Illinois 21 to Illinois! LANDS ON UNKNOWN ISLAND. No. The story of our Land of Lincoln Published by R.C. Law & Co., Inc.

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1 My Illinois 21 to 1493 No. 1 The stoy of ou Land of Lincoln Published by R.C. Law & Co., Inc. [909] COLUMBUS REACHES INDIES LANDS ON UNKNOWN ISLAND Bacelona, Spain, Mach 1493 Admial Chistophe Columbus and his daing cew have just etuned fom an unchated island nea the shoes of India. The landing, which took place last Octobe, is expected to open a new oute to the Oient. He is seeking the suppot of Queen Isabella fo a second voyage on which he hopes to establish a tade oute. STORY ON PAGE TWO Illinois! What is Illinois? Wite you answe below. Did you say it is a state, you home, pat of Ameica? Yes, if you live in Illinois, it is all of these. But it is moe. Illinois is people, land, homes, fams, cities, schools, and ives. They ae all pat of Illinois. What ae some othe pats of Illinois? So Illinois is not just a space on a map o a name on you addess! Have you been outside of Illinois? Have you been in any of these states? (Cicle the ones that you have been in.) Indiana Missoui Wisconsin Iowa Kentucky Look at a map of Ameica. What is special about these states? You ae ight if you said that they all touch Illinois. They ae ou neighbo states. To eally undestand histoy we have to look vey cafully at events. It s as easy to miss impotant events as it is this dee hiding nea Ubana. What about these? (Cicle any you ve been in.) Alaska Hawaii Califonia Maine Floida Washington Can you find these on you map? What is special about them? They ae fa away fom Illinois. In fact, two of these states ae so fa away that they may not be on you map! Which two ae they? What do all of these states have in common? (Mak X by the ight answes.) 1. They ae pat of Ameica 2. Thee ae no boys o gils in them 3. People thee love thei families and state 4. They have a histoy 5. They have jungles and swamps If you maked X on #1, #3, and #4, you ae ight. #2 is wong because thee ae boys and gils in evey state. Why is #5 wong? Photogaph by Doi

2 Page 2 My Illinois #1 to 1493 Illinois is pat of Ameica While we live in Illinois and love Illinois, we also live in Ameica and love Ameica. We ae all poud of both. In My Illinois, you will lean some things about both. You will especially lean about the past. We will study the people who came befoe us in Illinois and in othe pats of Ameica. We will study the land and lean how it was discoveed and exploed. We will lean what it was like and what has happened on it. It is the stoy of the past. It is ou heitage. This stoy is filled with adventue. It has heoes and villains, good times and bad times, success and failue. Sometimes we may wish we could change it, but we can t. But if we pay close attention, we can lean fom it. Then, maybe we can make the futue bette. Ae you eady? Let s go. Columbus in Ameica When wod of Columbus emakable discovey eached Spain, thee was much excitement. It was thought he had eached the oute islands of Asia called the Indies. They thought he was close to the county of India whee many things came fom that they could not get in Spain. They thought that by sailing west he had eached the fathest lands of the East in less time! They wee mistaken. At 2:00 in the moning of Octobe 12, 1492, a cewman on the Pinta sighted an island of the Bahamas off the southeast coast of what is now Ameica. A cannon shot announced the discovey and soon Columbus landed, thew himself to his knees, and etuned thanks to God. He named the island San Salvado. He thought he was on an island nea India and sailed among the islands in the aea. Today we call them the West Indies. He neve did see the mainland of Ameica and he neve did know he was still half way aound the wold fom India! Columbus etuned thee moe times fo futhe exploations. He was still looking fo India. He thought he was too fa noth so he sailed futhe south. Then he landed on the coast of South Ameica and thought that was Asia. He neve did land on the main pat of Ameica. Howeve, he left small landing paties on seveal islands to establish settlements. On his fist voyage, he left a settlement at Navidad on the island of Hispaniola. When he etuned and found it destoyed by natives, he built a fot and founded Santo Domingo. Today, this is the capital of Photo of a globe showing Noth and South Ameica and the Atlantic Ocean. In the pictue, Illinois is nea the top of the globe and Spain is at the fa ight. the Dominican Republic. Columbus also discoveed Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, Tinidad, and Pueto Rico. Pueto Rico is an island commonwealth of Ameica. Undestanding you wold Fo this activity you need a globe. A globe is a model of the eath we live on. It is a eplica, a likeness in small size. It is ound like the eath is ound. It has a map on it that shows whee the land is and whee the sea is. The sea is usually coloed blue. The land is shaped in many ways and has counties on it often shown in diffeent colos. The diffeent land shapes ae called continents. The seas between them ae the oceans. Look at you globe. Can you find Ameica? Tun the globe and look at the top half until you find it. Do you see how Ameica fits into the middle of a lage continent? Now look above Ameica and find Canada. Next look below Ameica and find Mexico. Again, look at Canada. On the left of it find the state of Alaska. Alaska is pat of Ameica, but Canada is in between. Altogethe, Ameica, Canada, and Mexico fom most of the continent of Noth Ameica. Look at the thin line of land below Mexico. Today this is called Cental Ameica. Follow it down and to the ight until you come to the county of Colombia. Colombia is a county on anothe continent called South Ameica. Find a few othe counties on this continent. Find Bazil, the biggest county in South Ameica. Why do we call this continent South Ameica and ou own Noth Ameica? Yes, because one is noth of the othe. The top half of the globe is noth, the bottom half is south. Noth is a diection. It means towad the top of the globe. South means towad the bottom of the globe. Since you globe pobably tilts slightly, the top and bottom ae eally whee the pole sticks out that

