Fo the ealiest ecod see, Minutes of the Geneal Tenn,, 389, dated July 12, Geneal Tenn,, 383 and

169 l i l \ pwi l c inne and oute domes One would not expect gas lighting to have been installed thee and the ecod of this episode demonstates that such a conclusion is waanted Smoke was seen issuing fom the cicula windows at the base of the dome at about 11 am Fiemen ascended the staicase, descibed as being naow and dak, and "goped about, feeling fo the heat, and wondeing whee the concealed flame could be 11 That tactic poved unsuccessful, and one of thei numbe, Phelim Toole, decided that the location could moe easily be detemined at the exteio He had ecently been the heo of the Southen Hotel fie, one of the wost eve to occu in St Louis, and he now climbed though one of the cicula windows and made his way up to the oute suface of the dome whee he extinguished the smoldeing fie The entie incident is of moe than passing inteest and not only because it ceates a link between the stuctue and a celebated chaacte in local histoy The desciption of the fie, in the fist place, gives an indication that the light povided by the glass in the walkway and by the twenty-fou cicula windows was athe limited, but that no atificial system was pesent to act as a supplement Secondly, the epot of the location of the fie aises a quest ion as to whethe it might have been caused by lightning95 Expenditues fo funishings in the ooms of the Cicuit Cout wee somewhat above aveage duing 1877 and 1878 The citys accounts, howeve, do not make clea what was puchased o specifically whee wok was done They state simply that close to $1,200 wee spent fo "capets, oil cloths, matting and window cutains" in 1877; anothe $470 fo simila puposes in 1878; and ove $900 fo capente wok and epais in the latte yea Significant changes in the lighting system ae shown in a seies of payments made between Octobe 7, 1878, and Febuay 3, 1879 A 11 of the bills wee pesented to the Cicuit Cout and they totaled $58450 n the same geneal peiod, nealy $1,000 wee spent fo new funish in gs in the Cout of Appeals 96 Appeciable changes must have been made in the coutooms o in the off ices but we have no way of detemining what they wee A new, as well as unusual, use fo the basement of the east wing began to be discussed in 1878 The Missoui Histoical Society 95 Globe-Democat, May 29, 1877 The epot attibuted the fie to a ciga having been discaded but did not offe an explanation of why the location could be detemined only fom outside the dome, a fact that suggests an exteio cause 96 Geneal Tem,, 410, 412, 416 and 424; Mayos Message 1878, ; 1879,

170 : c;,,,,,, indicated a desie to locate a museum thee and the equest was appoved7 in Novembe The society emained at the Couthouse until While the funitue and display cases, which the society had designed especially fo it by a local achitect, wee descibed as 11 elegant, 11 the published accounts of the museum wee quite citical of the ove-all conditions in the east wings basement One visito ef eed to it as a "dingy chambe 11 Anothe indicated that it was still, as it had been in 1869, "gloomy, dismal and dusty and unfit fo habitation Simila comments could, in all pobability, have been made about the basements of the othe wings at the time The pesistent legend that the histoical society installed the ion gates in this aea as a fom of potection fo its exhibits does not stand to a test Those gates had been hung moe than a decade ealie and they simply emained in place duing the time the museum was located within the basement Wallpape and electic clocks began to be mentioned in the ecods petaining to the Couthouse duing 1878 The clocks, unning on cuent supplied by batteies, wee the subject of special maintenance contacts in the ensuing yeas, indicating that the janitoial staff at the Couthouse found it impossible to keep them in unning condition99 An additional venti 1 ato in the oval coutoom in the east wing and the install at ion of a chandelie in the Pobate Cout on the south side of the fist floo of the same wing wee noted towad the end of the decade, but wok of that natue did 1 ittl e to meet the scope of the poblems which had aisen The Boad of Public mpovements estimated that $5,000 wee equied fo epais to the heating system and fo wok on leaking oofs and guttes The plumbing system was found to be in need of a complete ovehaul Futhemoe, as ealy as May 17, 1878, it was glumly noted that "the fescoing on the inteio of the dome is gadually sealing off At an expense now of $250 o $300 the whole can be etouched and p 1 aced in good condition, but if a 11 owed to ena in as at pesent the expense heeafte to place it in pope ode will be 97 City Odinance 10893, Novembe 25, 1878; Geoge R Books, "The Fist Centuy of the Missoui Histoical Society, 11 Bulletin of the Missoui Histoical Society, XX, No 3 (Apil, 1966),283:- 98 Books, "Fist Centuy, City Odinance 10817, Mach 28, 1879; Mayos Message 1879,

171 !?11 L fi f 1 tu F1 L: [F1 tu Fl [ : n : i [! ", - " geatly inceased All that povides the backgound fo the events of 1880 : loo Geneal Tenn,, 403 and 446; Mayos Message 1875, ; 1879, _ - "-

172 : _ :( "" RENOVATON N THE ROTUNDA; DECLNE EVERYWHERE ELSE, The Couthouse continued to be egaded as the most significant public stuctue in St Louis, and the citys mayo fo 1880 advanced the notion that it should be made even lage Expessing the geneal dissatisfaction with the City Hall which had been eected in 1873, he cal led fo the ceation of additional space to house the municipal offices though the extension of the wings of the pesent cout house The design of this imposing stuctue is cucifom and the extension of the nothen and southen wings to Fouth and fifth steets espectively would add to athe than impaj its achitectual beauty if popely executed l His suggestion was given due consideation by the citys legislative body but by June 5, 1880, it "decided to give up the poject of building anothe wing on the Cout-house, pefeing to use the money which would be equied fo the impovement in epaiing steets" The epot of that action concluded with an obsevation that "this is pobably a sensible thing to do We can get along, afte a fashion, without an enlagement of the Cout-house, but steet epai is something which cies to Heaven evey hou in the day 11 2 The mayos plan was theefoe shelved--the city would eventually eect the pesent City Hall at Tucke Boulevad and Maket in the 1890s--but the men who ovesaw the citys budget still found it necessay to pay heed to inceasingly obvious damage done in the otunda by the intusion of wate t is ionic that the wok which Thomas Walsh had oveseen in 1869 and 1870 had been so lavishly paised at that time as a vast impovement ove the faulty constuction which had been supevised by his pedecessos He would at least indiectly take a geat deal of the blame fo the poblems which wee appaent to all visitos to the otunda only a decade late although Wima, Becke and Pomaede wee not found to be above citicism On July 2, 1880, it was said that The City authoities have at last decided that the inteio of the Cout House dome is in need of enovation The fesco wok has an antique appeaance and the figues 1 Mayos Message 1880, 13 2 Post-Dispatch, June 5,

173 L : : - (" "" t; l ae decidedly ancient The pictue of Justice fo instance, shows signs of ough usage which may b mistaken as emblematic of the aticle dispensed in the Coutooms The lage paintings executed by Weima, epesenting the discovey of the Mississippi by DeSoto, the landing of Laclede, the ndian attack on St Louis in 1764 [sic], and a view of the Chatopa Pass [sic] in the Rocky Mountains, have been somewhat damaged time, and need a little etouching Some of the allegoical figues ae out of fashion and equie new obes, o an entie blotting out The Mecuial gentleman, especially, who has just lighted on a heaven-kissing hill, is in want of a summe coat, and may well be placed on the etied list3 While that would suggest that changing tastes influenced the decision to alte the appeaance of the otunda, the same epot also took note of puely physical deficiencies which called fo coection At pesent the dome is in a leaky condition, and the "wate colos" on the walls and floos ae cetainly a "touch of natue" wothy of the attention of the oofe and glazie The biggest leak is diectly in the eye of the dome, fom which the ain-dops descend wheneve thee is a showe This leak has existed fo many yeas and ought to be stopped befoe the atist begins wok4 The emodeling conducted in 1869 had, in shot, to bea a lage pat of the es pons ibi l ity fo the fact that yet anothe majo expense had to be faced in 1880 in ode to make the otunda pesentable Scaffolding began to be eected in that space by July 11 and city officials took the pecaution of posting placads on it "cautioning people to keep away" Plasteing was stated six days lte, and the wokmen spent oughly a month woking in the otunda That is in itself a measue of the extent of the damage which had been done by the leakage of wate since Walsh had completed his poject The plaste of the uppe dome, along with Pomaedes paintings of Fedinand, Napoleon, Jeffeson and Columbia, could not be saved even if anyone had tuly consideed it desiable to attempt to do so 3 Globe-Democat, July 2, bid 5 bid, July 11 and 17, 1880; Post-Dispatch, July 22 and August

174 (> ""- The basic decisions concening which potions of the decoative wok would be etained, and which would not, had been made befoe July 2 Wima s fou lunettes wee found to need only "etouching" by Ettoe S Miagoli who was then aleady at wok on the design of new enbel 1 ishments fo othe suf aces in the otunda As the Globe-Democat noted, "some of his designs ae said to be vey fine, and special pains will be taken to give the inteio a oe imposing and moe atistic appeaance" A week late, the same newspape alluded to Miagol is seach "fo somebody to sit fo a potait of Justice t is sumised that he will have to go aboad fo a sitte 11 6 Leaving aside the sacasm of the concluding sentence, that is clea poof that much, if not all, of the geneal natue and extent of the wok which the atist was to do had been detemined by July 9 Since he did not actually begin woking in the otunda until moe than anothe month had passed, it is equally clea that the men who had hied him had advance knowledge of his plans as well as full oppotunity to demand any evisions which may have seemed appopiate o necessay Mi ago l is caee in St Louis can be taced only in its boad outlines and much about him emains shouded in shadows He had appeaed in that city in 1873, then establishing himself in business as a fesco atist Between 1875 and 1878, he woked in patneship with Attilio Moetti, and continued to style his fim "ES Miagoli & Co" until 1886 The name o names of the people who woked with him afte 1878 have not come to light but his wife, Magaet, may have been involved She continued to opeate the business afte he husbands death in Contempoay comments by St Louis ans about Mi ago l i wee unif omly laudatoy On two occasions he was called "a distinguished 11 talian atist" and on anothe the celebated talian atist 11 8 The decision of local officials to employ him to do the decoative wok within the otunda was based on that eputation and on thei own pesonal knowledge of the quality of his wok Miagoli was no stange to them in 1880 fo he had completed the fescoing of Cicuit Cout No 2 at the west side of the noth wings fist floo by Octobe 6, August Becke was still active and advetised 6 Globe-Democat, July 2 and 9, nfomation deived fom diectoies of the City of St Louis, Globe-Democat, August 14, 1880; M M Yeakle, S, The Cit of St Louis of To-Da: ts Pogess and Pospects (St Louis, TS8"9T, soui epli6tican, Novembe 28, Geneal Tem,,

175 l, : i l c "" - his sevices as a fescoe on June 20, 1880, boasting that "many of the finest esidences in this city have been decoated by him afte the new pocess 11 lo He may have entetained some hope of secuing the commission fo the wok in the otunda but, in light of Miagol is local statue, Becke could hadly have been supised by the citys choice of his competito 1880 was something of a banne yea fo Miagoli, and he was so successful in obtaining wok that a question aises as to whethe he could have single-handedly accomplished eveything His fim was paid fo "painting and fescoing Coutoom No 4," located 011 the east side of the fist floo of the noth wing, on Octobe 26)1 Only a mnth late, the fist sevice was held in the newly-constucted Compton Avenue Pesbyteian Chuch at Compton and Washington in St Louis That building also contained a display of Miagoli s talents which pompted me paise The decoations of oof and walls ae by Miagoli, the celebated talian atist in fesco painting, who has achieved such a fine eputation by othe woks of simila chaacte All gloomy effects ae avoided, and delicate 12 tints and fine effects ae poduced by the maste atist The wok in both the coutoom and the chuch was being bought to completion at the vey time Miagoli was involved in the decoation of the otunda Because of the need fo eplasteing of the uppe dome, fescoing within the otunda was not begun until August 13, 1880, even though the atist had been at wok on the designs since ealy July An announcement that the "fescoing of the Cout-house dome has been completed, and the unsightly scaffolding is being emoved" was pinted on Novembe 27, 1880, just a day befoe the epot appeaed concening the Compton Avenue Pesbyteian Chuchs inaugual sevice in the congegations new building 1 3 Given all that, one must abandon the notion that Miagoli was pesonally esponsible fo the edecoation of the otunda A epot notfog that he was not woking alone appeaed at the time in the lo Globe-Democat, June 20, Geneal Tem,, Missoui Republican, Novembe 28, 1880 The aticle efes only to "D Bookes chuch" but James H Bookes is known to have been the ministe at the Compton Avenue congegation fom 1864 to 1897 See Hyde and Conad, Encyclopedia of the Histoy of St Louis, Globe-Denocat, August 14, 1880; Post-Dispatch, Novembe 27,

