THE RENAISSANCE Era of Rebirth STABILITY RECOVERY OF TEXTS
|
|
- Hilary Adams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE RENAISSANCE Era of Rebirth STABILITY Beginning in the late 900 s Western Europe as a whole experienced a period of greatly reduced violence as the invasions of Vikings and Magyars ended (the last wave of serious migrations ). Cities and trade developed at a level not seen since the Roman Empire. (Keep in mind, cities were still not as we understand them today.) With a growing economic base, Western Europeans could endow cultural and educational centers such as cathedrals and universities. (The university is a uniquely western phenomenon. This has implications not only for the spread of knowledge, but how knowledge itself is conceived in the West.) Over time, a new group of people gained power in European society, the merchant class: Often wealthier than local nobility (threatened noble status in society). Values of practicality and individual merit dominated their thinking. Society was not static, but designed for the rise and fall of individual fortunes. Vast wealth, especially in Italy, funded the intellectual and cultural movement known as the rebirth (rinascita it. or renaissance fr.) RECOVERY OF TEXTS According to those who lived through and identified the age of the Renaissance, what was being recovered was the greatness of Greece and Rome. By this they meant the human achievements in art, literature, architecture, politics, and philosophy, including natural philosophy. The movement was centered upon the recovery of classical learning as found in the ancient texts of Greece and Rome. Although some of these texts had been recovered in the 12th century, and others had never been lost, from about 1300 through about 1650 the libraries of Western Europe swelled as never before. (This began long before the printing press had an impact.) Where were the texts found? Christian East (especially with the pressure of Turkish invasions). Islam Western Europe itself. What was happening was a massive campaign of hunting down and copying everything from the ancient world.
2 HOW BIG IS YOURS? Cluny Monastery 13th c ms. Medici private library ms. (There were three other major libraries in Florence.) RECOVERY OF GREEK Along with the recovery of texts (this time) came the recovery of the ability to read Greek. With Turkish pressure refugees from the Byzantine East (such as Manuel Chrysoloras: ) came west at exactly the time that western intellectuals were becoming interested in Greek texts. The full implications of the recovery of Greek language in the west are still being established by historians. However, these included: A much better understanding of the original meanings of Plato, Aristotle, Galen, and the other ancient philosophers. A very different understanding of Christianity according to the most ancient Greek sources (both Biblical and the Church Fathers.) A movement which had a much higher understanding of the dignity of man than was evident in the medieval West: THE HUMANISTS. HUMANISM What emerged in the Renaissance humanist movement was a new worldview in which humanity was seen as designed by God to rule, benevolently, over nature. The humanists were coming up with new, and very positive, answers to the question: What does it mean to be human? Much of this is the result of the western reading of the Greek Christian concept of Theosis or the gradual divinization of humankind. (I m still working on this project.) This had a tremendous impact on natural philosophy and led toward the development of the sciences as never before. The humanists also applied their insights and convictions to theories of politics, literature, and art. Although based in ancient texts, humanism often applied the ideas in original ways. (One example is the heavy focus on the secular meaning the here and now. ) Gradually, the ideas found in the recovered texts infused all of society and culture. (This includes the medical theory of the humors influencing art.)
3 Duccio, 1285 Leonardo, 1480 THE PLAGUE Arrived in Europe in (Lasted until 1720 s in Western Europe, but became far less deadly in the process.) Began (as far as we know) somewhere in Asia. Apparently found in China and India in the early 1330 s. Kennedy is more specific: p. 74. HOWEVER: Michele da Piazza was not fond of the Genoese. (Historians must look beyond a single primary source, whenever there are, in fact, more.) Muslim writers attribute it to India (as did many Western scholars also), or more commonly to the Land of Darkness (Mongolia). Although a Mongol origin reflects Muslim biases, it is also probably correct. It spread rapidly, and classical medicine offered little help in understanding or treating the disease. Directly or indirectly caused the death of nearly half of Western Europe
4 SYMPTOMS Fever, occasional nausea. Muscle spasms, stiffness. Delirium/stupor. Ring of red spots near the source of infection. Swelling of the lymph nodes, especially in the armpit and groin. (Large and egg shaped, termed buboes. Hence, bubonic plague. ) Skin lesions. Odd bleeding beneath the skin, sometimes gangrene. (Hence black plague. ) Symptoms appear within 2-6 days. Death, usually within two weeks. Once contracted the bubonic form of plague can have a survival rate from 10% 40%. Many other symptoms were also reported: perhaps other, coincident, diseases. TRANSMISSION We now know: Transmitted by the yersinia pestis bacteria. In fleas (digestive tract), on black rats, on ships, entering Genoa. Followed the rat and the flea northward along trade routes. Other forms of plague: Pneumonic: found in the lungs, and can be spread through coughing and body fluids. (Symptoms include bloody phlegm.) More fatal than standard bubonic form. Septicemic: viable bacteria in the blood leading to infection and fever. (almost 100% fatal.) Another potential transmission through body fluid. These forms might exist without the standard bubonic symptoms.