3 to 1493 My Illinois #1 Page 3 ASIA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA Illinois AFRICA Equato SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Compass illustating the 16 points. the globe spins on. Find the Noth Pole and the South Pole. Spin the globe slowly. The line made fom pole to pole though the globe is the axis. The wold, like you globe, spins on its axis. It makes one full tun each day. Set you globe on a table. Look fo a dooknob in the oom. Imagine the dooknob is the sun. Imagine you ae standing on the globe in Illinois like you ae standing on the eath. Tun the globe slowly. Sometimes you will be able to see the sun. Othe times you will be away fom the sun. Ou eath is just like that and that is why we have day and night. Look again at you globe. Canada is noth of Ameica. Mexico is south of Ameica. But Mexico is noth of Bazil. Well, you say, Mexico is not staight noth. Staight noth of Bazil is an ocean. Find its name. It is the Atlantic Ocean. Ameica is left of the Atlantic Ocean. We call this diection west. The Atlantic Ocean is ight of Ameica. We call this diection east. To tell diections we use these fou names: noth, south, west, and east. Sometimes we use them togethe. When we use two of them togethe, we always use the noth o south name fist. We may even use thee togethe. These ae called the 16 points of the compass. Look at the illustation above. Do you see why? Find Illinois. What pat of Ameica is it in? We say it is in the Middle West o Midwest. When you look closely you can see that it is not eally in the middle. We will lean moe about this as we continue ou study. Find Califonia. It is west of Illinois. Find the state of Washington, noth of Califonia. Whee is it? Find Floida. Look in the southeast to find it. Find Spain. It is not in Ameica. It is anothe county on anothe continent. Fom Floida go staight east on you globe, acoss the Atlantic Ocean. When you come to land you should be in Moocco on the continent of Afica. The next county noth of Moocco is Spain. It is on the continent of Euope. Spain is whee Chistophe Columbus lived. It is fa east of Ameica. The Atlantic Ocean is in between. No one in Spain had eve cossed that ocean. Some thought the ocean was flat and that if you sailed fa enough you would go ight off the edge. Othes thought the wold was ound but wee afaid to sail fa fom land. Many imagined demons and dagons out thee. Columbus believed they wee wong. He believed he could sail aound the wold and come ight back to Spain. He thought it would be a shote way to India and Cathay. ( Cathay was the name fo China in those days.) But Columbus didn't know it was so fa and he didn t know Noth and South Ameica wee in the way! Nobody knew about Ameica except the people who lived thee. Who wee they? Yes, the Native Ameicans, the Indians. (In issues #4 and 6, you will lean about these people.) But the Indians did not know about the people in Spain eithe! They wee an isolated people. Neithe people knew o undestood the othe. Tade Many people lived in Spain and the othe counties of Euope. Some wee fames o mechants. Thee wee fishemen, mines, lumbemen, and many othes. Some counties aised lots of food, while othe counties had lots of coal. People in one county needed what people in othe counties had. So people bought what they

4 Page 4 My Illinois #1 to 1493 needed fom each othe. The people who have things sell them to the people who need them. The buying and selling of goods is called tade. But thee wee some things that could not be found anywhee in Euope. Thee wee spices and tea that came fom India and silk cloth that came fom Cathay (China). Caavans would go all the way to India and Cathay by land to delive goods fom Spain and tade them fo goods fom Cathay. Look at you globe. Find India. It is east of Spain. How would you get thee? The fist tade outes went oveland. Late they leaned how to go by boat. How would ships of that day have to sail to get fom Spain to India? Make sue you sting tavels the shotest distance fom the stating and ending point, in this case Illinois and Spain. Today thee is a canal called the Suez. It makes it much easie. But in those days, ships would have to sail all the way aound Afica to get thee. Finding distance on you globe Find the line that goes aound you globe halfway between the poles. It is an east-west line called the equato. Take a piece of sting long enough to go aound you globe at the equato. Place one end of the sting on the equato and wap the sting aound you globe until it ovelaps. Be sue the sting is on the globe and staight. Cut the sting whee it ovelaps. Measue it with a ule. How long is it? The eath we live on is about 25,000 miles aound. My globe is 38 inches aound. That means that evey inch on my globe is about 25,000 miles divided by 38 inches o about 660 miles pe inch. This is called a scale of miles. On a globe it is easy to figue distances using a piece of sting. Take you sting and put one end in the middle of Spain and stetch it to you town in Illinois. Make sue to lay it the shotest way. If you do it ight, the middle of you sting will pass ove the easten end of Canada. How long is it? Mine is about 6 1/2 inches. (Yous may be diffeent.) How fa is it? 6 1/2 inches times 660 miles pe inch equals 4,290 miles. This means I could fly staight to Spain in unde 4,300 miles. (Note: If my plane flew 430 miles pe hou, how long would it take?) Now place you sting fom Spain to the southen tip of India. How fa is it? On my globe it is a little ove 8 inches, about 5,400 miles. Do you agee? That is how fa you would fly. But what about going by boat? Lay you sting on the globe and navigate a line aound Afica to the southen tip of India keeping close to the shoe. How fa is it? I measued it at about 13,200 miles. At an aveage speed of 5 miles pe hou, it would take that boat about 110 days to sail that fa. That's almost fou months! It could take even longe. Afte the boat sailed one way, it would have to sail all the way back. It would take about the same time. That's why sailos wee gone fom thei families so long. It also caused many othe poblems. Fo example, boats could not cay enough food and fesh wate fo the whole jouney. They needed to stop along the way to get fesh supplies of food and wate. Sometimes stoms would supise them. Thee was no weathe bueau to wan them. Stoms caused many ships to sink. These ae some good easons why ships sailed close to shoe wheneve they could. It took a lot of couage to sail staight out to sea away fom land. But that is what Columbus and his cew did. They wanted to go west to India. REACTION TIME 1. What is the wold? 2. When the sun comes up, what eally happens? 3. Why did people think the wold was flat? 4. How do you know it is not? 5. Why didn t Columbus each India? 6. Why is tade impotant to you?

5 My Illinois No. 2 The stoy of ou Land of Lincoln Published by R.C. Law & Co., Inc. [909] NEW ROUTE TO INDIA EXPLORER ARRIVES! Calicut, India, May 20, 1498 Vasco da Gama aived today by sea fom Potugal. He plans to establish a tading post and conduct tade with Euope. Hudson Bay Hudson Stait Stait of Belle Isle Newfoundland Sailing aound Afica! While Columbus was looking fo a oute to India by sailing west, the Potuguese wee exploing outes aound Afica sailing south and east. No one had eve gone all the way aound Afica befoe. On July 9, 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed fom Potugal with a fleet of fou ships. They went down, along the west coast of Afica, aound the southen tip, and up the east coast to whee Kenya is now. Thee he found maines who knew the couse to India. He sailed east and completed the jouney 315 days late. With you finge, tace his couse on the map. When you get to Kenya, what is the name of the ocean you coss to get to India? 45 PORTUGAL Atlantic Ocean 15 Euope Afica Cape of Good Hope 30 Mombasa Voyage of Vasco de Gama Asia Calicut Indian Ocean INDIA Above: Map showing the couse of de Gama s voyage aound Afica to India. Top Right: Map showing Atlantic coastline. The St. Lawence Rive was often thought to be the Nowest Passage Mississippi Rive Illinois Geat Lakes Ohio Rive St. Lawence R. Bay of Fundy Hudson Rive Delawae BAy Chesapeake Bay Pamlico Sound Gulf of Saint Lawence Rives and Bays of the Atlantic Coast CABOT RETURNS SAFELY Bistol, England, August 1497 John Cabot has etuned fom his second voyage to the New Wold. He epots geat fishing and has claimed all of the coastal lands fo ou geat King Heny VII. Cabot exploes Newfoundland Fo a few yeas only Spain seemed to cae about the New Wold. Then in 1497 and 1498 the King of England sent John Cabot to exploe the nothen coast. Nothwest Passage The ealy exploes did not know the size of Noth Ameica. They thought they could sail aound o though it. While some looked fo a southen oute, othes looked to the noth. They wanted to find a Nothwest Passage. Look at you globe to see the only way aound Noth Ameica. Whee would you have to sail?