176 (::""" \, - 1 Globe-Democat, it mentioning that he "was assisted by some of the best fesco atists in Ameica Miagoli was the designe and the tue guiding foce behind the wok but in a stict sense cedit fo the final poduct must be given to "ES Miagoli & Co" and a pat of it may well belong to his wife Magaet The belief that Miagoli was an aogant talian who obliteated the wok of Cal Wima out of a callous disegad fo its tue atistic meit must also be fosaken No is thee any basis fo the 1 egend that he would have ceated new woks ove Wima s fou 1 u nettes if August Becke had not ushed to thei defense n tuth, Mi ago 1i 1 s ccmmi ss ion fom the vey beginning cal led only fo the "etouching" of those scenes and local officials had detemined that no moe extensive wok was equied on them befoe Miagoli undetook the task of devising new designs fo the decoation of the otunda Such etouching was all that was equied to bing the 1 unettes back to a satisfactoy state and was theefoe all that Miagoli was asked o expected to do The balance of the wok by Wima, and all of the poducts of the effots of Becke and Pomaede, wee found to have eached a level of deteioation which demanded complete eplacement One St Louis an put it succinctly: "When the city fat hes decided to enovate and epaint the dome, it was in a shamefully di 1 apidated state Nealy all of the paintings and emblems wee unecognizable and the fescoing was cacked and tanished The judgment as to what spaces should be coveed with new paintings o fescoing and what elements of the olde wok should be saved was, theefoe, based on vey pactical standads The uppe dome, the featue which had been ceated in 1869 and on which Leon Pomaede had then done potaits of Fedinand of Spain, Napo lean Bonapate and Thomas Jeffeson as well as the figue of Columbia, had been eithe eplasteed o extensively patched duing the month befoe Miagol i and his cew began thei poject None of Pomaede s wok could be saved and the at is ts now endeed in place of it potaits, set within weaths, of Chistophe Columbus, Abaham Lincoln, John Adams and Ulysses Gant Spaced between those wee compositions epesenting 11 agicultue, commece, the United States and the administation of Govenment" 1 6 All eight 14 Globe-Democat, Decembe 5, 1880 the text See Appendix B, pat 4, fo 15 Post-Dispatch, Novembe 27, 1880 the text See Appendix B, pat 3, fo 16 bid -137-

177 woks wee placed within fames that extended upwad to fom tapezoidal panels which teminated just below the conice ove the dome The whole of those decoative featues ceated in the uppe dome in 1880 wee given detai 1 ed study by Walte Nitk i ewicz of the Nat ion al Pak Sevice in He subsequently diected the econstuction on canvas of this pat of Miagolis wok and the potaits and emblems which ae now visible in the uppe dome epesent an accuate epoduction of the decoation as it was in 1880 A 11 tace of Willi an Smiths stuccoed oak weath o August Beckes fescoed eagle and weaths of ivy and olive on the conice which uns between the uppe and lowe domes disappeaed duing the couse of the edecoation accomplished in 1880 Miagolis caftsmen painted the conice to look like mable The ibs of the lowe dome wee also made to esemble that mateial Thee is no evidence to indicate the fom of embellishment, if any, that had been applied to those ibs befoe 1880 They may have simply been given a coat of paint in 1862 At any ate, the mableizing done unde Miagolis diection was one of the fist featues of his effot to be coveed ove by subsequent paintes A band of ed cheies and geen leaves set against a monochomatic backgound was ceated on the ibs in 1905 The simulation of mable in the lowe dome disguised the fact that it was actually constucted fom such pedestian mateials as lath and plaste That attempt to ceate an illusion of a moe costly building mateial is also evident in the fou potaits in the uppe dome They wee endeed in a way that made it seem to a vi ewe that they wee caved fom stone athe than painted on a smooth plaste suface Walte Nitkiewiczs study in showed that the emains of Wimas allegoical figues in the lowe dome which could be found undeneath Miagolis wok wee fa fom complete The patching o epl asteing which was needed in 1880 explains that finding, and the conclusion that much of Wimas wok was then in uins is bolsteed Unde those conditions, city officials had no eal choice as to whethe Miagoli should be told to ceate new at wok thee, but the matte of what subjects should be included was completely open The desies o wishes of the municipal leades would pevail in that egad and a significant shift away fom the attitudes o peceptions which had undelain the ealie deco at ion of the otunda became appaent The "patiotic and stay dome" that had in 1862 offeed gaphic evidence of the political allegiance of the county commissiones duing the Civil Wa was tansfomed in a way -138-

178 , that made it consistent with the tastes and views of a new age Allegoy continued to be dominant but in a eshaped, moe subdued and fa less patisan fom t would, all things consideed, not be inappopiate to deem the new decoative wok as much a eflection of the climate of the peiod of post-reconstuction as Wimas effots had been of the Civil Wa o Pomaedes of the iunediate post-wa peiod The possibility cetainly exists that the oiginal plan devised in 1880 called fo new figues epesenting the fou subjects which Wima had teated in the lowe dome Miagoli was said in July to be seaching fo a oodel on which he could base his vesion of Justice Law, anothe of the fou topics to which Wima had addessed himself, was in fact included in Miagolis poject That opens the intiguing possibility that Libety and Counece wee also consideed fo einclusion \oalen the wok of 1880 began to be discussed and that new vesions of all fou of the subjects \oalich Wima had depicted wee envisioned Be that as it may, by August 14, 1880, it had been detemined that Miagoli would ceate epesentations of Law, Knowledge, Histoy and nstuction 17 Each of those figues is a matte of inteest Miagolis attempt to depict Law eplaced Wimas teatment of the same topic in the southeast panel Whethe knowingly o not, the talian did just what Wima had at fist intended to do--he made the figue female Libety, the "seenely adiant Ameican divinity" which in 1862 gaced the notheasten panel, gave way to the much blande chaacte of Knowledge At the nothwest, Commece, which had in a sense eflected the hopes and the deams of St Louisans about thei citys futue economic supemacy, was suppl anted by a figue meant to epesent Histoy The scantily-clad Mecuy which Wima included in that panel had been found semiscandalous, patially explaining the change to a decoously gabed woman, but a conscious desie to make the symbolism moe geneal and less locally oiented appeas evident "Sten Justice," in the southwesten panel, was supeceded by Miagolis attempt to depict the non-judicial nstuction His atists also coveed ove the five-pointed stas \oalich Becke had placed in the lowe dome All of the witten comments on that pat of the wok done in 1862 stess the degee to which patiotic fevo had been epesented n 1870, fo example, efeence was made to the "cluste of stas, that bight emblem of Ameican feedom1118 Those stas now disappeaed fom view as the allegoical 17 Globe-Democat, August 14, Daily Democat, Januay 7,

179 m L [ ( and symbolic pupose of the otunda decoation was tuned towad intellectual geneality and away fom chauvinism Some significance might be attached to the fact that Wima had in the lowe dome depicted two male figues--so lon and Mecuy--but that Miagoli used females fo all fou of his epesentations Miagoli s effots stuck a jounalist of the time as appeaing "at fist view, athe masculine in fame, a judgment which an examination of the dome as it is today suppots ndeed, the fou othe allegoical figues in the otunda, those at the fouth level galley, ae fa ooe feminine, giving ise to speculation that a diffeent atist painted them Since the figues in the dome ae the oost impotant element in the decoative wok done in 1880, one is inclined to attibute those fou to Miagoli himself and to suspect that he planned but did not pesonally execute the fou figues at the lowe level The subjects of the allegoical woks on the fouth level galley wee descibed on August 14, 1880, as "Di 1 igence, with all the appliances of pesistent application; Constancy, with the emblems of undeviating devotion; the Republic, with its univesal libety emblems; and the Administation, with its evenly equalized scales of just ice That, howeve, epesents wok that was planned befoe Miagoli and his employees actually ascended the scaffolding, and by the time the poject was completed the topics teated in this pat of the otunda had been changed to "the Republic, Vigilance, Constancy and Assiduity" 21 The notion of including a figue to epesent Administation had been discaded and Vigilance had been selected as its eplacement The change fom Diligence to Assiduity lent intellectual tone to the listing but did not eflect any tue diffeence in subject matte None of the accounts of those fou figues offeed any indication of the pecise location in which each subject was endeed The Republic would seem to be the female on the notheast who holds a fasces in he left hand and has a libety cap on he head Vigilance is likely to be epesented at the nothwest side by the figue beaing a swod in he ight hand and esting he left hand on a column Constancy is pobably the woman on the southwest with an hou glass in he ight hand, leaving the woman at the southeast, gabed in a geen blouse and a ed scaf, to denote Assiduity o Diligence Such identifications ae, to be sue, mattes fo speculation and cannot be poven fom the witten ecod of the peiod 19 Globe-Democat, Decembe 5, bid, August 14, bid, Decembe 5,

180 l :f <, (""" The amount of etouching which was equied on Wimas fou lunettes can be detemined in but a geneal way The view of the Cochetopa Pass, egaded in 1880 as the finest of the fou scenes, was found to have been "but little injued by the dampness" The state of the south lunette, that showing DeSotos discovey of the Mississippi, was not specifically mentioned, but its accuacy was challenged since the men "ae depicted in gay holiday costume by the atist, but histoy descibes them as in a vey dilapidated condition when they eached the left bank of the Fathe of Wates" That scene, as well as the endeing of Lacledes landing at St Louis in 1764, may have been on a wites mind when he alluded to "the old paintings that wee etouched" and which "had decayed a good deal, on account of the leakage of the oof The atistic meit of the noth lunette caused it to be deemed a matte apat fom the othe wok by Wima On the noth side is a miseable attempt to potay the attack made upon St Louis by the Bitish and ndians while many of the inhabitants wee gatheing stawbeies on Copus Chisti day nea the Cadinal Sping A fine likeness of Matha Washington, painted by Miagoli, is unde this battle scene, which he sconed to etouch23 Since it is highly unlikely that the noth lunette was not in need of some etouching, Miagoli must have delegated that task to one of his enployees while taking pesonal esponsibility fo the efubishment of the othe lunettes While the potait of Matha Washington below the noth lunette was detemined to be "fine," and that of Edwad Bates beneath the south lunette was called a "good 1 ikeness," the attempt to depict Thomas Hat Benton was found wanting His potait below the east lunette was egaded as "not good No comment was passed on the atistic meit of the likeness of Geoge Washington unde the view of the Cochetopa Pass Thee ae in all twelve diffeent histoical figues depicted within the otunda: Columbus, Lincoln, Adams and Gant in the uppe dome; the two Washingtons, Bates and Benton beneath the lunettes; and Dani el Webste, Henando DeSoto, Andew Johnson and Fancis Bl ai immediately below the thee-di mens ion al epesent at ions of 22 bid 23 bid 24 bid -141-

181 ;: :: (:?>\ the Seal of the State of Missoui Whethe by eason of a conscious decision made in 1880 o not, that unites thee men who held political office with a non-political peson in each of the thee sets of potaits The list of the twelve also gives additional eason to believe that indecision o changes of mind still affected the Couthouse As late as August 14, 1880, it was stated that thee wee to be potaits of both Thomas Jeffeson and Benjamin Fankl in25 Neithe was epesented in the wok completed in Novembe The fescoed panels and moldings ich Becke had ceated on the walls with in the otunda wee coveed with new fescoing which was 11 descibed as well done and a close inspection only will eveal that the \lalls ae not of vaiegated mable atistically joined togethe The columns and pilastes at all levels of the space had been made to esemble mable in 1862 and 1864, and that fom of painting was epeated by Miagolis caftsmen in 1880 No witten desciption has been found that suggests anything of the appeaance of the ealie wok That of Miagoli is, convesely, mentioned in two diffeent places: once as simulating "bocadella, saojadbiche, on-toato, sefontane, etc, 11 and on the othe occasion as 11 geen Egyptian, b7atella, Savoyad, Rosso Floato, Sefontane, and antique geen 11 Such nomenc 1 a tu e suggests that shades of geen and pink wee dominant on all of the sufaces which wee not coveed by allegoical figues, emblematic wok o potaitue A wholly new appeaance geeted St Louisans who enteed the otunda at the beginning of Decembe 1880 The last pat of the scaffolding which the plastees and atists had used was taken away on Decembe 4, evealing that the whole inteio of the otunda and dome, fom the gound floo to the eye of the cupola, has been painted and fescoed, the fine paintings at the fou sides etouched, and a lage numbe of new figues added, all in oil colos, that will emain fo many yeas and gow moe attactive unde the mellowing touch of time the otunda has a moe imposing look t pesents a scene that is extemely pleasant to the eye, and eveything is indicative of atistic taste and skill of the highest ode28 25 bid, August 14, Post-Dispatch, Novembe 27, Globe-Democat, August 14, 1880; Missoui Republican, Novembe 28, Globe-Democat, Decembe 5,

182 f l : : :: {" (!""" " The contast between the old and the new decoative wok was not ovelooked: One of the pincipal faults in the geneal effect heetofoe was that it gave the appeaance of being too long t is now bette popotioned, the stong coloing in the middle of the otunda deceasing that objectionable defect The wok is classed as classical decoation, in the Geek-Roman style, and is in keeping with the inteio achitectue n all, it is a vey fine and atistic conclusion of the labos of this distinguished atis and eflects cedit upon his taste, skill and judgment Futhe paise was also fothcoming fom the judges and lawyes, taking t1j fom of a "complimentay lette" which they sent to Mi agol i Without any question, the wok done in 1880 was eceived vey favoably and stuck at least a vocal element of the community as being fa moe appopiate to the impotance of the Couthouse than had been the examples of the talent of Wima, Becke and Pomaede The etouching of Wimas lunettes was not, howeve, completely successful n 1885, and again in 1887, comments wee published indicating that the scene on the noth side had become faded; that the view of the Cochetopa Pass was peeling and suffeing fom loosened plaste; and that all fou views wee coated with a laye of dust31 August Becke indicated that he was willing to estoe and etouch the lunettes but, having paid the cost of binging them to a desiable condition in 1880, the city showed no desie to povide futhe money fo such a pupose afte less than a decade had passed No coective measues would be taken until afte the beginning of the twentieth centuy The expense of eveything that had been done to ceate the "vey fine and atistic conclusion" of Miagolis effot had been faily substantial He eceived $3,073; epais to the lanten and dome came to $19362; and a total of $47965 was spent fo whitewashing and plasteing duing the fiscal yea which ended on Apil 11, 1881 Much of the last item must have been equied fo wok within the otunda That ceated a stain on the appopiation made fo the upkeep of the Couthouse, and the judge of the Pobate 29 Missoui Republican, Novembe 28, Post-Dispatch, Novembe 27, Globe-Democat, May 22, 1885 and Octobe 5,