5 MEDIEVAL ATTRIBUTIONS Wrath of God. (Widespread, but never excludes other, physical, causes. Medieval people were not as fatalistic as we assume.) Astrological influences. (The seemingly official position coming out of the University of Paris.) Miasmas That universal name for vapors and other unseen causes. (Also the position of the medical faculty at Paris.) Alphonso de Cordoba: human to human contact. (Sight?) Konrad of Megenberg: Earthquake caused miasmas, and the Jews. Specific reasons for death: Gentile da Fogliano: Poison centering on heart or lungs. Giovanni della Parma: overheated choleric matter. REMEDIES Elixirs and potions (often with exotic ingredients.) Purgatives Bleeding Lancing the buboes (helped) Leaving the area (also helped) Quarantine (definitely helped) (Eventually) Burning everything affected (definitely helped) posies and sweet smelling boxes or bags to drive away vapors (helped the smell.) Avoiding animals (helped.) Killing cats. (oops) (For physicians) Protective clothing. (Helped.)
6 EFFECTS Serious population reduction. Economic boom (reduction of poverty.) Spotty occurrences raise questions (Why were they spared?) New tensions between Christians and Jews. Questioning the tidy answers of the Scholastic theologians. (DO we understand God as we think?)(humanism gets a boost.) Questioning the answers of doctors. Art and Culture: The theme of untimely and arbitrary death gains force in the rise in death as a theme -- consider images such as the Grim Reaper and the Dance of Death.
7
8 The Scientific Revolution Precisely through the knowledge of these texts, provided by the humanists, the renewal of science was being prepared. endeavoring to see in nature what Greek writers had declared to be there, European scientists slowly came to see what really was there. (Marie Boas) John Henry
9 In the Renaissance: Mathematical texts were recovered from Antiquity, and discovered among the Moslems, which allowed mathematics to advance beyond arithmetic and geometry, to Algebra (a Moslem discipline) and Trigonometry. This allowed for a questioning and refinement of astronomy. Texts in medicine and astronomy proper were also recovered which challenged many of the assumptions which medieval thinkers had about the cosmos. In addition, a new focus on nature and this age which can be observed in humanism and art led to the observation of nature itself as a means of obtaining answers. Mathematization and Empiricism The Renaissance recovery and development of mathematics contributed to a growing confidence that knowledge and certainty regarding the natural world could be obtained through mathematics and precise measurement. The Renaissance focus on the natural world contributed to the belief that knowledge of nature could be obtained through observation of natural phenomena and experiment (empiricism). These two trends summarize the fundamental changes of the Scientific Revolution. Not so Revolutionary... The term Scientific Revolution is a complete anachronism only applied a&er the modern understanding of science developed (19th c.) It is, therefore, inherently whi'ish. Along with the term came the habit of ignoring the very NON-scientific trends which contributed to the changes that occurred, including: Alchemy, Astrology, and the trend toward magic Religion and such factors as the Reformation Outside context (social, cultural, economic, and political influences) Only when the people involved are seen as products of their time, and not ahead of their time, can the phenomenon be understood without serious distortion.