6 Page 2 My Illinois # MAP INDEX County County Seat 1990 Aea in Index Population squae miles Adams...Quincy...66, A-6 Alexande...Caio...10, D-12 Bond...Geenville...14, D-8 Boone...Belvidee...30, E-1 Bown...Mt. Steling...5, B-6 Bueau...Pinceton...35, D-3 Calhoun...Hadin...5, B-8 Caoll...Mt. Caoll...16, C-2 Cass...Viginia...13, C-6 Champaign...Ubana...173, F-6 Chistian...Tayloville...34, D-7 Clak...Mashall...15, G-7 Clay...Louisville...14, F-8 Clinton...Calyle...33, D-9 Coles...Chaleston...51, F-7 Cook...Chicago...5,105, G-2 Cawfod...Robinson...19, G-8 Cumbeland...Toledo...10, F-7 DeKalb...Sycamoe...77, E-2 DeWitt...Clinton...16, E-6 Douglas...Tuscola...19, F-6 DuPage...Wheaton...781, F-2 Edga...Pais...19, G-7 Edwads...Albion...7, F-9 Effingham...Effingham...31, E-8 Fayette...Vandalia...20, E-8 Fod...Paxton...14, F-5 Fanklin...Benton...40, E-10 Fulton...Lewistown...38, C-5 Gallatin...Shawneetown...6, F-10 Geene...Caolton...15, C-7 Gundy...Mois...32, F-3 Hamilton...McLeansboo...8, F-10 Hancock...Cathage...21, A-5 Hadin...Elizabethtown...5, F-11 Hendeson...Oquawka...8, B-4 Heny...Cambidge...51, C-3 Ioquois...Watseka...30, , G-4 Jackson...Muphysboo...61, D-10 Jaspe...Newton...10, F-8 Jeffeson...Mt. Venon...37, E-9 Jesey...Jeseyville...20, C-8 Jo Daviess...Galena...21, C-1 Johnson...Vienna...11, E-11 Kane...Geneva...317, F-2 Kankakee...Kankakee...96, F-4 Kendall...Yokville...39, F-3 Knox...Galesbug...56, C-4 Lake...Waukegan...516, F-1 LaSalle...Ottawa...106, , E-3 Lawence...Lawenceville...15, G-9 Lee...Dixon...34, D-2 MAP INDEX County County Seat 1990 Aea in Index Population squae miles Livingston...Pontiac...39, , E-4 Logan...Lincoln...30, D-6 Macon...Decatu...117, E-6 Macoupin...Calinville...47, C-7 Madison...Edwadsville...249, C-8 Maion...Salem...41, E-9 Mashall...Lacon...12, D-4 Mason...Havana...16, C-5 Massac...Metopolis...14, E-12 McDonough...Macomb...35, B-5 McHeny...Woodstock...183, F-1 McLean...Bloomington...129, , E-5 Menad...Petesbug...11, D-6 Mece...Aledo...17, B-4 Monoe...Wateloo...22, C-9 Montgomey...Hillsboo...30, D-8 Mogan...Jacksonville...36, C-7 Moultie...Sullivan...13, E-7 Ogle...Oegon...45, D-2 Peoia...Peoia...182, D-4 Pey...Pinckneyville...21, D-10 Piatt...Monticello...15, E-6 Pike...Pittsfield...17, B-7 Pope...Golconda...4, E-11 Pulaski...Mound City...7, E-12 Putnam...Hennepin...5, D-4 Randolph...Cheste...34, C-10 Richland...Olney...16, F-9 Rock Island...Rock Island...148, B-3 Saline...Haisbug...26, F-10 Sangamon...Spingfield...178, D-6 Schuyle...Rushville...7, B-6 Scott...Wincheste...5, C-7 Shelby...Shelbyville...22, E-7 Stak...Toulon...6, D-4 St. Clai...Belleville...262, C-9 Stephenson...Feepot...48, D-1 Tazewell...Pekin...123, D-5 Union...Jonesboo...17, D-11 Vemillion...Danville...88, G-6 Wabash...Mt. Camel...13, G-9 Waen...Monmouth...19, B-4 Washington...Nashville...14, D-9 Wayne...Faifield...17, F-9 White...Cami...16, F-10 Whiteside...Moison...60, C-2 Will...Joliet...357, F-3 Williamson...Maion...57, E-10 Winnebago...Rockfod...252, D-1 Woodfod...Eueka...32, D-4 State Totals...11,430, ,754 Maps & how to use them On the font page is a simple map that shows the oute used by Vasco da Gama to sail to India. If you can, look at a globe and find this same aea. (Look fo Afica fist.) Because the globe is ound like the eath, it is moe like the eath. We cannot daw a flat map that shows eveything just like a globe. But we must use flat maps in books and papes like this. Look at the map of Illinois on the next page. This map shows the 102 counties of Illinois. Illinois was divided into counties so that govenment offices could be close to the people. Each county has its own govenment. It povides impotant sevices fo the people who live thee. This includes things like sheiff s offices and fiemen. Thee ae many county offices and sevices. The offices fo the county ae in the county seat. This is like the capital of the county. In what county do you live? Find it on the map and mak an on it. What is the county seat of you county? A Map Index Look at the chat above. It contains a list of Illinois counties in alphabetical ode. The counties ae at the left. The county seats ae next. Then comes the population. This is followed by the aea in squae miles and the index code. These will help you find the county on the map. Find you county in the fist column. What is its population? Look in the fa ight hand column. What is the index code to find it on the map?