183 :_: - :" : c" Cout could well conside himself fotunate to be able to obtain moe than $400 fo capets and linoleum along with $449 fo a "pigeon hole case Those epesented fa and away the highest expenditues fo funishings o equipment duing the peiod in which Miagoli and his wokes wee engaged in edecoating the otunda Thee was, howeve, some sot of wok undeway in the vaious coutooms on August 19, 1880, which was meant to eady them fo the opening of the Octobe tem That effot was then descibed as "being pushed languidly fowad, 11 a comment that seems quite apt in the case of Cicuit Cout No 1 in the oval coutoom of the east wing The judge of that division was foced to make use of the oom assigned to the Cout of Appeals, that on the west side of the second floo of the south wing, in ealy Octobe The wok done in the oom which he would nomally have occupied may have involved the 11 galanized ion ventilatos" fo which the city expended $ Tightened contol ove expenditues became obvious in othe ways as well Even a ecommendation made by the commissione of public buildings, duplicating that advanced by Thomas Walsh in 1870 and again intended to lead to a decease in the cost of heating the stuctue, was ignoed: The open aeas o coidos connecting the noth and south wings of the building with the cente should be thooughly cased up and glazed so that the building would not be so exposed to the weathe, fom which it suffes geatly, and the expense of heating would by these measues be lessened34 The same local official would, with equal lack of success, epeat that plea a yea late35 Coective steps of a sot nevetheless do appea to have been taken in 1880 The epot of expenses incued duing the yea included $90 fo "stom doos 11 n the absence of othe infomation, that would be taken as a efeence to the exteio of the building Evidence that the doos wee actually installed in the inteio came fou yeas late when the stom doo of Cicuit Cout No 2 32 Mayos Message 1881, 89-90, Geneal Tenn,, 505 and Post-Dispatch, August 19 and Octobe 4, 1880; Mayos Message 1881, Mayos Message 1881, b id 1882,

184 ; : : c"" was epaied36 The coutoom was on the west side of the fist floo of the noth wing; it had no exteio dooway; and its enties fom the coido still had two sets of double-doos in 1940 The oute pai was, the ealie ecod stongly suggests, installed as added insulation equied duing the time in which the tansvese hall emained open to the weathe People who woked on the second floo of the south wing had addition al poblems duing each winte in this peiod Stoves had to be used to supplement whateve heat was being povided by the steam system thoughout evey winte between 1881 and On the othe hand, moden conveniences began to appea duing 1880 Telephones and a "telegaphic connection" between the coutooms and juy ooms wee made available fo the use of the judges by the end of the yea 38 The space on the thid floo of the noth wing was now taken up by nealy 900 batteies--and would soon contain wh ich wee used to povide electicity fo the Fie and Police Telegaph The office of that agency had simply un out of space, and it was moved to the oom on the east side of the coido leading fom the otunda on the second floo of the noth wing The Ba Association of St Louis fomely occupied that space but had vacated it befoe June 11, 1880 Evidence of the change in the usage of the oom was given when the wods "Fie Alam Telegaph Depatment" wee painted in gold "on the glass panels of the doo 11 Funishings moved fom the thid floo wee athe spatan in natue, the majo item being 11 a table with huge ound legs" which extended "aound the noth and east sides 11 Sixty-fou yads of linoleum odeed in August 1880 fo the use of the depatment epesented the only ecoded attempt to alte the appeaance of the oom39 The Couthouse gounds at this time had lawns in \titlich gass and clove wee delibeately intemingled Flowe beds wee pesent as ealy as 1878, and the ion tee boxes along the cubs wee eplaced duing 1881 nstallation of the new tee boxes was accompanied by the placement of ion ailings along the tops of the walls of the ecessed aeaways Some sot of epais wee made to 36 bid 1880, 95; Geneal Tenn,, Mayos Message 1882, 90; 1883, 80; 1884, 114; 1885, bid 1881, 90; Geneal Tenn,, Post-Dispatch, June 11, 1880; Mayos Message 1880, 462; 1881,

185 : : m!t" c" the hitching posts, but thei location and numbe wee not indicated in the ecods of the peiod 40 No othe efeence to those posts has been located By ode of the judges of the Cicuit Cout, enovations wee made in the oval coutoom in the east wing duing 1881 These epais, costing about $400, wee completed with, once again, no indication being given of the exact natue of the wok which was accomplished The judge of the cout thee also eceived a leathe chai and a evolving office chai as new funitue Cicuit Cout No 2, located on the west side of the fist floo of the noth wing, had a new ailing put in place in Octobe The majo alteation of 1882 affected the Law Libay at the east side of the coido on the second floo of the south wing The skylight which was installed thee at this time was paid fo by the city2 Remodeling of the inteio of the oom, howeve, was the esponsibility of the Law Libay Association and the natue of the wok done is eflected in the plan of the space which was dawn by J W Ginde at the end of the centuy (Figue 43) and a bluepint ceated fo the city in 1903 (Figue 35) They show an iegulaly-shaped mezzanine, the edges of which wee sufficiently fa fom the line of the walls to allow light fom the windows to each the, floo below The cente was open beneath the new skylight, and sets of steps which offeed access to the floo of the mezzanine wee placed at the east and the west edges of that opening Those intenal featues would emain in being until afte the Law Libay moved out of the Couthouse and the oom was adapted fo use as a coutoom in 1908 No inteio emodeling of simila magnitude to that which had been done in the Law Libay duing 1882 would be accomplished fo seveal moe yeas Majo expenses in the immediate futue would be incued fo such things as bookcases and shelves fo the ecode of deeds in 1883 and fo the ceation of a "wie station" on the oof of the noth wing in ode to impove the sevice of the Fie and Police Telegaph The outwad appeaance of the building would be futhe changed by the installation of lightning ods, and the ep 1 acement of the flag pole, duing 1884 n esponse to a ecommendation fom the commissione of public buildings, the ion fence was finally emoved in 1884, but an appopiation sufficient 40 Mayos Message 1881, 89-90; 1882, 90; J A Dacus and James W Buel, A Tou of St Louis m:- Louis, 1878), Geneal Tem,, 490, 500, 505 and Mayos Message 1883,

186 l l F" f"" Figue 35 Plan of the Law Libay, East Side of the Second Floo of the South Wing, 1903 Dotted lines indicate funishings o fittings which existed at the time the plan was dawn Fom of "Second Floo, 11 Auult 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson Nillonal Expansion Memo1a -147-

187 " : ") =:f : : :\ : " :,:: 1 ; i--1f:z-i_:;if-:--l=f ;----=-_J :- n, f Jj t1 1 1 LJt "\_J"",--- -1L- u,, t: f:::i _, : 11,11 1:Lt - l -- jj i! 11, ("i, 1 1,,,nf,i? f!ttilft,,, :1, " i f! Utl:!t t!h d 1L1u;u14, _ J, :-i " : 1 L _J 1 :: 11 il-- 11 L - -f - :J J,,, -ffl 1 1 C: T , LJ 11 1 \,, - t _, 0 L J ti L, - l--) c--- J :1, 1, i _J -- l,d, J -- -l L -== ,,,,, L J J -,l - L c---l-- k:tj

188 ( ": ; e """ to cove the cost of taking away its stone base was not made until 1895 The name of Fifth Steet was changed to Boadway in 1883 and, cetainly of geate signifkance to the men and women who taveled ove that thooughfae, it continued to be paved with wood blocks The fist use of a macadam suface fo the steets aound the Couthouse would not occu until the nineteenth centuy had dawn almost to a close43 A new ail, to divide the official fom the public sections, was built in the oval coutoom of the west wing duing 1883, and "seveal wate closets fo the accomodation of judges and cleks of the seveal couts" wee neaing completion somewhee in the building in Apil 1884 Painting, papeing and glazing costs in 1884 almost exactly matched those incued in the same peiod fo wok on the plumbing, lighting and heating systems Remodeling and maintenance costs, in shot, attained a sot of paity The lagest expense which had to be met duing 1884, howeve, was deived fom the laying of "cement floo in basement" The exact location of that wok was not specified in the ecod of the payment The city spent a total of $4,425 and that suggests a lage aea having been paved44 An expense of that magnitude almost invaiably caused the men esponsible fo the opeation of the Couthouse to seek out ways in which othe costs could be paed to the baest minimum Thei eaction in 1884 was indeed typical, and it dew an iate comment fom a peson who used the pen name "Reade" when he wote to the Post-Dispatch would like to ask though the medium of you valuable pape why it is that the gas in the coidos of the Cout House is neve lighted; the fixtues ae thee t cetainly would be an impovement that would call fo the thanks of all those whose business call them to this gloomy building45 No ecod of the citys esponse has been found, but the esuect ion of the tem "gloomy" as an adjective appopiate to the inteio of the building must have stung 43 City Odinance 12130, Febuay 11, 1883; City Odinance 12505, May 20, 1883; City Odinance 12454, Mach 27, 1883; City Odinance 21895, Mach 24, 1895; Ma,os Message 1883, 50; 1884, and 196; 1885, 127 and Geneal Tem,, 579; Mayos Message 1884, 196; 1885, Post-Dispatch, June 18,

189 - [ ( : : : / : : :, : : f" Plumbing, gas-fittings and sewes would again gain the attention of the commissione of public buildings in 1885 At the end of the yea, he optimistically announced that the epais and alteations which had been made would mean that little moe money would have to be spent in the nea futue That did not, he cautioned, mean that poblems did not emain in evidence at the Couthouse The guttes on the dome ae otten and destoyed, and should be eplaced with new ones The public wate closets and uinals in the basement have been a cause of complaints fom offices of the building fo a numbe of yeas, and in fact thei sanitay condition is so bad that the Boad of Health declaed them a nuisance, and ecommended thei eplacement with new and bette ones Steps wee taken to accomplish this, but owing to insufficient means available fo the pupose, the poject was abandoned t should, howeve, eceive pompt attention46 Any hope he may have had that an appopiation fo those puposes wou 1 d be fothcoming was dashed in the next yea The plumbing, gas-fittings and heating system--the vey things he had believed would not ceate any inunediate poblems--equied epais which cost nealy $2,000 All othe pojects had to be defeed47 The sidewalk which had been laid unde the diect ion of Wi 11 i am Rumbold in 1861 was declaed to be in need of epai as ealy as 1878 By 1885, it was in such poo condition that the bicks wee taken up and the entie peimete of the Couthouse was epaved with ganitoid at a cost of moe than $8,30048 The new sidewalk would pove to be the most duable eve put down at the squae t was not eplaced until afte the National Pak Sevice took ove the popety Although little of consequence was done in the ooms occupied by the Cicuit Cout until 1886, seveal clues petaining to thei appeaance wee incopoated into the documentay ecod fo the peceding five yeas "Bent office chais" ae known to have been puchased in July 1884 Cutains wee hung in the windows in 1885; efeences to them also being made in 1886, 1893, 1901 and 1904 Painted benches, as opposed to such funitue in natual finish, 46 Mayos Message 1886, bid 1887, bid 1878, 196; 1886,

190 t : ": ; - f"" : wee mentioned in As such things go, those ae only scatteed indications of how the inteio looked but they ae the best that have been peseved The funishings which wee found in the oval coutoom of the west wing in 1940 dated fom this peiod The evidence is fagmentay fo that, consisting only of an expenditue of $1,06256 in the yea peceding Apil 11, 1887, fo funitue, fixtues and epais fo the Cicuit Cout, and a payment of $13350 made on Mach 8, 1886, 11 fo extas in fitting up Cout Room No The meaning attached to the wod extas 11 becomes cucial t geneally 11 signified that the amount was paid as an adjustment to an ealie ageement which was occasioned by a change in plan n this instance, then, it would point towad a thoough efubishment of the funishings in the oval coutoom (Figue 36) The pesident of the Boad of Assessos, having lost his campaign to gain moe office space in 1875, esumed his attack in Apil 1884 Pobably as a esult of his ealie effot, space somewhee in the basement had been allocated fo use as a 11 sub-office 11 but it was "small and camped pooly lighted and the ventilation is of the wost kind" His office must, he insisted, be given moe space51 Pesistence counted, especially if it was combined with patience, fo in Apil 1887 it was epoted that an odinance ecently passed authoizes the emoval of the ion stais and the convesion of the east hall ooms in the south wing of the Cout House into ooms fo the use of the Assesso on the fist floo and Judges eading oom on the second floo, and the fitting up of the office of the Clek of the Cicuit Cout with ecod cases and pemanent office fixtues Plans and specifications fo the alteations have been pepaed and appoved by the Mayo and the wok will soon commence52 That statement anks anong the most evealing single comments on the Old Couthouse since it pinpoints the peiod in which the tansvese hall of the south wing was finally enclosed; explains 49 Geneal Tem,, 18; V, 182 and 338; Mayos Message 1886, 15; 1893, Mayos Message 1887, 14; Geneal Tem,, Mayos Message 1884, L Kledus, Convnissione of Public Buildings, to Heny Flad, Pesident of the Boad of Public mpovements, Apil 25, 1887, in Mayos Message 1887,

191 : Figue 36 Pl an of the Ova 1 Coutoom of the West Wing, 1903 Dotted lines indicate existing funishings and fittings at the time the plan was dawn Fom of "Second Floo, 11 August _, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson1latlonal Expansion Memoial, - - (/" -151-

192 y! - =:4il, 11 ",--- --, - - lt1 J UL /,, -,, t-i,;if/ / " 1----_, l -),_:i8j! 1 L/{ / / / / t,/ /,_--j : / / L ,( : t::aci : / < 1 0 / \ \ tn if f \ \ Cti 4 l l t : \ i J!, t t l, 4,, " {:_ \ \ \ \ \ \,,,: 1 \\\ \ - \ \ \ \ \ 1 LJ:\ \ \ \ \ \,) l01 - \ \ \ \ \\ ""( """")/- W :,"\ \ \ -:--\, > (:,,, ":!--- " >", " D ( \ \ \,_, J; y,,, 111,, u _; ",;1 11 v;, f i, j P:\lt- n C " _:, L GWl -?:v,,, L== ::: =-1 -:T-=li:h,-; " f c:==-:==tj:-;,-=- l 1ee u1,,,, T: L \ J!lJ :,,11 \-, LJJ ::i," "J u Z! J ::::;;c:f==!,,,, l 1 bil, " L ;\ 1! i,: :,,

