Renaissance Rebirth 1500s

Transcription

1 Renaissance Rebirth 1500s Renaissance French word meaning rebirth Why does the Renaissance happen? 1) Crusades contact with Arabs reintroduced works of ancient Greece and Rome- Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Arab chemistry, medicine and gunpowder are introduced! 2) Marco Polo stories of far off lands expand horizons. Trade brings luxuries silks and spices. 3) Schools and Universities Superstitions of the past being questioned. Even the Church being questioned. Humanism: belief in the importance and power of the human mind. Human centered universe, less a God centered universe. Questioning of all things. Italian city-states Florence, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa.. Cities had grown rich from trade. Wealthy guilds and later families ruled these cities. Families competed for power and for impressive art and achievements. Schools, churches and palaces. Scholars and artists were paid and sponsored. European creativity is unleased. Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance inventor, painter and sculptor mostly in Florence. One of the greatest minds in human history. * wrote backwards to confuse spies from other cities * sketched helicopters, machine guns, submarines, and tanks *incredible sketches of the human body and its workings * one sketch recently sold for 11 million dollars at auction The Last Supper da Vinci 15 by 30 on the wall of an Italian church. Moment after Jesus tells his disciples One of you will betray me. Mona Lisa most valuable painting the world by da Vinci. Woman is unknown. Perhaps a self-portrait of Leonardo as a woman.

2 Michelangelo A.D. sculptor, painter worked in Florence and Rome for the Popes. David: most famous sculpture of Michelangelo. Biblical King and hero who slayed Goliath. Pope hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Biblical scenes from the Old Testament. Masterpieces. Spent four years painting. Much of it on his back many feet above the floor. Recently cleaned to reveal true splendor. Most famous scene: God creating Adam. Donatello-Great Renaissance sculptor in Florence, Italy A.D. Considered the founder of modern sculpture. William Shakespeare-Greatest English, possibly human playwright ever. Lived from A.D. Ideas from the stories of ancient Rome and English history. Most famous works- Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, and Julius Caesar. Famous quotes from Shakespeare! To be or not to be that is the question. All that glitters is not gold O Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo? All the world s a stage Parting is such sweet sorrow Beware the Ides of March. Then the world is my oyster A plague on both your houses Cowards die many times before their deaths

3 Copernicus Polish astronomer Heliocentric universe: the sun-centered universe. The Earth revolves around the sun. The Earth rotates and is moving! Published as a theory so as to not offend the Church! Some after him insisted that his theories were facts and were burned at the stake by the Church. Galileo Disproved many of Aristotle s theories such as the heavier an object is the faster it falls. Improved on the telescope. Discovered moons of Jupiter and mountains on the moon. Wrote vigorously in support of Copernicus theory! Said it was a FACT. The Earth moved around the sun! Catholic Church condemned him. Moving the earth from the center of the universe made the earth, God s greatest creation, less great, less perfect. Galileo recanted under threat of torture by the Inquisition. Spent the remainder of his life 12 years under house arrest by the Church. Problems of the Renaissance Papacy! Pope Alexander VI Borgia Pope Reign known for its massive, wild immoral parties. Had two sons and three daughters. Married his daughters, and annulled their marriages at will for political alliances. Catholics could not divorce. Son was a notorious murderer. Waged war against rival cities to carve out a kingdom Papal States. Had enemies attacked and murdered during mass. Fall of Papal authority: Papal Captivity until 1377 A.D. Time when the Popes moved into Avignon, France and were puppets of the French kings. Fall of Papal authority. Great Schism It is in this time were at any one time there could be found two or more men who contemporaneously where considered to be pope, depending upon who was asked.

4 Time of the Black plague & Hundred Years War. Church was powerless to stop either of these catastrophes. Popes of the Renaissance had become corrupt and self-indulgent Popes also had their St. Peter s cathedral rebuilt into the magnificent St. Peter s Basilica (1570) Renaissance Church in Vatican City, Rome. Commemorates the spot of St. Peter s burial. Peter a.k.a. The Rock Quirks of Renaissance Society Duel: One on one fight for honor. Reminder of jousts and pagan German practices. Rapiers: thin, slender, graceful swords used in street fighting to avenge honor. Used in duels. One on one fight for honor. Eventually replaced by pistols which at first were totally inaccurate. Renaissance medicine Four Humors body composed of hour liquids which had to be in balance or else you would be sick. Similar to the Yin/Yang but sicker. Blood Phlegm Yellow bile Black bile Must be in balance. Illness often caused by an excess or too little of one of the humors. How do you remove excess blood leaches attached to the body. Still common into the 1800s. George Washington died of an infected throat. His doctors bled 4.5 pints out of his body thinking the body had 24 pints instead of 6. Sorry George.

5 Reformation Popes of the Renaissance had become corrupt and self-indulgent. The Catholic Church was rotten and needed fixed. Meanwhile humanism encouraged people to think for themselves and many knew that change was needed. Church didn t want anything that affected their power. Something would have to give. Needed a spark or a great religious thinker. Martin Luther: troubled monk extremely concerned about going to Hell. How do you know for sure? Studied the Bible thoroughly for himself to find the answers. Started to have different ideas from the Church. 1) Justification by faith and faith alone only faith in God and Jesus can get you to Heaven. Nothing else not by good works- crusade, building churches, confession, etc. 2) Individual priesthood Don t need a priest to tell you what the wisdom of the Bible. Anyone person could read it for themselves. (Catholic Church didn t let you do this because you might become confused and lead you into heresy. Only a trained churchmen should interpret the Bible.) Luther kept these ideas to himself and was a good Catholic. Then one day he heard that the Church had started a massive fundraiser through an indulgence to rebuild St. Peter s Cathedral in Rome. Indulgencies: Documents that freed their owners from the penalties of sin. If you sin, and you confess, you can be forgiven but there is still a penalty for committing that sin! The penalty is in a place called purgatory. Heaven Purgatory detention. Wait here for a time to work off the penalty for sins then you go to heaven. Unless you have an indulgence. Limbo where the unbaptized go. Babies. Earth Hell Church s new indulgence not only got you out of purgatory it also got your ancestors out. Worried your grandmother is in purgatory? Buy this indulgence for $1,000 dollars and put your mind at ease.