7 My Illinois # B A C E D F G WISCONSIN 1 1 Gass Lake WINNEBAGO JO DAVIESS MC HENRY STEPHENSON BOONE Rockfod Mi s k ve Ri LAKE Ro c CARROLL pi Rive sip si s 2 Lake Elgin Michigan OGLE Sping Lake KANE DE KALB DU PAGE WHITESIDE c 3 Lake Holiday KENDALL Moline Iow ar Calumet Sag Canal 3 WILL BUREAU Henn epin C HENRY Ceda Lake LA SALLE anal Illinois Rive GRUNDY Ka e iv Goose Lake MERCER PUTNAM nka ke e KANKAKEE Riv e Kankakee Lake Wildwood 4 Chicago Joliet ROCK ISLAND 2 Chicago Sanitay and Ship Canal e Riv LEE COOK Des Plaine s Ro ive kr IOWA 4 STARK Galesbug ve MARSHALL KNOX PEORIA WARREN HENDERSON LIVINGSTON ive nr Ri lio mi Ve ku nk S WOODFORD Peoia Lake Peoia D MC LEAN M s ne oi 5 IROQUOIS Lake Bloomington es RESOURCE MAP OF ILLINOIS Page 3 TAZEWELL FULTON Rice Lake MC DONOUGH Chautauqua Lake HANCOCK 5 FORD Bloomington MASON Jack Lake SCHUYLER LOGAN 6 Sagamon ADAMS Champaign e Riv Illinois Rive Salt Rive MORGAN Spingfield 6 Sa Decatu gam on Rive Lake Decatu DOUGLAS SCOTT Lake Spingfield Lake Jacksonville EDGAR MOULTRIE CHRISTIAN PIKE COLES Sangchis Lake 7 MACOUPIN Coffeen Lake Ri e iv Lake Saa INDIANA Rive EFFINGHAM JASPER 8 CRAWFORD FAYETTE BOND 7 a ab sh CLARK SHELBY Lake Lou Yaege JERSEY 8 CUMBERLAND MONTGOMERY Gillespie Lake Embaas Fench Capital Lake Shelbyville GREENE ive pi R s ip s CALHOUN R iss i Ka sk as kia M ve Lake Tayloville County Seat Majo City VERMILION PIATT MACON SANGAMON State Capitol Danville CASS BROWN Map Key Salt Ceek MENARD CHAMPAIGN DE WITT Cane Lake W Note: Thee is an enlaged maste of this map in the Teache s Manual. MADISON CLAY St. Louis MO. Missou i Ri mile 10 Rend Lake PERRY ir ive ive a ip p EDWARDS WHITE RANDOLPH HAMILTON FRANKLIN 10 Kinkaid Lake SALINE GALLATIN io Oh Lake Egypt 11 UNION SCALE OF MILES M 12 iss is KENTUCKY PULASKI Hoseshoe Lake A B 11 HARDIN JOHNSON POPE ALEXANDER 0 v Ri e WILLIAMSON Cab Ochad Lake JACKSON e Riv C D Cunbeland MASSAC R. Te nnessee R. si p 12 Kentucky Lake E F 40 mile 9 JEFFERSON Mt. Venon Rive 30 mile R pi (Blanks will be filled in as you study the text.) ia sk WASHINGTON Oh io 4 Vincennes WAYNE ive 3 MONROE Kask MISSOURI s sis Mis 2 WABASH National Road 10 mile LAWRENCE ST.CLAIR Canal 1 RICHLAND Wa b i ve hr Majo Aipot Calyle Lake CLINTON as Fot Lit tl e MARION ve Hoseshoe Lake Waba sh R My County G

8 Page 4 My Illinois # Now find Pope in the fist column. It shows Golconda in the second column. That is because Golconda is the county seat of Pope County. Fom the chat you can see that the population of Pope County in 1990 was 4,373 and it is at E-11 on the map. Pope County has the smallest population of any county in Illinois! Now look at the map. See the lettes that go acoss the top and bottom of the map fom A to G. Also notice numbes going down the sides of the map fom 1 to 12. To find Pope County, go acoss the top of the map to the lette E. Put one finge thee. Now find the 11 on one side of the map. Put anothe finge thee. Move the fist finge down the map and the othe ove until they meet. This is E-11 on the map. Do you see Pope County thee? (Some of it is in F-11.) If you cannot find it, ty again, o have you teache help you. Notice the black dot cicled in the county. This is the county seat. In this case, this is whee the town of Golconda is located. Now find Cook County. What is its population? Whee is it on the map? Find Sangamon County What is its population? Whee is it on the map? What is the county seat of Sangamon County? As you study Illinois, you will use many maps. This is one way to find things on them. Below is anothe way. A map key A map key shows symbols used on a map to identify things. The key to ou map is in the box on page 3. Look at the map now and find one of each of the named symbols. Each symbol stands fo the item in the key. Let s ty one. Whee is the capital? Look at the key. What is the symbol fo a capital? Now find that symbol on the map. What is the capital of Illinois? Yes, it is the same as the Sangamon County Seat! Map keys wok both ways. You may also find something on the map and look at the key to see what it is. Find anothe symbol on the map. Look at the key. Daw the symbol below and tell what it stands fo. How Illinois got its name In issue #6 of My Illinois we will study the Indians of Illinois. One tibe of Indians we will study was called the Illiniwek. This was thei wod fo mankind. The fist exploes met these Indians. They shotened the Indian name to Illini. But since they spoke Fench, they soon made the Indian name into a Fench one. They changed the ending to the Fench nois which is ponounced nwah. Thee is no s sound at the end. We call it a silent s. When English speaking settles came, they said the nois like we say noise but they still did not make the s sound. That is why Illinois is ponounced like Illinoy. When those fist exploes etuned home, they told people they had gone to the Illinois. They meant they had gone to the place whee the Iliniwek Indians lived. When Illinois became a state, the Fench name used fo these Indians became the name of the new state. Roman Numeals In this issue we have used a diffeent way of witing numbes. It was common in those yeas and we still use it sometimes today. They wee called Roman numeals because they wee used in Rome. (They wee used in many othe places too.) Do you know the fist ten Roman numeals? They ae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. What do they mean? When we ead about King Geoge III, we ae eading about the thid king named Geoge. Who was Louis XIV? (Hint: Add the last two lettes to the fist one.) REACTION TIME 1. Why did the English look fo a Nothwest Passage? What did they want to do? 2. Summaize the exploes we have leaned about. Whee did they go? What wee they looking fo? What did they discove? 3. What can we lean fom a map? 4. Why is a map key called a key? 5. Find whee you town should be on the map and daw a ➀ thee. By the ➀ in the map key, caefully pint the name of you town.