193 p l l - ("" the oigins of the patitioning which was un acoss the hall; and dates the emoval of one of the two cast-ion stais that had been installed in 1857 Maks emaining on the walls at the east side of the second floo, it might be added, show that the "Judges eading oom" had a ceiling built at the line above the top of the pat it ion Moe detail on the fitting up of the office fo the clek of the Cicuit Cout is offeed in the text of the odinance which authoized the wok t called fo "ailings, ecod cases and pemanent office fixtues" When an account of the expenses was tendeed, it indicated that ve5 simila amounts wee spent on capenty and on office funitue The mental image which is left is one of an aea divided by a wooden ailing within which wee pl aced desks, cabinets and cases which may have been eady-made Pehaps because the state legislatue had authoized the employment of official stenogaphes fo the Cicuit Cout, puchases of typewites began to be enteed into the ecod in 1887 The :!e! :ldd lqe building theeby continued to be about as The enclosue of the tansvese hall of the noth wing was neve mentioned in the official ecods t must, howeve, have been accomplished as a esult of an odinance adopted on June 21, 1888, which was meant to povide "moe office oom fo the Recode of Deeds and Collecto and fitting up new offices fo the Sheiff and Juy Commissione The juy commissione was then located on the fist floo of the noth wing, and the sheiff moved duing the couse of the yea to the basement of that wing The changes which wee made unde the odinance wee extensive, the city eventually finding it necessay to appopiate ove $4,000 fo the pupose Not even that amount, howeve, was sufficient to povide fo all the wok equied A supplementay appopiatign was appoved in Mach 1889 to cove unanticipated expenditues5 The latte odinance contains efeences to "patitions" but it is not specific on the matte of the location of them The patitioning may have been un acoss the tansvese halls on the fist 53 City Odinance 13991, Apil 9, 1887; Mayos Message 1888, Geneal Tenn,, 132; Mayos Message 1888, City Odinance 14509, June 21, City Odinances 14831, Mach 18, 1889, and 14980, Mach 30,

194 c, ("" and second floos in the noth wing afte doos and windows had been installed at the east and west ends n light of the magnitude of the cost involved, and in view of the fact that the poject stetched acoss eight months, thee does in spite of the uncetainties appea to be vey good eason to conclude that the tansvese hall of the noth wing was enclosed in The canmissione of public buildings on Apil 25, 1887, made anothe of his pessimistic statements about the ove-all condition of the building He estimated that $3,400 would be needed fo geneal epais and at least $4,000 fo wok on the oof He pointed out damage done duing the pevious winte by wate which "leaked though in many pl aces to the off ices below on the second stoy 11 The guttes and downspouts wee too small and in geneally poo condition, causing "the apid decay of the oofs" Dastic though the situation may have been, the city found that it could not affod to spen171uch moe than $800 fo epais to the oof in the ensung yea The heating system would, in fact, be given geate immediate attention than the oof Moe than $2,000 wee devoted to an effot in 1887 to bing the system into pope condition Even that gave only tempoay elief The system which had been installed in 1870 had been a souce of constant poblems and the only eal answe was a canplete eplacement of it The city was given a stong eminde of that simple fact by the commissione of public buildings in Apil 1892, a eminde whicg again failed to geneate an appopiation of the equied funds 8 Towad the end of 1888, the judges of the Cicuit Cout began an association with J C Mille which would continue fo nealy two decades He became, in effect, the esident capente at the Couthouse, pefonning wok descibed as "epaiing," "epaiing Cout funitue," "capenteing &c 11 and "emodeling &c" The payments made to him in some yeas assumed faily substantial popotions, totaling ove $525 in 1899 and moe than $425 in No indication is given in the documentay souces of how he obtained a vitual monopoly on such wok no why he poved to be so popula duing the peiod 57 Mayo 1 s Message 1887, 363; 1888, Mayo s Message 1888, 18; 1892, See, fo example, Geneal Tenn,, 185, 235 and 274; V, 82, 90, 91, 115, 167, 192 and

195 :, ::("""" The advisability of using electicity fo the lighting of the City Hall, the Fou Couts building and the Couthouse was mentioned as ealy as 1884 Convesion of the system in the Couthouse came fou yeas late, as is attested by the fact that expenses wee incued then fo both gas and electicity As of Mach 31, 1891, 712 incandescent bulbs wee in use within the building but they wee not yet pesent in all pats of the stuctue Gas continued to be consumed by the Fie and Police Telegaph station, and an inclusion of electical sevice to the juy ooms (appaently those in the basement of the noth wing) was not aanged until Judicial patience once moe gew thin ove the citys lack of esponse to conditions at the Couthouse On Januay 4, 1900, the judges of the Cicuit Cout took the matte of the lighting of the ooms into thei own hands: t appeaing to the Cout that the City of St Louis has failed to povide and still fails to povide the light necessay fo the due and pope conduct of the seveal divisions of the Cicuit Cout of the City of St Louis, held in the Cout House and in the Fou Couts Building, and fo the due and pope use of the seveal ooms and offices connected theewith and petaining theeto: it is odeed by the Cout in Geneal Tenn that the Pesiding Judge of the Cout make and ente into a contact with the Missoui Edison Electic Company of the City of St Louis fo the tempoay supply of electic light with the same numbe of light bulbs heetofoe used until the futhe ode of the Cout in the pemises fo the following ooms and places, viz: n the Cout House: Seven (7) Cicuit Cout Rooms: Seven (7) Judges Rooms, The Judges Consultation Room, all the Cicuit Cleks offices, Two Judges Toilet Rooms, Two Public Wate Closets, The Juy Commissiones office, the Enginees Office and the Engine Room in the basement, the halls and sfiways and the fist and second floo of the otunda Thei ie did at least cause them to povide a splendid account of the aeas \\tlich wee then electically lit 60 Mayos Message 1885, 274; 1891, ; 1896, 475; Geneal Tem, V, Geneal Tenn, V,

196 ( : f : :1 t, ;, : ylll\,,, Electicity was still a novelty and the city lighting depatment included in its annual epots an inventoy of the numbe of incandescent bulbs at each of the municipal buildings until well into the twentieth centuy Fom those it is evident that a substantial change was made at the Couthouse in bulbs wee added duing that yea, binging the total to moe than 1, Citical though they could be of the city fo its eluctance to spend money on the Couthouse, the judges of the Cicuit Cout wee well awae that expenses had to be kept down They showed that in a esolution adopted on Mach 9, 1891, fobidding the clek of the cout to ode any "epais, funitue o othe mattes needed by the Clek o in the seveal Cout ooms" which would cost moe than $10 unless he had fist eceived the appoval of a majoity of the judges63 They also poved willing to accept elatively inexpensive cleaning of the wallpape in coutooms 1, 2 and 3 instead of eplacement duing That cleaning of wallpape affods an insight into the appeaance of the ova 1 coutooms in both the east and west wings towad the end of the nineteenth centuy Wallpape had been hung in each a sufficient numbe of yeas befoe 1890 fo it to have then been in need of efubishment Continuing use of ion shuttes is demonstated by the need in 1891 to attend to the epai of them66 They could have been those which wee installed duing the constuction of the west wing but a geate likelihood seems to attach to thei being hung in basement windows 62 Mayo 1 s Mess age 1904, Geneal Tem,, Mayos Message 1891, bi d 1887, 14 ; 1888, 18; 1889, 17; 1890, bid 1892, 17 The Pobate Couts expenses duing the last twenty yeas of the nineteenth centuy pove that vey little edecoating was done on the south side of the fist floo of the east wing in those decades Expenditues that would othewise appea to be outine stand out shaply: $12920 fo "capets, linoleum, ugs, mats, etc" in 1886, and $11041 fo "funitue, etc" in 1889 ae examples Utilitaian needs did continue to be met as when, in 1888, $800 wee spent on "cases fo law books" o, in 1890, when a new wate closet was installed Recods of the two decades also show that calcimine was used duing 1887 on the walls o the ceiling

197 e, "" Majo poblems which had been descibed almost annually by the commissione of public buildings had neithe been coected no had magically vanished ndeed, the epot he issued in 1892 indicated new causes fo dismay about the Couthouse would ecommend that an appopiation be made to cay out the plans pepaed some time since fo heating this building as the pesent plant is in such bad condition that it must be taken out The coping suounding the yad has become unsightly and affods a comfotable place fo loafes to congegate, making it impossible to keep the sidewalks clean; would theefoe ecommend that the coping be emoved and that the coutyad be paved with ganitoid fom the building to the sidewalk The entance steps to the building on both Chestnut and Maket steets ae so won that they ae unsafe to use in wet weathe, as they affod a vey pecaious footing; they might be e-cut and e-set would also ecommend a thoough painting of the outside of the building and the inside whee necessay The plumbing is in need of consideable epais; the oof is leaking badly and needs a thoough epaiing; it will take consideable of an appopiation to do the wok The cout ooms and public offices in geneal need painting and cleaning; new floos ae needed in some places; the entie second stoy in otunda should be eflooed; the aea way on Chestnut steet is in dange of caving in; the fountain in yad should be epaied and put in ode67 The citys comptolle may well have been sympathetic but he ecommended that the equest fo $27,740 fo impovements, epais and alteations at the Fou Couts and the Couthouse be paed to only $1,640 fo wok at the Fou Couts He left nothing in the budget fo the things which the commissione of public buildings had indicated wee so badly needed n consequence, less than $2,700 wee actually spent fo geneal maintenance and epais duing 1892 By the end of that yea, the commissione felt it 67 bid,

198 l c "the dil api necessay to comment, with no little bitteness, 011 dated and unwholesome condition of the Couthouse The difficulty of finding money to pay fo the wok which so obviously needed to be done once again inceased consideably The elatively new City Hall which had been completed in 1873 poved almost fom the fist to be totally unsatisfactoy as a cente fo the municipal govenment and, a mee two decades late, the constuction of a magnificent new building had been undetaken That would eventually cost the city moe than $2,000,000, an expense that was met out of geneal evenues athe than though a bond issue The impact of that on the maintenance of all othe buildings owned by the city was ponounced, and the situation was due to become even wose A tonado in 1896 destoyed the city hospital and two of the buildings at the poo house Rebuilding of those facilities placed an even geate stain on the local teasuy69 n the midst of all the expessions of concen ove the condition of the Couthouse as a whole, a few moe bits of infomation about the inteio funishings wee made a matte of ecod As a esult of a dispute concening the esults of the election fo the office of sheiff, an inventoy was taken on Apil 4, 1892, in the quates occupied by that official at the Couthouse t showed "l office safe, l lage desk, 4 small desks, 3 tables, 18 chais, l counte, 2 wate cooles, l lette pess with stand" 7 0 That gives at least some indication of the way in which an office within the building would have bee funished at the time Othe enties of the peiod make it evident that woking duing the hot and hlmid days of summe was made less oneous as a esult of the intoduction of electic fans in 1893 The ecods of that and of subsequent yeas also indicate a gadual shift away fom custom-made funitue and towad the puchase of objects fom commecial deales such as Muelle Bothes, the Scait Funitue Company o F J Comstock & Co The last named of those povided chais and a lounge in Decembe 1893, a puchase which suyests that the judges chambes continued to be comfotable places The City of St Louis finally found it possible in June 1894 to begin to attend to some of the myiad poblems at the Couthouse n a single odinance, appopiations totaling $12,000 wee made to 68 bid, xiii and 18; 1893, bid 1893, xiv; 1896, 45ln 70 Geneal Tem,, bid, 370, 375, 383 and

199 L : " (?»,, contend with the epais which the commissione of public buildings had discussed two yeas eahe, including the ovehauling and econstuction of the plumbing, ganitoid paving of the yads and the aeaways, epaiing of the oof and downspouts, nd the alteations equied to ceate thee additional juy ooms72 The wok on the plumbing poves to be the easiest to follow in the ecods Close to $4,300 was expended duing 1894, which coveed the cost of totally new constuction in the west wing as well as the ovehaul and econstuct ion mentioned in the odinance Stais which had been installed in the west wing in 1857 wee emoved, the openings in the floos wee filled in, and space was theeupon ceated fo fou new toilets, one on each level of the wing Bluepints fo the poject have been peseved, and they show that an atificial stone floo was laid in the estoom in the basement On the levels above, mable tile was installed nteio patitions of talian mable wee placed on bass legs A new skylight was put in above the oom on the thid floo, aod that oom was the only one of the fou to be set aside fo women73 Pavement of the yads was not accomplished By a subsequent odinance, the appopiation of $3,000 made fo that pupose in 1894 was etuned to the teasuy, the city now having decided that it would be pefeable to cause the stone coping aound the Cout House Squae to be emoved and a low ganitoid cub to be substituted theefoe; also, to cause ganitoid walks to be laid in the aeas aound the Cout House Building and aound the gounds of said Cout House and to make such changes by egading the face of said gounds as may be expedient and necessay The intent can be eadily followed on the plans which wee dawn at the time Slight hld11ps in the yads wee emoved, and the gading thee was made as level as possible A six-inch laye of what was called "bunt clay ballast" at the time, mateial late efeed to as eithe "cindes" o "bunt bick," was applied to almost the whole of the notheast and southeast yads, ganitoid walks existing thee only along the walls of the noth and south wings n the othe yads, the ballast was visible in only fou places Two 72 City Odinance 17689, July 17, "Poposed Wate Closets to be put in the shaft occupied by staiway in West Wing appoved on Novembe 16, 1894," JNEM 74 City Odinance 18006, Mach 28,