6 Luther was outraged at this indulgence. 95 Theses: 1517 A.D. Luther posts a statement of his beliefs on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. Only God forgives sin, not the church, not anyone else and he ll debate anyone on it. All hell breaks loose. Churchmen at first try to reason with him, but when Luther does not back down they condemn him. Ideas might have been contained and disappeared. No radios, no TV, no newspapers in the Middle Ages. Heretics before Luther had been stopped. But not this time. A new invention made it impossible to stop the heresy. Gutenberg Printing Press: 1440 A.D. movable carved letters that could now print off books, pamphlets, etc. Books faster, cheaper, easier. Ideas are everywhere quickly! Luther s ideas spread and they create a sensation with others also frustrated with the Church! Northern German princes begin to support Luther s ideas. The heresy grows. Luther is excommunicated by the Pope. Luther becomes more and more radical. A new group of Christians is born Catholics call them those who protest or Protestants: Those who protest against the Catholic Church. Lutheran Church: Luther s Church. Christianity is divided. Much of Catholic Church ritual is discarded. Confession Rosary Holy Water Mass Indulgencies Educated clergy Mary and the Saints Lent Purgatory Salvation by faith and faith alone.

7 John Calvin- creates a religious theocracy in the Geneva, Switzerland. Law based on a literal interpretation of the Bible Theocracy: government by religious law or church governement. Calvin s ideas go beyond that of Martin Luther Literal interpretation (fundamentalism): Bible is fact. Stories are not symbolic, but literal. God created the earth in 7 days. Samson killed 1,000 with a donkey s jawbone. Woman was created from Adam s rib, etc. Total depravity of mankind: Humans are sinful, beastly creatures. Strict moral law necessary to control them. Salvation of the Elect - 144,000 God knows all. God knows who will be saved and who will not. It has been predetermined by God. Know who those people are by their deeds, actions and lives. Only 144,000 souls can be saved. Want to be one of the elect. All in the city had to behave as one of the elect! Strict moral law! Control humanity s sinful nature! Church attendance was mandatory, no feasting, no dancing, no singing, no pictures, no statues, no relics, no church bells, no organs, no candles, no plays, no jewelry, no immodest dress, no speaking disrespectfully to elders, no swearing, no gambling, no cards, no hunting, no reading immoral books, no naming children anything but names from the Old Testament. (On Board) Spies throughout the city and neighbors inform on their own. Calvin s people could search homes without warning to search for the Devil s work. For those who broke the law brutal punishments! A child who struck his parents was beheaded Any single woman with child was drowned and so was her impregnator. Adultery punished with death After a plague, 14 woman were blamed of witchcraft and burned at the stake Burnings at the stake, horrific beheadings, Instilled a deep moral character and work ethic. Those who were successful, who were moral, were one of the chosen! Protestant Rome (Reformed, Baptist, Presbyterian, Amish, Mennonites)

8 Calvin s fame spread and Protestants traveled from all over Europe to learn from him. They then went back to their own countries and started new churches. Henry VIII King of England. Wrote a book against Protestantism. Given title Defender of the Faith. Married to Catherine, daughter of the King of Spain who had given birth to one daughter Mary. Needed a son to succeed him. Asked the Pope for a divorce to marry another. Pope refused to annul the marriage as he didn t want to offend the Spanish King. Things got much worse and finally Henry got so disgusted that he decided to make his own Church so he could get a divorce. Anglican Church Church of England. Same rituals and structure as the Catholic Church. Only real differences King is head of the Church and you can get a divorce. Henry ended up with six wives in the end. No sons. Divorced, beheaded, died, divorce, beheaded, survived. Catholic Response: Counter Reformation Jesuits: Monkish teachers who use reason and good deeds to win back the Protestants Church Reforms Good works and faith get you to heaven Indulgencies abolished Seminary schools to train church leaders - priests Wars of Religion between Catholic and Protestant (Show map of Catholic and Protestant areas) Spanish Armada: 1588 Philip II of Spain sends a massive fleet of 130 galleons triple tiered ships, with dozens of cannons to invade and conquer England and make it Catholic once more Crusade! England ruled by Queen Elizabeth. After England Catholic armies would march through the rest of Europe. Destroyed by storms

9 30 Years War Catholic and Protestant Germans turn on each other. Sweden, Denmark, France all get involved in the war to support their religion. By end of the war, war was for territory and not religion. Sporadic persecution of Christians against Christians even today! ALL THIS IN THE NAME OF GOD! Turn the other cheek Where are you from assignment religious background. Popes also had their St. Peter s cathedral rebuilt into the magnificent St. Peter s Basilica (1570) Renaissance Church in Vatican City, Rome. Commemorates the spot of St. Peter s burial. Peter a.k.a. The Rock Rev 7:4 And I heard the number of those who were sealed, one hundred forty-four thousand, sealed out of every tribe of the people of Israel: Rev 14:1 Then I looked, and there was the Lamb, standing on Mount Zion! And with him were one hundred forty-four thousand who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads. Rev 14:3 and they sing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and before the elders. No one could learn that song except the one hundred forty-four thousand who have been redeemed from the earth.