9 My Illinois No. 6 The stoy of ou Land of Lincoln Published by R.C. Law & Co., Inc. [909] GREAT LAKE DISCOVERED LAKE MICHIGAN DISCOVERED New Fance, 1634 Fench exploe Jean Nicolet has discoveed anothe geat lake. He believes it is on the oute to China. Nicolet entes Wisconsin Jean Nicolet was the fist Euopean known to each what is now ou state of Wisconsin. He cossed Lake Michigan and enteed Geen Bay. Thee he met the fiendly Winnebago Indians. POSSIBLE ROUTE TO CHINA? Quebec, New Fance, 1634 Fench exploe Jean Nicolet has just etuned to this city afte discoveing anothe geat lake. Named Lake Michigan fo local Indians, he believes it is on the oute to China. He epots tales of a geat ive to the west and believes it will flow into the Pacific Ocean. His effots to find the ive wee not successful. The Indians told Nicolet about a geat ive to the west. Now we know it was the Mississippi Rive. Nicolet thought it would lead to the Pacific. He thought he had found the Nothwest Passage. But he was wong. He tied to each the ive but did not find it. When he etuned to Quebec, he was vey disappointed. Missions Why did most of the Fench settles come? Thee was anothe, vey diffeent eason that some came. They came to teach the Indians about God. They believed that it was vey impotant to bing thei eligion to the people who lived hee. To do this, they went to the Indian villages and built small chuches. They called the chuches missions. It is because they believed that teaching the Indians about Chist was thei mission. Almost all the Fench missions thoughout Indiana and Illinois ae gone. This one is at Los Adaes, Louisiana. It is like the ones that wee in Illinois. Most wee simple log cabins with dit floos. The woshippes sat on the floo o wooden benches. Missionaies wee among the fist Euopeans to live in Illinois. The missions in New Fance wee vey simple. But many of the ones built in New Spain wee vey big. Many ae still standing. By 1640, a numbe of missions had been built along the St. Lawence Rive and on the shoes of the Geat Lakes. One was built at Sault Saint Maie. This is at the vey top of Lake Michigan. Anothe was built on Geen Bay. Ou Illinois Indians In Issue #4 we studied the Ameican Indian. (You might want to eview that issue now.) In this issue we want to think about those Indians who ae special to Illinois. We will begin with the Mound Buildes. They ae also known as the Mississipians. The Mound Buildes This is not the name of one tibe o nation of Indians. Thee wee many tibes who built mounds. They made mounds shaped like pyamids o flat topped cones. Sometimes they built a temple o house on top. They had diffeent mounds fo diffeent uses. One kind was used fo the temples. Anothe kind was used to buy thei dead.

10 Page 2 My Illinois # Left is Monks Mound at Cahokia, IL. To appeciate its size, look caefully fo the people standing on top. Photo coutesy of Wikimedia membe Skubasteve834. The fist geat family of mound building Indians was called the Hopewell. They built lage cities of mounds. Many of the biggest wee in Ohio. You can still visit some of the old mound cities today. Anothe geat family was the Mississippian. They came late and made thei fist mounds in the South. They also came to Illinois. Some even went as fa west as Texas. Cahokia, which is nea Collinsville, Illinois, is a city of mounds. You can visit the pak thee and climb some of the mounds. Thee is anothe mound city nea Lewistown, Illinois. Thee ae also mounds nea Jolliet and othe places in ou state. Decline of the Mound Buildes Whee the Mound Buildes came fom is a geat mystey. Maybe even a geate mystey is what became of them. Moe than 100 yeas befoe Columbus came to the New Wold, the Mound Buildes wee beginning to decline. They stopped building thei mound cities. They stopped buying thei dead in mounds. They gave up thei old ways. When the fist exploes came to Illinois, these mound cities had aleady been abandoned. Now the Indians lived in villages. Often they lived in one village in the summe and anothe in the winte. The men did the hunting and fishing and defended the village against othe Indians. The women woked in the fields, did the cooking, and took cae of the childen. Woodhenge This is anothe vey special pat of Cahokia. We call it Woodhenge. The Indians built cicles of logs standing on end. By looking at the sunise fom the middle of the cicle they could tell what season it was. Then they knew when to plant thei con. Late Indians When the fist exploes came they found many diffeent tibes. They wee pobably descendants of the Mississippians, but they did not build mounds. Many of them lived in houses. To build one kind of house, they would place poles in the gound in a cicle. Then they would tie the top ends togethe to make a cone shape. They coveed the cone with tee banches o eeds. They would dig a fie pit in the middle. A small hole in the top would let the smoke out. They would sleep on mats o cots on the floo o sit aound the fie. Some Indians used animal hides o tee bak to cove thei houses. Woodland Indians Illinois lies nea the bode between two geat Indian cultues. To the west is the Geat Plain. The Plains Indians lived thee. To the east ae the geat foests of the Appalachians. We call the Indians who lived thee, Woodlands Indians. This is not a tibe o nation. In fact it is just one way to descibe the families of Indian tibes living hee when Euopeans fist aived. These tibes had many things in common. We say they wee cultually simila. What ae some ways in which they might be cultually diffeent? Woodland Indians typically lived in small villages. They would often gow con and vegtables in small fields. They also would hunt LINES OF SIGHT W Appoximate angle of sunise in the winte N Appoximate angle of sunise in the summe S 48 poles standing in a cicle E LOOKING TO- WARD THE SUNRISE Woodhenge was a kind of calenda built with poles. Thee wee 48 standing in a cicle. The Indians could tell the seasons by watching whee the sun came up. In the summe, the sun comes up fathe noth than in the winte. Above is a photo of a dwelling made fom gass and tee banches. This is the type of home the Illinois Indians would have made.