200 (,, : e>-> wee ectangula aeas flanking the sides of the east and west wings, the othes being f95med within the ganitoid walks that coveed most of the suf ace The sundial in the southeast yad was allowed to emain in place but the fountain thee was emoved as was the most pooly documented featue of the gounds in the 1 atte pat of the nineteenth centuy, a second sundial which until 1895 stood about 6 inside the stone base suounding the notheast yad That second device is visible in a photogaph made between 1884 and the dating being possible because the ion fence is missing but the stone base is still in existence (Figue 37) The place at which the sundial stood is, futhemoe, shown on the plan dawn in 1895 which called fo its emoval (Figue 38) Beyond that, howeve, it emains a mystey A comment made in Mach 1870 indicated that as pat of his pepaations fo the coming summe, "the dial" was to be dusted by Janito Quigley,76 and the use of the singula noun at that time suggests that the device in the notheast yad had not yet been installed t may well have had a somewhat limited histoy The plans made in 1895 show that limestone cubs wee used at all of the walkways and that ion ailing installed in 1881 was still in pl ace atop the wa 11 s of the ae aways of the noth wing With the plans complete and the necessay funds available, the wok could begin in eanest All of it, including the emoval of the stone base fo the fence, was stated in 1895 and completed in the following yea 77 The geatest pat of the money made available fo painting at the Couthouse in 1894 was used fo the exteio $2,64649 was spent fo that pupose, and only a little moe than $600 was actually devoted to the inteio That was sufficient to paint "the inteio halls and coidos of said Cout House as high as the top of the second stoy, also the fonts and pillas of the second and thid inteio balconies," a tese desciption which suggests the obliteation of whateve may have emained in the hallways of the fescoed panels and moldings of the ealie pat of the centuy as well as the coveing ove of Miagolis mabling on the columns in the otunda Painting within the vaious coutooms had, it might be 75 "Poposed alteations to Cout-House Squae, appoved Octobe 4, 1895, JNEM 76 Daily Democat, Mach 26, Mayos Message 1896, 20; 1897,

201 ex_ c Figue 37 The Exteio of the Couthouse befoe the alteations wee made in 1895 Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society -160-

202 : l l L--

203 i L1 - \ l l Figue 38 Location of the Sundials in 1895 piece fom the Notheast Yad Cout-House Squae, 11 Octobe 4, Nat1onal Expansion Memoial - L: C D l L: [ e::a!" Pio to the Removal of the Time Fom "Poposed Alte at ions to 1895, Achives of the Jeffeson -161-

204 ",,, f t l M- 1 jjo - -,, - - \ :,, \,- - -,, ---- :,: 7,_" - _, \ L!! ",,!\ ", " ; - -_ , - -t o1 "-,:- ;------"-"" > - - J, /,,, - l, " >,,, : lll ( L "-- L_,

205 i L,, \ noted, been endeed unnecessay by eason of the application of wallpape78 Alteations necessay fo the expansion of the space affoded fo the use of the juos wee completed duing 1894 The wok could not have been at all extensive since only $560 wee spent The space affected appeas to have been in the east basement Thee tables, "without olles" and measuing twelve feet by the; feet, along with thity-six chais wee puchased fo those ooms 9 While contempoay desciptions of the condition of the oof would cause one to expect that it would have been numbeed among the pojects authoized in 1894 which wee quickly completed, the exact evese poved to be tue Wok on the oof and the downspouts was not done until 1896, and even then only a 1 ittl e moe than one-aaid of the oiginal appopiation of $3,000 was actually expended By that time, yet anothe eason had been ceated fo significant expenses to be incued in emodeling inteio spaces The addition of two new divisions of the Cicuit Cout--Numbes 6 and 7- had bought on such a need in 1895 The ooms they would take wee made available when the collecto and the assesso both moved to the new City Hall duing that yea; Cicuit Cout No 6 theeafte being assigned the assessos oom on the east side of the fist floo of the south wing, and No 7 moving into the collectos fome office on the east side of the same floo in the noth wing n contast to most of the majo wok done between 1894 and 1914, the plans fo fitting-up these two coutooms wee not peseved A vey good idea of the changes made in 1895 can, howeve, be adduced fom a geneal plan of the inteio made in 1903 t displays maked similaities in the two couts Dooways wee cut into the walls of the tansvese halls to affod access at the ea of the judges benches and each judge used the aea located heh ind a patition in those halls as office space Within the actual coutooms, the aea in which the public sat was divided fom the est of the space by metal ailings with gates Both ooms wee eadied fo use duing 1895 and they obviously met with the appoval of the judges n fact, the judge in Cicuit Cout No 6 was subsequently told to tade ooms with his colleague in Cout No 2 78 bid 1894, 20; 1896, 21; City Odinance 17756, Septembe 1894neal Tenn,, Mayos Message 1895, bid 1897,

206 f (" Figue 39 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 2, Fomely No 6, on the East Side of the Fist Floo of the South Wing, 1903 The dotted 1 ines wee used to indicate existing featues at the time the plan was made Fom "Fist Floo Plan," August 8, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson "Nitfonal Expans1on""""Meiiloial

207 : ::::: -==-;;G, J > :-= -;::--;,-::--:-=- ----: -:-- J L: --: : l --, J-; \ c -:;J : t l " t Li -, locjiool 1-1 : 1 -- i [ " Y i f O t --- u Oil 1 ",_l : 1\1 ffil l:-:-z :,e as, a a,q, : - 1 J " -:,_-::::T:= : t :t 1 : a----, b-, ---, - --, "" Lli 1, , -3" ---- il t _, L , :! _ / 1 L ""-] : :EJ ---i tl H : \ jl J " -, \ t " o, /!, : :,: -: -----,,y! 1,, :,, L 1,, 1 L------J, 11 : J-- i a " ----"a-!:-a::: :1 -:-=--- :-_-_-_-_-:-:--"": --::-: = --; - -- a--,,":"\:n l::_: :--::-_ : :_J : :-,, - t- ",

208 F1 L 1 [ \ [ [ Figue 40 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 7 on the East Side of the Fist Floo of the Noth Wing, 1903 The dotted lines epesent featues which existed in 1903 Fom "Fist Floo Plan, 11 August 8, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson NmOnal Expansion lieiiioial - -- [[ U_j ;:; - c [ [ fl i {f!i!:\ -164-

209 - \, - O -t-, a-::f--,-:---= ,:",;-: :-=-=i ;;,;;--:, - H O m=" t_ -- ; - : ; ::_-,,\"i M" - - : :, - - -? : ;,-;; - m _ H O : U ::-:=fi : O j OO ho O O Om --:1 v"j < ft \ /4 "", " 1:: t " f t Ji,, J yf " n:- t ; - ) -:- 8 _, \t" \ ft " L C1 - - : -, fl : A-4 :& -&---:---: - - -, uj,:j N _a t "1 /" J 1oJt : \ 1 1 :,,,,,, illl l :a: 1? -, ) e e -- / ""- 1 t / f:l l ---t - -13:_ : 4t :atl, , t t i-a--- f c=: "U " - -:,,, l ( _,, ",\ : t tl_ :,,, \ : : :,, :- \ t,--- t , " " : ,,,, 1,, - " : i : L!! !-, t :) t 1, y -4 -;!: t lt, --,: t t -, t t t t -, J L : t :, _ L L L-- il J, J,,--"- ---,,, " z : t z n;_;_;!!: tf-:=;: -, -""" z ; -t_ - -=::=1:": ---:: ::: : ::f 1,#,,,,,-, _,,, t: ,,,_,,, _, -- tt f " \ " :

210 f t "",, and the new division theeupon took the oom on the west side of the fist floo of the noth wingbl (Figues 39 and 40) The constant poblems with the heating system again became appaent in the closing yeas of the nineteenth centuy A new smoke stack was installed, epais wee made to the boile and the steam pipes, and a new smoke consume was bought into sevice duing 1895 and 1896 The need to use stoves fo supplementay heating, howeve, continuedb2 Publication of a heavily illustated wok on St Louis in 1895 povided evidence fo a contempoay featue of the building that was neve mentioned in the official ecods The book, entitled At Wok of St Louis, offes an illustation of the Couthouse SliOflYDeoethe stone base of the fence was emoved and, fa moe impotantly, indicates the pesence of ion gilles in all of the windows on the gound floo of the west wing When they wee put in place is unknown (Figue 41) Some fom of emodeling and epais wee undetaken both inside the otunda and on the exteio of the dome duing the couse of the fiscal yea which ended in Apil 1896 Once again, the documentay evidence pesents no clea account of the wok Repais to both the "oof and otunda galley" wee appoved in July 1898, but the whole of the $2,000 which was then appopiated was not spent All but $150 was etuned to the citys teasuy in the following Febuay83 The clek of the Cicuit Couts sundy duties and esponsibilities caused the assignment to him of a numbe of ooms His account of his needs, pesented to the judges on May 19, 1896, mentions all of them, but it is impossible to detemine fom the suviving ecods the exact location of each His pincipal office at the time is almost cetain to have been on the noth side of the fist floo of the east wing Even without a pecise undestanding of the ooms he mentions, the petition tells us a geat deal about the appeaance of the inteio 81 "Fist Floo Pl an," August 8, 1903, JNEM; Mayo 1 s Message 1896, 35 and 463; Geneal Tenn,, City Odinance 18505, May l, 1896; Mayos Message 1896, 23-24; 1897, City Odinance 19423, July 24, 1898; City Odinance 19700, Febuay 24, 1899; Mayos Message 1896,

211 0 l Figue 41 The Exteio of the Couthouse Fom At Wok of St Louis, Chicago, 1895 Coutesy of the MecantilTfaay of--s-t Louis t c l l (; D -166-

212 " - liilflj?f/

213 f [, [, i [ Figue 42 Sectional View of the Couthouse by JW Ginde, 1898 Fom the Catalogue Published by the St Louis Achitectual Club in 1900 Coutesy of the Mee anti 1 e Libay of St Louis -167-

214 - " -,, - : :; - i f ; : l St LOuis Cout House Section though Main Coido, looking South Measued Dawing by J W Ginde \,, _

215 W 1171 W! \ Figue 43 Plan of the Second Floo by JW Ginde, 1898 Fom the Catalogue Published by the St Louis Achitectual Club in 1900 CoutesyQf_ the Mecantile Libay of St Louis m1 l i ll7 ill! t

216 E t lt " t :

217 / L L desie to call the attention of the Judges of the Cicuit Cout to the following epais which conside absolutely necessay to be made at an ealy a date as possible in this office 1st Pivate office ceiling to be papeed and new capet fo floo casements to be cleaned capet now on floo to be put on the floo of Back Tax oom, which is now bae 2nd Linoleum fo floo of main office ceiling and wall to be papeed 3d Ceiling to be papeed in Taxing Cleks Dept 4 Ceiling to be papeed and linoleum on floo of Execution Cleks Dept 5 Ceiling and walls to be calsomined in M Walshs oom 6 Back Tax Office ceiling and walls to be epainted Nothing whateve was done last yea in this egad and it is absolutely necessay that the office should be put in decent shape this yea84 Some of the ooms to which he efeed must have been in the basement of the east wing, an aea that had been used ealie fo the stoage of ecods The movement of such mateial to the thid floo of the noth wing, authoized in 1895, had made it possible to enovate the aea fo use as officesss n the couse of 1901, specifications fo wok in both coutooms on the second floo of the noth wing wee dawn up At a cost of $1,088, the emodeling of them was completed in the following yea That was a athe exceptional poject fo the time, and it did not poduce sufficiently widespead impovement to belie a comment made in 1902 The Couthousli it was then said, had eached "the last stages of dissolution" That was not unlike ealie statenents which had been made about the building ndeed the only novel thing about it was that it was soon followed by majo changes 84 Geneal Tem,, City Odinance 17912, Mach 4, Mayos Message 1902, 655 and 725; 1903,

218 [ l Figue 44 The Couthouse, c 1907, showing the hedging Fom the Collection of the Missoui Histoical Society ---- Li LJ l [j [j [J LJ l e, l -170-

219 :1 ti j J l -,

220 , { A LAST HURRAH, The condition of all the stuctues owned by the City of St Louis was neatly, if tatly, descibed by the commissione of pub- 1 ic buildings in his annual epot on May 1, 1903 The insufficient authoity vested in [my] depatment and its subodination to the office of the Pesident of the Boad of Public mpovements opeates to the decided detiment of the public buildings The condition to which the public buildings have been educed though foced neglect and lack of funds may, howeve, pove in the end to be not wholly a misfotune When the now expected financial elief is ealized we may then have the oppotunity to make a new beginning, and to povide ouselves with public buildings befitting the new St Louis He was anticipating the passage of legislation which would aise the debt ceiling of the municipality, and his implied obsevation that such an act would make it possible to eplace such olde buildings as the Couthouse may have quickened inteest in finding the money needed to bing it back to a decent state Local achitects wee not at all pleased with the geneal appeaance of the now veneable building They published a statement indicating thei belief that the wok on the gounds in 1895 could only be chaacteized as "stupid" They found no eason at all to paise the teatment of the Couthouse Squae, suggesting that the old sundial had been saved only though "some mysteious dispensation of Povidence 11 2 The city poved to be both willing and able to admit that a costly mistake had been made, a blunde which was to be ectified afte May 1904 when an appopiation of $2,000 was appoved fo "emoving gavel fom Cout House yad and eplacing same with soil" Responsibility fo the new landscaping was given to the St Louis Pak Commission, and that body emoved the laye of ballast, egaded the yads, applied a new coveing of soil and sod, planted hedges aound the sides of the squae, and ceated new cicula beds fo "foliage plants 11 3 (Figue 44) l Mayos Message 1903, St Louis Achitectual Club, Catalogue (St Louis, 1900), 7 3 Mayos Message 1905,