11 My Illinois #6 Page 3 the animals that lived in the foest and fish in the many lakes, steams and ives. Poviding food fo the village took lots of wok. Indians of the woodlands and the plains Illinois is at the easten edge of the Geat Plains. Even though we call them woodland Indians, the Illinois Indians also hunted on the plains. This is how Fathe Sebastian Rasles, a Fench missionay to the Illinois, which is what he called them, descibed the aea aound Kaskaskia in 1723: Among all the Tibes of Canada, thee is not one that lives in so geat abundance of eveything as do the Illinois. Thei ives ae coveed with swans, bustads, ducks, and teal. We can hadly tavel a league without meeting a podigious multitude of Tukeys, which go in toops, sometimes to the numbe of Beas and dee ae found thee in geat numbes; thee ae also found countless numbes of oxen (buffalo) and of oebucks (dee); thee is no yea when they do not kill moe than a thousand oebucks, and moe than two thousand oxen; as fa as the eye can each, ae seen fom fou to five thousand oxen gazing on the paiies.... When they have killed an ox that seems to them too lean, they ae satisfied to take its tongue and go in seach of one that is moe fat. Aows ae the pincipal weapons that they use in wa and in hunting. These aows ae babed at the tip with a stone, shapened and cut in the shape of a sepent s tongue; if knives ae lacking, they use aows also fo flaying the animals which they kill. They ae so adoit in bending the bow that they scacely eve miss thei aim; and they do this with such quickness that they will have dischaged a hunded aows soone than anothe peson can eload his gun. Can you imagine looking out you window and seeing 5,000 buffalo on the lawn? The abundance of food meant that they could feed many moe people and live in much lage villages than othe tibes. Some villages in Illinois had ove 5,000 people! Othe tibes wee vey diffeent fom the Illinois and sometimes they did not get along. Some tibal cultues wee moe walike than othes as well. To undestand why this was so, we need to undestand how ou envionment affects ou lives. Envionment is an impotant wod. What do you think it means? (Wite you answe in pencil so you can change it late.) Think about natual esouces. Think about how the Indians would be affected by natue. Can you see how some elate? Hee ae some obvious ones. In Natue What is affected Weathe { Housing Clothing Land & Sea Food Tees & Gass Housing Animals { Food Clothing How would the weathe affect the kind of house and clothes the Indians needed? Indians had to build thei houses fom things they could find on thei land. If thee wee few tees and much gass, they used mostly gass. Some places they built fame sheltes out of tee banches and coveed them with gass. In places whee thee wee buffalo, they used the buffalo hides. Othe tibes plasteed them with mud. Still othes used fus and hides fom othe animals. If they lived whee it was cold, they needed heavy clothes made fom fu. To get fu o meat they had to be able to kill the animals in the aea. They invented the bow and aow to do this. They used feathes fom bids to help the aows fly staight. They shapened stones to make aow heads o they caved them fom wood. They tied the feathes and the heads to the aow shafts with stong sting they made fom gass o sinew. They became vey good at using bows and aows because thei supply of food and fu depended on it. Bowls and baskets wee made out of a kind of ope that Indians wove fom the gass and leaves. They also made bowls out of stone o wood. Some This is a painting of Indian huntes on the Geat Plains. Disguised as wolves, they sneak up close to the buffalo hed befoe attacking. This tactic woked because wolves wee often in amoungst the buffalo, eating dead membes of the hed.

12 Page 4 My Illinois # gound nuts, seeds, o maize in these bowls to make meal. They stoed the meal in ganaies thatched out of gass. Most of the Indians of Illinois lived in villages whee they aised cops and lived peacefully most of the time. They tied to stay away fom walike Indians. They didn t need to steal o kill fo food. When the tappes and tades came, things began to change. Tappes compete The men who came to tap the fu beaing animals took the game away fom the Indians. While the Indians did not believe they owned the land, they did believe these wee thei pivate hunting gounds. Sometimes they fought with the tappes. Tades ceate a maket The tades would give the Indians guns, whiskey, ammunition, tools, cloth, and othe goods in tade fo fu pelts. This was a good business. It meant that some Indians who had poo hunting gounds wanted to take ove good hunting gounds fom othe Indians. Indians who had not been fighting began to fight ove the hunting gounds. Competition ove national inteests As the Fench began tading with the Huons, the Ioquois began tading with the English. Both families of Indian tibes wee choosing sides. It was almost like two schools in the same town. The fouth gade classes in one school could get togethe and have a contest with the fouth gade classes in the othe school. But when the Ioquois and the Huons had a contest, it was a wa. Between 1648 and 1651, the Ioquois killed many Huons. It was huting the Fench fu tade. They also killed many of the Fench missionaies. This made Fance mad. So Fance began to help the Huons. Then the English began to help the Ioquois. In 1653, the Ioquois Confedeation (emembe them?) made a teaty with the Huons in New Fance. Now thee would be peace. But in Illinois, thee would be a new wa. The Ioquois wanted the hunting gounds of the Illiniwek. Soon they would attack them. LA SALLE OBTAINS GRANT Monteal, Canada, 1666 A newcome fom Fance has obtained a land gant neaby. He is Robet Cavelie, Sieu de la Salle. He says he wants to find the oute to China. Many othes have tied and failed. Pehaps Mss. La Salle is just anothe fool in seach of his deam. Thee impotant new names ae about to ente ou stoy. LaSalle is one. The othe two ae exploe, Louis Jolliet, and missionay, Fathe Jacques Maquette. We will study them in the next issue. Gifts to us fom the Indian Did you know that we have eceived some vey good gifts fom ou Ameican Indians? Do you like con-on-the-cob? It was fist aised by the Indians. Do you like ketchup on you hot dogs? Well ketchup is made fom tomatoes and they wee fist aised by the Indians. Do you like tukey at Thanksgiving? Give thanks to the Ameican Indian fo tukey. How about pumpkin pie o pecan pie? You guessed it! No Indians, no pumpkins o pecans! Then thee s peanut butte and sweet potatoes and Fench fies. They all come fom cops aised by the Indians. But maybe most of all, do you like chocolate? It is fom cacao beans, anothe gift fom the Indians. I m sue glad the Indians wee hee fist. Gifts to us fom the Indians Maize (con) Yams Squash Peanuts Pecans REACTION TIME Potatoes Beans Pumpkins Tomatoes Cacao 1. What Indian tibes lived nea you town? 2. Was it okay fo the Ioquois Indians to attack the Huons? Discuss ideas about ight and wong. 3. Discuss the alliances between the Huons and the Fench and the Ioquois and the English. How do you think this might affect histoy? 4. Which Indian gift do you like most? 5. Which gift is most impotant to Illinois and why do you think so?

13 My Illinois No. 13 The stoy of ou Land of Lincoln Published by R.C. Law & Co., Inc. [909] A WAR FOUGHT FOR IDEALS WASHINGTON TO LEAD Boston, Massachusetts, June 26, 1775 Geoge Washington aived today to assume command of the Continental Amy. His fist task will be to build a stong foce of soldies who will defeat the English tyants. In this building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, many of the ealy meetings of Congess wee held. It is called Independence Hall because the Declaation of Independence was passed hee in July 4, Revolutionay Wa July 4 is called Independence Day. On this day each yea we celebate Ameica s independence fom England. What ae some of the ways we celebate it? What we ae eally celebating on that day is the Declaation of Independence. It is the document that declaes ou feedom. It was signed on July 4, 1776, by 56 of Ameica s geatest leades. What they did was vey dangeous. They wee willing to give thei lives fo the new nation. But the Declaation of Independence was NOT the beginning of the evolution. The wa had aleady begun. In fact it is had to say when it eally stated. URGENT BULLETIN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 4, 1776 In a bave act of defiance, a Declaation of Independence has been appoved by the colonial epesentatives assembled fo the Second Continental Congess. All await His Majesty s esponse. This action calls all esidents of the thiteen colonies to join in a union of states. In ou last issue, we studied a time line of events befoe July 4, Many of them wee causes of the evolution. The Boston Tea Paty in 1773 was a wa-like act. Massachusetts declaed itself in ebellion in Febuay The Battle of Lexington in Apil 1775 was an act of wa. Geoge Washington was named Commande of the Continental Amy moe than one yea befoe the declaation. Noth Bidge Concod Pescott Revee Captued Lexington Geen Lexington Alington Lexington & Concod Bitish Paul Revee (Pescott) William Dawes Medfod Chalestown Boston This map shows the path of the Bitish and Paul Revee and William Dawes hasty gallop waning the people that the Bitish ae coming! befoe the Battles of Lexington and Concod. In August 1775, King Geoge III eplied to the colonial esolves. He declaed the colonies in ebellion. Then he hied the help of Geman soldies to go to Ameica and stop the ebellion. The wa also went on fo moe than six yeas afte the declaation. It was not until Novembe 30, 1782, that England ageed to Ameica s independence. This is the Old Noth Bidge in Concod, MA. The fist official battle of the Revolutionay Wa was fought hee.

14 Page 2 My Illinois # What about Illinois? When we study the Revolutionay Wa we mostly think of battles fought in places like New Yok and Pennsylvania. But not evey impotant battle was fought thee. In fact, a few battles wee fought fa away fom thee. These battles may have changed the whole wa. Without these Ameican victoies, we might still belong to England! The Ameican West Do you emembe the Quebec Act? (We studied it in ou last issue.) It was passed by the English paliament in It made the aea noth of the Ohio Rive pat of Canada. It was often called the Ohio County. It included Illinois. In 1774 this was the Ameican West. Who owned the land west of the Mississippi Rive? Thee wee Bitish toops in the Canadian fots. The amy headquates fo the Ohio County was at Detoit. Thee was a fot at Vincennes, Indiana, and thee wee fots at Kaskaskia and Massiac, Illinois. Thee wee othe fots too thoughout the new Quebec. Many Fench families still lived nea many of the fots. But aound each fot thee wee also Indians. Thee wee moe Indians than Fench o Bitish. So the soldies in the fots always wanted the Indians to be on thei side. They wanted the Indians as allies. help them win. They offeed to buy scalps fom the Indians. The scalps wee to come fom the Ameican settles on the westen fontie of the colonies. Heny Hamilton was the English commande of the amy in the Ohio and Illinois County. He was headquateed in Detoit but he had soldies at many of the fots. He told the Indians to bing the scalps of settles to the fots and they would be paid. Fo this he was called Hai Buye Hamilton. He was hated by the settles. The Kentucky fontie We have studied how colonial settles moved acoss the Appalachian Mountains to live in Kentucky. Many of them even paid the Indians so they could live thee. Now the Indians began to act on the side of the English. The settles wee in geat dange. UNITED STATES IS BORN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septembe 9, 1776 The Continental Congess today passed a law changing ou nation s name fom the United Colonies to the United States of Ameica. Canada efuses to join in the evolution Now thee was anothe wa. It was between England and the Ameican colonies. The colonists wanted the Canadians to join them. But the Canadians efused. They emained loyal to the king. Today we often call ou county Ameica. But we know the whole name is United States of Ameica. At fist we wee the United Colonies. But when they declaed thei independence, they wee colonies no longe. A state is a name fo a small nation o pat of a nation. The colonies believed they wee independent states, but they wee united in thei ebellion against England. In late yeas this became a vey difficult subject. How could they be independent and still be united? In issue #17 we will begin to study the touble this caused. What about the Indians? The English believed that the colonies could not win the wa. They knew Washington s amy was vey small and pooly tained. They decided to use the Indians to This is the statue of Geoge Roges Clak inside the monument at Vincennes, Indiana. Geoge Roges Clak In Kentucky thee lived a young ed-headed Viginian named Geoge Roges Clak. He loved the fontie. He had been to many pats of the Ohio County. He also knew a lot about the Indians. He knew that if the Indians began to attack the fontie settles, soon the English could attack the colonies fom the west. They could bing thei amy ove the mountains. Then the new United States would be suounded. Clak has a plan Viginia still claimed the Ohio Rive valley. It also claimed Kentucky. So, at the time Geoge Roges Clak lived in Kentucky, it was still pat of Viginia. Patick Heny was goveno of Viginia. He was a geat patiot. In Decembe 1777, Clak came to him with a plan. He said he could dive the Bitish out of the Ohio Rive valley. He asked Goveno Heny to give him soldies to conque the fots in the Illinois County and take Detoit. Then the Ameican fontie would be safe.