221 L t ; ) ; { f" Thei published epot on the poject evealed that the pak officials foesaw poblems in the maintenance of the wok that had been accomp 1 i shed Paticula concen was expessed about the chance that the hedge would not suvive though the winte They wee ight about the fact that the combination of cold weathe and smoke fom coal fies would take a toll To thei supise, howeve, the hedge came though fine t was the newly laid sod that eally suffeed By the sping of 1906, 11 thee was not one blade of blue gass visible 11 4 Alteations made in the aeaways duing 1904 wee quite duable and they ae epesented in a set of plans, dated Januay 22, 1904, which ae still in existence Using the fund ceated by the appopiation made in the pevious Decembe, a geat numbe of changes wee made The west wing aeaways, unning paallel to the walls on the south and the noth, had peviously been accessible only by descending steps which wee placed at the easten ends Those steps, to put that anothe way, wee against the walls of the extensions between the otunda and the noth and south wings Both flights wee now emoved, new stone being used to extend the walls of the aeaways acoss the fome opening Steps at the westen ends of both aeaways which had led up to the floo of the potico wee also emoved, opening space in which to place steps leading down into the aeaways The installation of those steps made it necessay to patially fill the fome doo openings at the westen end of the aeaways, tuning them into windows The noth wing had had fou sets of steps, leading down into the ae away at each cone A 11 of those wee now emoved, and the steps at the east side of the cheekwall of the Chestnut steet enty wee widened That set of steps was subsequently eplaced by a concete amp The old stone stai, with its ion balustade, which had un up to the floo of the tansvese hall at the west side, was left in place t would, howeve, be demolished within the next seven yeas Steps leading down to the aeaways on the noth and south sides of the east wing had existed at the westen ends Those on the noth wee taken out in 1904 but the othe set continued to be in use until 1907 Sets of steps leading down at the east end of the aeaways, and paalleling the walls of the wing, had also been in use Steps on the noth side wee allowed to emain and those on the south wee emoved as pat of the enovation in 1904 Along with the steps which flanked the cheekwalls of the easten enty, 4 b id 1906,

222 ;[ :, f! the steps on the noth wee subsequently emoved The doos that had stood at the base of the steps by the cheekwalls wee conveted into windows by bicking-up the aea below the new sills The south wing did not, of couse, have any aeaways Thee wee instead two sets of steps leading to the enties to the basement; one on the nothwest wall and the othe on the notheast The fome was emoved in 1904 but the latte emained until mpetus fo all of that wok aound the building, paticulaly fo those things that wee basically cosmetic in natue, had been povided by a desie to have the citys public buildings in a condition which would impess the hodes of touists who would be attacted to St Louis by the Louisiana Puchase Exposition, populaly known as the Wolds Fai of 1904 Hopes wee expessed in Apil of that yea that the inteio of the Couthouse would not be "suffeed to continue in a shabby condition" Even with an appopiation fom the State of Missoui to povide assistance fo such inteio wok, the appeaance of the otunda and the halls undewent no change duing the yea As the Post-Dispatch put it on Novembe 15, 1904, "not a daub of paint o cleaning mateial has been applied to the gimy-looking old Temple of Justice" Some St Louisans would claim that the poblem was essentially political, that the fea of being cal led a 11 boodle 11 had deteed local officials fom paticipating in any poject that involved sizable expenditues6 A bette explanation is that so much else was being done inside the Couthouse that the task of epainting it was pushed off into the futue The judges of the Cicuit Cout adopted a lengthy esolution in May almost a yea befoe the Exposition was to open--in which the need fo a subs tant i a 1 amount of wok was made obvious 7 Si mp- 1 y caying out the pojects which the judges now deemed to be equied would make the months to come a peiod of eal significance in the histoy of the building The most extensive wok would be conducted in the ooms on the west side of the fist floo of the south wing and the south side 5 "Pl an alteations in the Cout-House, appoved on Januay 2, 1904, 11 and "The St Louis Cout House, Fist Floo Plan, 11 c 1911, JNEM 6 Post-Dispatch, Febuay 24 and Novembe 15, 1904, quoted in Byan, "Rotunda," 46; William Maion Reedy, "The City, The Fai and Boodle," The Mio, XV, no 1 (Febuay 11, 1904), 3-7 Geneal Tenn, V,

223 (,[, :: } :; of the west wings fist floo Those wee to become the location fo two new divisions of the Cicuit Cout, the ecent ceation of which had been one of the majo easons fo a geneal eassignment of ooms in Apil 1903 P 1 ans fo the capenty and cabinetwok fo both coutooms wee completed in August 1903 The oom in the west wing would have a ailing, suppoted by heavy, tuned balustes, located at a point equidistant between the enties fom the coido Two doos--one opening inwad and the othe outwad--ae shown at both entances fom the coido The platfom of the juos stand, howeve, an acoss the easten enty t must, theefoe, have been decided that that entance would no longe be used A new dooway was cut into the east wall to povide a connection with the judges pivate office His bench, placed against the east wall, was to be made of chey with a mable facing at the base Fou engaged columns with tuned bases and capitals wee attached to the font of the bench Rectangula panels, boken to eceive diamond-shaped insets, povided the othe majo decoation on the new funitue (Figues 45-48) To affod chambes fo the judges of both of the newly ceated divisions, a patition was eected acoss the oom to the west of the coido which connects the otunda and the south winga f the plan fo the new coutoom in the south wing had been followed completely, casement windows would have been installed New, double-hung windows wee placed thee just a few yeas late, and it is clea that pat of the schene fo the oom was not cai eel out The emoval of ion shuttes fom the windows was, howeve, effected The platfoms beneath the judges bench, the juos stand and the aea set aside fo public seating an unde five of the windows Wought-ion guads wee installed at each of those windows as a safety measue The platfom intended fo public seating offes something of a mino puzzle The floo of its fouth level was two feet above the nomal level of the oom but an acoss the southen enty fom the coido The doo thee was to be made to coespond to that acoss the coido, and it may have been sealed fo the whole of the time duing which the space was used as a coutoom (Figue 49) 8 "Pl an, Cicuit Cout No 11, appoved August a, 1903, JNEM The designation of the cout was changed in Decembe, 1903, and it was theeafte known as No

224 e" Figue 45 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 11, August 103 This cout was edesignated No 9 in Decembe 1903 Solid lines indicate poposed constuct ion; dotted 1 i nes epesent f ea tu es which existed when the plan was dawn Fom "Fist Floo Plan," August 8, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson NaTOnal Expansion 11eiii0ial

225 t, J -_ -:, ; f ;;;;; ,----,,, -,,,,, _,fii,, "" ,, - ;--:--] ""? -::: - _J" : i S # i : :, a,: -_,;:=a-j,!::=:=:::::,/-\ - _Y TT " i i -< : ---:i : t : 1,, f : ("1?1 : Y:: lio n: : -J,, : t kj! : : :1: : ti ----::::>-,!Ji 1\1, 1 t t, c:::l ) : l f - -! : ( - -> k ROOM-A- Lf,f \ " 5ff SHffT$:11! 12"8 :: : _/ \,,,, s: - (j 9,,, u-- :u : : ;, 1 tj,,_ 0 : ;:, L1 l L--:e:;; ::z:_ ",, ;,,:: "- /f/;p, : \":(, 1 :: :,,:,,;" -, - : -- f -:, : -,_ :1 "

226 " w L \ l c" Figue 46 Above: Judges Bench, Font Elevation, Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 Below: Railing planned fo the Coutoom Figues 46, 47 and 48 epoduced fom the Bluepint Plan appoved on AuQUst 8, --no3, Achives of the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial -176-

227 :k ::, : ::: 0 0 G G (\) (\) G (\) (\) (\) G e e e (\) e G CT<>D - C<>D CT D - CTOD CT<>D - CT<>D D - D lo - id D - D, D

228 ! fi fj Figue 47 Font, Rea and Side Elevations, Cleks Desk, Cicuit Cout No 9, 1903 : [ [ f: -177-

229 E!?" \, K - - : aaaaac D -": ---= QllQJ

230 [ - : l, Figue 48 Font and Side Elevations, Sheiff 1 s Stand, Cicuit Cout No 9, [

231 l l " 1: : _,,, : > ṙ ; _:, :)\ -: : :>J { >:fi(i,c : N t?>: " : ", > :

232 l Pll i Figue 49 Plan of Cicuit Cout No 10, August 1903 This cout was edesignated as No 8 in Decembe 1903 The solid lines show poposed constuction; dotted lines indicate existing featues when the plan was dawn Fom "fist Floo Plan, 11 August 8, 1903, Achives of the JeffesonNational Expans1oti""l1emoial - -- ( c"" -179-

233 _, ; : _1f J,_@_ c ,,,,, - -_-_::: - :-: -----:::: - l!e l-,t

234 ,(1" [ -e The judge 1 s bench was located against the noth wall To povide access to it, a dooway was cut into the wall below the cast-ion stai in the tansvese hall of the south wing The cabinetwok done within the oom was essentially simila to that in the othe new cout although Cointhian capitals wee used on the engaged columns and the ectangula panels on the font of the bench did not have diamond-shaped insets within them The latte type of decoative element was, howeve, applied to the new doo and casing behind the bench That diamond motif, it might be noted, was vey popula at the time t is also to be found on the exteio between the windows at each of the tansvese halls Fifty-eight chais, joined togethe and fixed to the platfom, wee povided fo the use of the spectatos That epesented, in a sense, a etun to an ealie fom of public seating and a deviation fom the geneally common use of benches The juos 1 stand was, fo easons that ae not at all clea, given eighteen chais9 The cabinetwok called fo at the cout in the west wing was also vitually duplicated in the oom on the east side of the second floo of the noth wing duing the emodeling of Cicuit Cout No 3 in 1903 n the ealie plan of that cout, the bench had been placed at the east side Patitioning which had been used to fom a small chambe fo the judge inside the oom was now emoved, and a new bench was built on the south wall A dooway was cut into the wall behind it, opening into the tansvese hall Sections of the old ion ainng within the oom wee left in place with new ailing of a simila type being un between The use of that mateial fo the ailing impated the only significant diffeence in appeaance between the oom and the new cout in the west wing 10 Majo wok was caied out on the thid floo of the noth wing at the same time The judges of the Cicuit Cout had detemined that juy ooms should be pl aced thee, and fou wee ceated by eecting patitions in the ooms adjacent to the otunda That equied the cutting of two new dooways immediately noth of the entance to the otunda Two windows in the hall leading to the otunda wee filled at this time They wee a pat of the constuct ion which dated fom 1845, and they epesented only one-half of the ealy featues which wee scheduled fo emoval The two 9 "Plan, Cicuit Cout No 10," appoved August 8, 1903, JNEM This was changed to No 8 in Decembe, Geneal Tem, V, "Plan Cicuit Cout No 3," appoved August 8, 1903, JNEM -180-

235 f1p ( c"" " windows on the noth wall of the tansvese hall wee also meant to be bicked-in, but, fo unexplained easons, that was not done Those windows ae still pesent thee A fifth juy oom was located behind a bick pat it ion that then an acoss the east end of the tansvese hal 1 Al 1 sign of its existence was obliteated duing the late ceation of the pesent oof and concete floo To povide bette lighting in that thid floo space, the stone metopes in the ent ab l atue wee cut out and windows, s imi 1 a to those \thich Joseph Foste had installed in the est of the thid floo in the ealy-1860s, wee put in A bathtub and washstand, needed when he space housed the Fie and Pol ice Telegaph, wee now emoved l Cicuit Cout No 4, in the oval coutoom of the west wings second floo, undewent change as the judges bench was moved fom the noth to the south side sometime afte August 8, 1903 The ealie funishings could simply be elocated, but an entiely new platfonn beneath the bench was constucted The doo within the cuved patition on the notheast was emoved, and a new opening was made in the patition at the southeast in ode to make the space behind it available fo the judge 12 That gave him a fa 1 age chambe than he had unde the olde aangement of the oom Relocation of the bench in the oval coutoom of the east wing was authoized by the judges meeting in geneal tem on May 23, 1903 t had peviously been placed against the east wall and was now to be moved to the noth side of the oom The plans dawn fo the use of the wokmen have not been peseved but it is clea that the city made no appopiation to cove the cost of any extensive cabinetwok 13 The funishings, theefoe, emained substantially as they had been, and a photogaph made about a decade late povides insight into the geneal appeaance of the oom both befoe and afte 1903 (Figues 50 and 51) The option of having the bench in his cout enlaged was given to the judge of Cicuit Cout No 6 in the westen oom on the fist floo in the noth wing He execised that ight and changed the 11 "Plan, Thid Floo," appoved August 8, 1903, JNEM 12 "Plan, Cicuit Cout No 4," appoved August 8, 1903, JNEM 13 Geneal Tem, V, 300; Mayos Message 1904,

236 (Fl [_ [1 t, fl fi l Figue 50 The Oval Coutoom of the East Wing, August 1903 Dotted lines indicate existing featues at the time the plan was dawn Fom of "Second Floo, 11 Agust, 1903, Achives 2f the Jeffesoii "Nafloiial Expansion Memo1a [ [ (:/:?\ \ -182-