15 My Illinois #13 Page 3 Clak s Campaign Mississippi R. Kaskaskia MILES Vincennes Ft. Massiac Ft. Joseph Maumee Detoit Ft. Washington Ohio Rive Falls of the Ohio Lake Eie Ft. Randolph Ft. Pitt s show pinciple sites of Geoge Roges Clak s jouney. Clak had been in Indian county befoe. He knew how to talk to the Indians. He knew the Indian ways. Goveno Heny liked the plan but he had only about 150 men who could go with Clak. But Clak said that would be enough. He said they would win because they wee fighting fo thei own land and families. In May 1778, Clak and his ag-tag amy began thei jouney down the Ohio Rive. They stopped at the Falls of the Ohio. This is whee Louisville, Kentucky, is today. Fom thee they floated downive to Fot Massiac. (See page 11-1.) The fot had been buned down. Thee was no one thee. Clak and his men camped neaby. They knew that it would be had to take thei little boats up the fast moving Mississippi Rive filled with sping ains. So they decided to walk to Kaskaskia. Thee they would find the small gaison that was assigned to potect the Illinois County fo the Bitish. In ode to captue Kaskaskia, they knew they had to make a supise attack. Slowly they moved though the hills, foests, and fields of Illinois. They wee vey caeful not to be seen by the Indians. Sue enough, on July 4, 1778, they aived at Kaskaskia. Vey quietly they moved though the village steets. Fom doo to doo they went. They told the villages to stay in thei homes. The villages wee afaid of Clak s men who wee dity and agged fom thei jouney. You can imagine how they must have looked. FRENCH SETTLERS JOIN! Yok, Pennsylvania, May 4, 1778 A teaty signed between Ameica and Fance hee today ecognizes ou nations common pupose in defeating English colonialism in Ameica. Fench esidents of the Ameican fontie ae uged to join in the fight fo feedom. Fench settles join the Ameicans Most of the Kaskaskia villages wee Fench. They had emained thee afte the Fench and Indian Wa. They didn t like the English vey much but they got along. Now they wee faced with the Ameicans unde Clak. They expected to be killed. Clak was vey wise. He bought Fathe Piee Gibault, the village piest, to a meeting. Clak told Gibault that he and his villages wee safe. He pomised they would not be hut and they wee fee to leave. He also said, that if they stayed to help the Ameicans, they would enjoy the libeties fo which Ameica was fighting. Fathe Gibault was so pleased with Clak s offe that he went to Vincennes. (It is now in Indiana.) Thee he convinced the many Fench villages to join with Clak and the Ameicans. Fench and Ameican alliance It took many months fo wod of the new teaty to each Kaskaskia. When it did, the Fench villages eceived the wod with joy. Thee was much celebating as Clak s men and the townfolk ejoiced togethe. Hamilton eceives wod Can you imagine the supise to Heny Hamilton when he eceived the news in Detoit? He neve thought an Ameican foce could ente Quebec. (Remembe, to England, Illinois was pat of the Quebec Povince then.) He was so mad! He odeed his Indians to attack the Ameicans. Then he leaned the Indians aound Kaskaskia and Vincennes had joined the Ameicans and Fench too! So he was angie still. He would pesonally diect an Ameican defeat. He would take soldies fom Detoit to Vincennes and Kaskaskia. He would ask the Indian tibes to join him. He would offe moe gifts and money and buy moe scalps. It was a vey had winte jouney fo Hamilton and his men. They had to go up the Maumee Rive. Then they had to potage to the Wabash. The weathe was bad and tavel vey had. When Hamilton aived at Vincennes, he easily captued it. (Clak had only placed two Ameicans thee.) But tavel had been so had that he decided to wait until sping befoe attacking the Ameicans at Kaskaskia. A heoic jouney When Clak leaned what Hamilton had done, he made a new plan. He poposed to take his amy by land to Vincennes and captue Hamilton and his toops. It seemed like an impossible task. How could they possibly do it? Clak was a vey good leade. He inspied his men. They believed in him and his plan. They said they would go with him. Togethe they went. Though mud, swamp, ain, and snow. Shooting game to eat as they went, they taveled like Indians. Thei last twenty miles wee though the ain swollen foks of the Wabash Rive. The icy wate ose to thei necks as they waded though it. Nobody saw them coming. When Clak s men enteed the village of Vincennes Hamilton and his men wee in the fot neaby. They knew nothing of the Ameican attack that was coming.

16 Page 4 My Illinois # ILLINOIS NAMED COUNTY Williamsbug, Viginia, Decembe 9, 1778 In ecognizing Colonel G.R. Clak s ecent success in diving the Bitish tyants out of Kaskaskia and Vincennes, the assembly today placed him in chage of the newly ceated Illinois County. It is planned to have distict couts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Clak and his men on thei mach to Vincennes. What do you think it would be like, hiking acoss county and wading though ives in winte on you way to battle? HAMILTON SURRENDERS Fot Sackville, Indiana, Febuay 24, 1779 Thinking himself suounded and badly outnumbeed, Heny Hamilton has suendeed his foces hee. Clak s campaign of supise and daing has seiously educed the English pesence in Illinois. A big bluff That is what it was. Clak s plan was to suound the fot and fie his guns fom all sides. He odeed his men to make noise, move about, stay hidden, and act like they wee pat of a huge amy. It was all a big bluff. On Febuay 24, 1779, Hamilton suendeed the fot and his men. When Hamilton discoveed Clak and his men, he couldn t believe it. He was a vey smat commande but Clak had fooled him completely. How do you think he felt when he discoveed how small Clak s amy eally was? While Clak neve captued Detoit, he had seized the Illinois County. He ended the theat of Bitish invasion up the Mississippi and Ohio Rives. Leaning moe about Geoge Roges Clak Geoge Roges Clak was a vey inteesting man. He was a heo and a patiot. He was a fontiesman. He was an exploe. He had a younge bothe, William, who was also an exploe. We will be studying him in issue #15. Clak was a vey good leade in the wa. But soon afte the wa he was fogotten. He was a poo man when he died. It was not until yeas late that people began to appeciate what he did. Thee ae inteesting books about Geoge Roges Clak. You may want to ead moe about him. Viginia gives up on Illinois In 1784, Viginia gave up the land she had claimed in the Ohio Rive Valley. Illinois was made a county in what would become the Nothwest Teitoy. REVISIONS SUGGESTED Annapolis, Mayland, Septembe 14, 1786 In a pooly attended meeting hee, Alexande Hamilton declaed the need fo a new constitution fo the United States. The need fo a constitution Thee wee many flaws in the Aticles of Confedeation by which Ameica was fist govened. The call fo a Constitutional Convention was made. At this convention, epesentatives of the 13 states in the new nation wee to meet and decide how the county should be govened. The kind of document they wote is called a constitution. We will lean moe about this in ou next issue. The United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. REACTION TIME 1. What did the Declaation of Independence mean to the colonies? 2. Discuss life in Illinois at the time of the evolution. 3. Descibe what may have happened without Clak and his men. 4. Discuss Geoge Roges Clak s plan. Was it successful?