237 \ :; \ --=-; :--==3;:;- a &,,, c ;- -, ti LJ ""," -,,:, ti n- : 1 " 11 ;, t _ - 11 t ili _,,,, \,, /J b- s \ 11! -- \ \1 /lia --,, \ \, / L---J \, \ 11 : \ :_, \ \ !} \ \ \ , -/ 1 \\ \ (=) 1 - f, \\ \ \\ \ L: :a 11 \\ L l":, t\ """, =!J,--"fi,, L 11 U i;, n n t / \ 1 1 u - \ ilil a t n fl:-@"--=--j!!"l" u;;-1, l,, n :,1, LJ L : 1 \ - UtJ- - L 11 - M;t-J \ / 1, 1 \ f: / 1 l!j 11 // :JL \\_, , / 1 p c;\ _ 1 1, \-" "" /P!c! f {f :!!: -::: -:::: 1, -, n,_j--l-t ; lft / L AJ_J_ 1!1,,,,_, v,, \i, -) 1 : J C:::2 l L LL L--J: _ J:-:f, -; _:": :-? -; -: -!_-;:: ; j:: j :::: =-, : _,_ - : :"_:, t -,, - - : ;:--:, ---3 J,j j j J j j J j 1 J j J J J J J J wj j j

238 c (" Figue 51 The Oval Coutoom of the East Wing, c 1915 of the Missoui Histoical Society Fom the Collection

239 f"" ( f

240 \ l location of the bench at the same time14 The patition enclosing the small chambe in the nothwest cone of the oom was taken out and a newly emade led bench was pl aced against the south wall That change led to the ceation of yet anothe new dooway, cut into the wall beneath the cast-ion stai in the tansvese coido, to allow the judge to ente the coutoom fom behind the bench The most ecently funished coutooms, those on the east side of the fist floos of both the noth and the south wings, wee now slightly alteed The judges benches, the seats and the ailings wee eaanged in some unspecified fashion, and the cones of the benches and the juy boxes wee ounded15 The space assigned to the Pobate Cout on the south side of the fist floo in the east wing was thooughly ovehauled A new judges bench with a mable base was built against the west wall, eplacing that which had peviously been thee, and the old ent anee fom the coido was fi 11 ed A new doo, set next to the pat it ion which sepaated the coutoom fom the cleks office, was cut into the wa 11 of the coido "01 d cases and 1 ockes" which had stood against the inteio patition wee now discaded (Figue 52) While the clek of the Pobate Cout did not obtain new office funishings, he did gain fa easie access to the ecods which wee stoed in the basement An ion staiway, with a ailing made of gas pipe, was ceated in the southeast cone of his office Within the basement space, nine new cases, each containing 425 pigeonholes, wee added tq the seven such stoage facilities which had peviously existed16 The commissione of public buildings also povided plans and specifications fo wok in the offices of the sheiff and the clek of the Cicuit Cout Only scatteed evidence has been found to indicate the natue o the scope of the changes made in eithe place The vestibule at the exteio entance to the cleks oom on the noth side of the east wing was emoved, leaving the stone base which is sti 11 to be seen Of fa geate consequence, the Cicuit Cout paid ove $14,000 fo "metallic office equipment 11 on Novembe 21, 1903 Most, if not all, of that is likely to have 14 Geneal Tem, V, bid 16 "Fist Floo Plan," appoved August 8, 1903; "Pobate Cout," undated bluepint, JNEM -184-

241 t [ ( l ( (" F ", L Figue 52 Plan of the Pobate Cout, South Side of the East Wing, August 1903 Dotted lines indicate existing featues; solid lines show wok poposed at the time the plan was dawn Fom "Fist Floo Plan," August 8, 1903, Achives of the Jeffeson alonal Expansion Memoial

242 [ (,, f -,,,,; _,t ":, f& - J : ;;: -;,;;;:_z ;:! ( f-:- it" ;=J_:: :,, :; :,J1 o L-v ::,- t ;:: i c i) - : j : :i: \ : -",o: f "J-11 c : : : : : - = : : :! : 1 1: l: "1 f\ -i- :: :! ;): ;; G i:: e, ROOM- - 1 :,,, "" c: 11 ll1 loi, : : i: 3 -- :, ; :, J: t 41 LJ!--,, L ;; : t: 1, : : : _L _, """ ll""l ::1:: o 1 011""16S,,,,,,,,f# : 111 = :_:_::-::= /::::5 l: 1; ct;;:-----:!; : : :;;;;--;, AM,,;-;;,j"!?":: i L,,, t\ t 1 - i ::: : : -,,,, ;0,11 1,, ROOM- ; : j : 1 le,,, <ii Fl;oA Cov;z,, : 1 -t e e11 1j t t - 1 i fl:,,,,,, -- :,,,,,_ a,: " ;1 J s-1 ; ti ": :c: ; J ::::---n;-- 1 1,,--- 1:, : --, f YV 1 J L _,_ L - : :: : ;: /

243 fp f (" " " -, been used fo filing cases which wee placed in the east wing basement The $9, expended on the sheiffs off ice definitely was devoted to impovements made when he moved fom the fist floo of the east wing to the basement of the noth wing Beyond that nothing can be ascetained about the wok which was accomplished11 The impession is left that thee was indeed a geat deal of activity within the Couthouse Ten couts held session thee at the beginning of 1905 and all but one of them had undegone eithe complete emodeling o less sweeping change within the pevious seventeen months Cicuit Cout No 5, on the west side of the second floo of the noth wing, was in fact unique in that its coutoom looked the same at the beginning of 1905 as it had in August 1903 The judge thee had to be content with having had epais made to the conice of the oom in 1904lB He would, howeve, obtain a complete emodeling a decade late The juy commissione, not to be outdone, undetook a do-it-youself poject at the beginning of 1904 in his office on the west side of the fist floo of the nothen extension fom the otunda As he descibed it: mmediately upon assuming the duties of the office, the Juy Commissione took steps to have the oom enovated and edecoated, which was done, and the oom has since pesented a vey much impoved and inviting appeaance; tasteful selections of wallpape, linoleum and new funitue wee made, and the old, won-out aticles wee given into the custody of the Comptolle; the fome and much soiled coating of white paint on the woodwok was eplaced by a beautiful chey mahogany n addition to the above impovements the Juy Commissione has supplied a long-felt and long-defeed want in the office in the puchase of a fie-poof steel cabinet fo the potection of the offices Juy Registes and Biennial Canvass Recods The steel cabinet is by fa the most impotant and valuable accession that has eve been made to the fixtues of the office, and its onate exteio adds mateially to the pleasing effect of the new paint and decoations 17 "Plan, Alteations in the Cout House," sheet no 2, appoved Januay 22, 1904; Mayos Message 1904, 26; 1905,, 96; Geneal Tem, V, Mayos Message 1905,,

244 ( 1 l (" - The cost of these impovements, which came out of the appopiation fo the Juy Commissiones office, was $25488 The Conmissione spent consideable time pesonally in selecting the vaious aticles and obtained the lowest pices possible on all the supplies funished 19 n shot, he did it cheaply but, by his lights, wel 1 The only wok that emained to be done--the install at ion of a new floo and a "handsomely decoated new doo i8 pl ace of the unsightly old one"--was accomplished duing The extent of the wok caied out in 1903 and 1904 clealy efutes the pemise that the failue of the city to complete the edecoation of the otunda o the inteio halls in those yeas was a symptom of an ove-all inetia To the contay, thee was in fact at least a limited amount of attention given to the south lunette \ttlich depicts DeSotos discovey of the Mississippi Chales ves, a pominent local atist who would also seve as the diecto of the local at museum, spent thee days in etouching that pat of Wimas wok, those sevices being endeed without compensation fom the city That fomed a sot of pelude to fa moe sweeping wok which was caied out in 1905, wok that must be seen as having been delayed by the pessue of all the othe foms of emodeling and change which had been conducted within the building duing the peceding yeas When finally it became possible to attend to the estoation of the otunda and to epais of damage inflicted by what was temed "ecent ain wate leaking though the oof of the geat dome," it cost a total of $5,397 and bought Edmund Wuepel onto the scene21 He was a painte of some distinction in his time and a fiend of James McNeil Whistle That noted atist was said to have consideed Wuepel to be "the coming geat Ameican landscape painte" What may have been moe impotant in tems of his being hied by men with consevative tastes, he had lagely abandoned impessionism a few yeas ealie22 l9 bid 1904, bid 1906,, lbid 1905, 25; 1906,, 28; Chales Reymeshoffe, "Histoy othe Fou Famous--m5toic Wima Muals 11 Ms at the Missoui Histoical Society, 5b and 9 22 Mauice Godwin, "St Louis--At Cente?," The Mio, X, no 21 (July 2, 1903), 7; Elizabeth RochelTe," "At and Emblems," bid, X, no 3 (Febuay 26, 1903),

245 - [ ( l (" " -, Wuepels account of his activities at the Couthouse in 1905, as published in 1921, was essentially accuate He had been asked to wok on the lunettes which Cal Wima had painted in 1862, and evey bit of evidence concening them demonstates that those fou scenes wee in wetched condition Wuepel affoded a pope egad fo thei atistic integity: Whee the oiginal wok of Wima was still intact did not touch it filled in the gaps \kl ee paint and pl aste had scaled off Whee found that sections of the painted suface had become loose fom the wall caefully lifted them off, spead sizing on thei back and put them in thei pope places, thus peseving as much of Wimas wok as possible did not paint ove any of the outlines o colos t on by Wima would have thought it desecation Pio to his effot, the lunettes had become, accoding to one of the men who woked in the Couthouse, "much injued by the effects of time 11 When Wuepel finished, they wee again featues of the otunda \ttlich deseved to be singled out fo special comment24 Questions diected to Wuepel about the changes made in the otunda duing 1905 always focused specifically on the lunettes Had someone asked if he was woking alone, moe infomation might have been ecoded about a wide ange of othe changes made at the time t would indeed seem that moe of Miagolis wok was affected than was that of Wima The bands of leaves and cheies on the ibs of the dome, and pehaps the stenciled ectangula panels with bodes made up of cicles on the otunda walls, which wee evealed duing the study conducted in by National Pak Sevice consevato Walte Nitkiewicz, wee poducts of the wok of anonymous caftsmen duing 1905 The mabling which Miagolis fim had done in the dome and on the otunda walls now disappeaed Wuepel descibed his own wok fully but his account should not be taken to mean that 1 ittle change was made in the appeaance of the otunda He simply neglected to tell the people who inteviewed him in 1921 that the estoation of Wimas lunettes was but a small pat of the wok done in 1905 A 11 in al 1, the documentay souces pove that the changes made then wee compehensive 23 Post-Dispatch, Octobe 12, Edmund P Walsh, "Addess Befoe the Cicuit Cleks Convention, 11 July 14, 1908, typescipt in the Missoui Histoical Society -188-

246 " l c L L ("/" " The pace of activity slackened consideably in 1906 Plans wee made in August fo epais to the ventilatos and skylights, (Figue 53) and $300 wee spent fo such puposes by Apil 1907 The coutoom on the east side of the fist floo of the noth wing was painted and papeed but no othe edecoation is evident in the ecods of the time t was almost as if eveyone had paused in anticipation of anothe ound of wok in the nea futue Dawings wee, in fact, pepaed fo a majo undetaking: the constuct ion of a new boile oom Winte came, howeve, befoe anything futhe had been done to eplace the heating system which Thomas Walsh had installed in The last vestiges of the patience of the judges of the Cicuit Cout vanished when the old system boke down in Januay 1907 t appeaing to the Cout that the Cout House is without heating appaatus, capable of opeation, and that the constuction and installation of a new heating plant will not be completed until consideable time has elapsed, and that the wok of the Cout in its seveal divisions cannot in consequence be conducted, and it being the statutoy duty of the Sheiff to povide fo the heating of the Cout within his juisdiction, it is odeed that the Sheiff of the City of St Louis be, and he is heeby authoized and diected to ent and pocue the tempoay installation and connection of a boile and equipment of sufficient capacity to heat the Cout House building, pending the installation of the pemanent boile26 That bought action The City of St Louis not only paid $2,78986 fo the ental of a hose powe potable boile including all fixtues and connections, and steam pumps" but also pushed fowad on the eplacement of the pemanent system The ented boile would emain in place until June 1907, at which time the new system was at long last complete27 The most obvious evidence of the wok done in the boile house which was eected in the coutyad between the south and east wings--has since been demolished Placement of it thee, howeve, caused othe changes to be made which ae still visible The sets of steps which had led to the basement of the south wing and to the west end of the aeaway of the east wing wee now taken out 25 "Dawing showing the Roof and Skylights, 11 August 13, 1906, JNEM; Mayos Message 1907,, 24,, Geneal Tem, V, bid, 492 and

247 [ \ 111 u_j [ Figue Dawing Showing the Roof and Skylights of the St Louis Cout House, 11 August 13, 1906 Achives of the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial -- w L TT,_!, \ t,_ lf1i [li ll Wl lu [ E1 f!"" - [ -190-

248 l l ("" (""" n design and in placement, the boile house was out-of-keeping with the emainde of the building The tall, ion stack which would eventually ise above its chimney may have been its wost single featue Demolition in 1941 of the stuctue ceated fo the heating plant in 1907 was a welcome and appopiate pat of the ealy estoation of the Couthouse unde the diection of the National Pak Sevice The sole physical evidence of the heating system which was installed in 1907 is to be found in the metal cove in the stone floo at the south side of the otunda t povided access to the new steam pipes The efficiency of the new system would, to be sue, have been of fa geate concen to people at the time than would have been any effect on the extenal appeaance of the Couthouse Five oilbuning stoves wee discaded in 1908, indicating that the need fo supplementay heating had disappeaed That condition did not pevail fo vey long A heate was puchased in Febuay 1912; two moe wee odeed in 1918; and anothe two wee puchased in 1920 The "Cozy Glow Heate 11 which was installed in 1924 was notable only fo its name t was but one moe sign of continuing, chonic poblems with the steam system28 Completion of the Piece Building on the notheast cone of Fouth and Chestnut set things in mot ion fo a total evision of the second floo of the south wing duing 1908 and 1909 The Cout of Appeals and the Law Libay both moved to the Piece Building, the latte leaving the Couthouse in Febuay Even befoe the spaces wee vacant, plans wee devised fo emodeling equied to make them usable by the Cicuit Cout By the end of the poject, both ooms had been completely tansfomed As is indicated in Figues 15 and 16, the Supeme Cout, and subsequently the Cout of Appeals, had made use of a coutoom on the west side of the floo that was fa smalle than those to which the judges of the Cicuit Cout wee accustomed All of the inteio bick walls theefoe now had to be demolished, ceating a oom of a size typical in othe pats of the building Placement of the judges bench in font of the existing doo to the coido obviated any need fo new openings in the wa 11 The old woodwok was, howeve, discaded, and the entance was patially filled with casing in ode to make it possible to hang a doo of smalle size than that which was emoved 28 Mayos Message 1908,, 155; Geneal Tem, V, 202, 532 and 564; V, "Law Libay Association of St Louis," 4; Mayos Message 1909,,

249 l L ("!""" l The funishings of both of the new coutooms wee made of oak and they wee fa plaine in design than those which had been installed in the spaces which had been emodeled ealie in the twentieth centuy The ectangula panels which wee attached to the font of the judges benches wee almost without detail Backets unde thei tops wee somewhat moe elaboate, but still lacked sufficient chaacte to lend any paticula distinct ion The ailings, again suppoted on heavy, tuned balustes, wee much like those in the othe coutooms (Figues 54-56) The mezzanine in the fome Law Libay on the east side of the south wings second floo was necessaily demolished The judges bench in this new coutoom was set on the noth wall and a new doo and casing wee placed behind it That doo opened into the office in the tansvese hallway which had been ceated by eecting a patition thee in 1887 Seating fo the public was povided in the fom of benches in this coutoom as well as in that on the west side of the floo As a finishing touch, chandelies wee hung in both spaces A vey good impession of the appeaance of the oom on the east side of the south wing can be gained fom a photogaph made within it on June 20, 1930 (Figue 57) Appaently because the tial which was then in pogess was the last to be conducted within the building, the nomal pohibition on such photogaphy was waived n appeaance, the funitue is much what one would expect to find on the basis of the plans which wee dawn in 1908 The coido that an between the two newly enovated ooms on the second floo of the south wing had peviously been divided by the patition which the Law Libay eected That patition was now taken out and a new divide was constucted close to the enty fom the tansvese hal 1 The new wok included sidelights and a tansom of Floentine glass, both of which made it possible to install a doo of nomal dimensions The space to the south of the pat it ion was assigned to the judge of the cout on the west side of the coido Two dooways which had led into the oom on the east wee now located behind the patition and they wee filled with bick30 None of that wok within the coido can be taced in the pesent fabic of the inteio The walls that fomed the coido have since been emoved, and the sole physical evidence that they eve existed is to be found in the fou pies which emain at what had been thei southen and nothen ends 30 "Cout House, Remodeling Potion of South Wing," undated bluepint, JNEM; Geneal Tem, V,

250 W1 [ [! \ t! [ Figue 54 Font Elevation, Judges Bench, Cicuit Cout No 6, 1908 Repoduced fom Cout House, Remodeling Potion of South,Wing, Blue 11 pint in the Achives of the Jeffeson Nat10naf Expans10n Memol"aT 1 l! [l i, ip1 L!L L, [ e ; \ [, -!" _ -,,

251 \ L L ;: : : = - ;- :: -, ",_ ( ff!j, l - - ;: - }:, - : : n +-< : ) -Ltf,!1!i1 - ii ;t,, - --= -==--= Ji! tj :J ;; ,::::- d,: T- i: io, - -1 ljl D:, C? : } u o, \i D" :l Ec m - l i "T,j i J Pt lj,,, f Q, j tl - -!! -:- * % v :,, "--, ; ;:1! E 1 ---;; i -: 0 1, " - Q\ c! 111 c, - - Slo :it -, J[ = f -, - - j : L L l J - i;;;;;;;;;;;;, - - it lol - t- f! l 1 - wt/9-1 i1 11 l 1 _,,_ /-/ J = 1 l f J ; f -----,

252 L: c;<-1 Figue 55 Font and Rea Elevations, Cleks Desk, Cicuit Cout No 6,

253 - i L - : : : :_ i -- ] : -= 1, - - : [ -, c j t---:jj, 11= i h,1 11 Jb, ; t 1 D 11 :! :1: ! [1 _jj : 1: 11 : - H T:- -- -_ -1 \ v: ,, -! a a a

254 L Li [ Figue 56 Font and Side Elevations, Filing Case, Cicuit Cout No 6, 1908 l l 0 [ l Li LJ - f l - ""l -195-

255 ,,, l : :,, > ;:, --f" " p!i - -: "ft -- " -- --= J--C lllj u :w- n _ [, -, -- - p-- J]] [c1] - o " q " 0 - " 12 tnu t> :4 t - 4l,j t- 1 d& 1-4- _ ll --, i Z41to -, -- 1 p -

256 l l Figue 57 Cicuit Cout No 6, June 20, 1930 Missoui Histoical Society Fom the Collection of the

257 t

258 - [ ( (F"- Pepaations fo the movement of the Law Libay to the Piece building wee begun in 1907, when the city gave its appoval to a pl an fo the constuct ion of a book conveyo which was to be opeated between the libays new quates and the second floo of the noth wing t was meant to be used to povide access to efeence mateial needed by the judges of the Cicuit Cout, and its outlet at the Couthouse was located in the oom on the east side of the coido which connects the otunda and the noth wing Authoization to un the conveyo unde the steet was gained in Apil 1907 and the system was eady fo opeation in Mach 1908 The judges meeting in geneal tem appoved the movement of a juy oom to fee the equied aea When a need fo moe space fo the libays extension of sevice was indicated in 1909, the judges poved willing to allow such an expansion That led to the emoval of a patition within the oom, it theeupon egaining its oiginal dimensions The conveyo, nevetheless, poved to be untustwothy and a messenge sevice was instituted in its pl ace a shot time late31 Expenses fo funitue and epais in the Pobate Cout duing 1907 came to close to $1, 100 and involved the emoval of the existing bick wall which had un acoss the oom on the south side of the fist floo of the east wing Plans dawn at the time indicate the space acoss the coido was now to be used by that cout 1 s clek and the oom was to be given new wallpape Wok thee was not completed unt i1 the following yea, as is attested by an expenditue of nealy $1,000 fo a counte and cabinet The changes made fo the Pobate Cout wee the poduct of its need fo an expansion of the aea assigned to it An appopiation of $12,000 on Mach 6, 1909, fo funishing the ooms of the clek of the Cicuit Cout was a diect esult of that ealie emodeling because it was intended to be used in poviding a eplacement fo the space on the noth side of the fist floo of the east wing which the clek had handed ove to the Pobate Cout32 The long-standing tadition of fequent e-assignment of ooms was pepetuated Maintenance of the gounds aound the stuctue was made the esponsibility of the Pak Depatment of the City of St Louis in 1908 Unde its auspices, pat of the pivet hedge that had been 31 Geneal Tem, V, 553, 589 and 614; "Law Libay Association of St Louis," 5 32 Dawing showing poposed alteations of the Pobate Cout, JNEM; Mayos Message 1908,, 26; 1909,, 29; Geneal Tem, V,

259 [ /"" planted in 1903 was eplaced, the flowe beds wee impoved and a kiosk "containing US Weathe indicato" was constucted The 1 ocation of the kiosk has not been definitely detemined but contempoay illustations indicate the Pesence of a small stuctue at the southwest cone of the squae33 The cast-ion stais in the tansvese halls of the noth and south wings had begun to show signs of wea and tea New tead pl ates wee attached to them duing 1908 as pat of the geneal ehabilitation34 New steetlights aound the Couthouse wee installed duing 1909 Some of the fixtues had "thee light clustes" in which "two of the lamps hang fom coss-ams while a thid lamp is suppoted fom a backet above the pole, about five feet highe 11 Thee wee also "single lampstands 11 of a simila design but with only one am The poles wee about eighteen feet high Fouteen 11 lamps 11 wee in place by Apil 1910, a fact that suggests that the plan mentioned in May 1908 to install the new steetlights only along Boadway had been modified35 33 Annual Repot of the Pak Depatment 1909, "Plan of Noth and South Stais," August 1, 1908, JNEM 35 Mayos Message 1910,, 61; City Odinance 23599, May 13, l Annual Repot of the Pak Depatment 1910, 5 and 17; 1911, 21 and 29 As a esult of a donation made by an anonymous citizen to the Civic League of St Louis, the basement of the west wing was completely alteed in ode to ceate thee a public comfot station in 1910 t was the only such facility then to be found in St Louis outside of the public paks and, having been "finished thoughout with talian mable," it epesented a faily substantial expense Use of it exceeded all expect at ions fom the day it fist opened, eaching moe than 1,200,000 within a single yea The numbe of people willing to pay a thee-cent chage neve, howeve, attained the level that had been anticipated in the beginning The geatest pat of the geneal public seemed moe than willing to accept the less gand accomodations which wee offeed fee of chage, athe than to gain inceased pivacy by paying the small fee The comfot station would emain open fo the whole of the thee emaining decades the City of St Louis owned the Couthouse

260 u,,,_ f The windows and exteio doos of the building had eached an advanced age, as well as an advanced stage of deteioation, in 1910 A complaint was lodged in that yea and on June 5 a esolution was adopted by the judges of the Cicuit Cout "that the Pesident of the Boad of Public mpovements be notified, calling his attention to the windows and doos of the vaious ooms and othe epais that same may be attended to duing summe vacation and befoe cold weathe sets in That poduced a thee-pat eaction Replacement of the fou majo exteio doos was the fist wok to be completed Befoe the poject was stated, thee wee thee sets of double-doos at the ent anees on Boadway, Fouth and Chestnut: stom doos at the outside; vestibule doos inside; and wooden doos between The Maket steet side had only wooden oute doos with vestibule doos behind Oute stonn doos wee not pactical thee because of the lack of a potico38 By the time of the completion of the wok done in 1910, all of those doos and thei casings had been emoved n thei pl ace wee installed fou evolving doos which would emain in use until the oiginal teatment--omitting only the stonn doos--was eceated by the National Pak Sevice A shot time afte the ins ta 11 at ion of the new evo 1 vi ng doos, plans wee made fo eplacement of the windows on the fist floo of the south wing The ealie, six-ove-six light windows wee emoved and one-ove-one, double-hung windows wee installed The changes made on the inteio walls wee quite extensive The jambs which had extended down to the floo wee emoved, and the spaces beneath the sills wee filled with bick in ode to make the sufaces flush with the adjacent walls Afte new sills wee put in place, and the bicks and jambs wee coveed with plaste, the ooms took on a wholly new appeaance39 The thid stage of the inteelated pocess was essentially a epeat of the second, the same sot of wok being done in almost all of the othe pats of the building An exception was, howeve, made on the noth side of the fist floos of both the east and west wings, a fact which suggests that the sash thee had been eplaced at an ealie date and that the oiginal six-ove-six light teatment had been duplicated when that was accomplished At any 37 Geneal Tenn, V, 3 38 "Revolving Doos fo Entances, 11 Mach 12, 1910, JNEM New Window Fames, 11 July 18, 1910, JNEM -199-

261 ate, the exclusion of those windows fom the poject undetaken in 1912 caused them to etain thei oiginal appeaance40 Comp 1 et ion of the emade 1 i ng of the second fl oa of the south wing in 1909 made it possible to povide an office fo the sheiff on the fist floo of the noth wing The typical funishings of a division of the Cicuit Cout wee emoved fom the oom on the west side of that floo, and the old counte which had been used in the basement was einstalled thee The patitioning which had enclosed the sheiffs pivate office was a 1 so moved to the fist floo and was placed in the nothwest cone A section of that pat it ion was emoved in ode to povide space fo a telephone booth, pehaps the fist to be found inside the Couthouse The deputy sheiffs wee povided offic4 space within newly ceated patitioning in the southeast cone 1 The second floo of the noth wing would soon aftewad be the subject of a majo alteation Pl ans fo an entiely new ceiling ove both of the coutooms thee wee dawn in May 1911 The wok, completed by the following Apil, included the emoval of all the joists on which the thid level flooing had ested The space fomely taken up by the lage ooms on the east and west sides of the thid fl oa was theeby made a pat of the second fl oa n effect, the thid floo of the wing ceased to exist except fo the dividing coido and the aea adjacent to the otunda--that in which juy ooms wee located at the time (Figue 58) n caying out the wok, cuved membes wee attached to the uppe walls to fom coves, famed into a hoizontal cente section, to which wee applied metal lath and plaste The suface was decoated with onamental plaste ibs which fomed a ectangle at the point at which the coved sides ended A squae panel was set in each cone of that ectangle, and the 1 ine of the ibs was extended past each panel and down to the conice Othe such ibs wee un fom the squae panels to the cones of the oom, theeby bisecting the space between the extensions of the ibs of the cental ectangle4 2 (Figue 59) Cicuit Cout No 5, as well as No 3--the occupants of the ooms on the second floo of the noth wing until came as a esult to have the highest ceilings in the Couthouse The fome was located on the west side of that floo, the only space which had not 40 "New Window Fames, Sash Etc," May 29, 1912, JNEM 41 "Remodeling Cicuit Cout Room No 6, 11 August 19, 1909, JNEM 42 "Alteation Details, Cout House," May, 1911, JNEM; Mayos Message 1912,, _/

262 f, [ Figue 58 The faming of the ceilings in the noth wing, Febuay 1941 Above: east side Below: west side Fom the Achives of the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial [ [, w \i f

263 ,,

264 l f" L Figue 59 Photogaph of Coutoom No 5 on the West Side of the Second Floo of the Noth Wing, afte 1914 The coved ceiling and the aangement of the funishings ae indications of both the location of the oom and the date of the photogaph Fom the Achives of the Jeffeson National Expansion Memoial -202-

265 ,,,, [