10 In Medicine: In medicine particularly, the changes which occurred would not necessarily be considered progress by any definition when they are considered in context. (Drugs involving the ingestion of mercury and arsenic, and an upturn in bleeding, for example.) The crisis of the plague was partly responsible for a serious loss of confidence in the answers of Aristotle/Galen, and the rise in other diseases contributed to this as we*. An explosion of new answers to theoretical questions and new cures for disease characterized the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, other trends in the period which were not specifica*y medical at the time contributed to the development of modern medicine in the course of time. Copernicus: More than Astronomy Nicholas Copernicus: ( ) Cathedral Canon, Krakow, concerned with calendar reform. Posited, based on mathematics, that the cosmos would be simpler, and calculations more accurate, if it were recognized that the sun was at the center and the earth was the third planet out. Attributed the idea to Pythagoras but was actually using Aristarchus of Samos (later). Personal reasons for this position included his religious conviction that the symbol of God (light and the sun) should hold a privileged place over the home of humans (earth.) In this his reverence for the Scriptures (and possibly the Corpus Hermeticum) can be seen. The book, De Revolutionibus Orbius caelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) was published in 1543, when he was on his deathbed. Copernicanism: For safety, Copernicus theory was published as only a theory by Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who wrote the introduction. (The Lutheran connection would haunt Galileo.) Note: the concern for safety had nothing to do with the position of the Roman Catholic Church. It had everything to do with the context of Lutheran universities. The premier Lutheran university, at Wittenberg, knew of heliocentric ideas and rejected them. The old geocentric system of Ptolemy was often superior in explanatory power and mathematical calculation to anything Copernicus had done. (Copernicus knew this also.) This was especially true since the improvements of math allowed two scholars, Puerbach and Regiomontanus, to refine the ancient system of Aristotle and Ptolemy. In other words, when it appeared, heliocentrism was simply not the best theory. Another theory, that of Tycho Brahe, would soon replace Ptolemy because of superior math. Copernicanism s first serious follower was Johannes Kepler, half a century after the death of Copernicus (Kepler had his own spiritual reasons, and Galileo would have political ones.)
11 Francis Bacon: More than Empiricism ( ) A theorist who argued that Aristotelian methods of observation were inadequate and should be replaced by a new, objective, and rigorous experimentation. Largely responsible for our modern understanding of falsifiability. Later he would be praised or blamed for separating science and religion. HOWEVER: Bacon presented his own theories and arguments in terms of a religious reformation. He argued that nothing could be truly known of God s creation unless mistaken ideas (mostly from those who were not Christian) were abandoned. By observing things themselves a new grammar could be developed which would allow humankind to read the book of nature as it had learned to read the Scriptures. Bacon and Medicine Medicine, in England at least, took a turn toward empirical research as a result of a particular belief of Bacon s: That the curse of the original sin which brought death could be reversed in the end times (before the return of Christ), and people could live indefinitely. He wrote his theories of life, death, and health in a book ca*ed Historia Vitae et Mortis. (Nutrition was a central focus.) His ideas would be tested repeatedly. Evidence of this is found in a host of manuscripts in the British Library, and a number of publications. From the Historia: Whatever can be repaired gradua*y without destroying the original whole is, like the vestal fire, potentia*y eternal. This is not so strange in light of another trend, far stranger, to our thinking. THE DARKER SIDE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The Occult Sciences
12 THE RECOVERY AND SANCTION OF ANCIENT MAGIC: Through the humanists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries two small libraries of hidden (occult) knowledge were taken-up by the intellectuals of the day: The Cabala - a collection of Jewish magical texts. The Corpus Hermeticum and other Hermetica - a collection of (seemingly) ancient Egyptian texts which meshed with, and appeared to sanction, the Christian worldview. (In reality they were written in the early Christian centuries and combined Christianity with a number of other popular philosophies.) Both sets of texts provided guidelines for the practice of magic, and sophisticated explanations of the theory behind magic. Both appeared to reconcile magic with the Judeo-Christian worldview. Via these texts, the practice of high magic (intellectual magic) entered forcefully into the mainstream of Christian Europe. The effect could primarily be seen in the rise of Alchemy and Astrology among Christian intellectuals between the late fifteenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth. KEY CONCEPTS: Magic -- the use of occult (hidden)/spiritual powers to manipulate the world and one s own identity within it. Natural Magic -- uses invisible forces and properties of natural things ( creation or the creatures ) to manipulate Demonic Magic -- calling upon and commanding the power of spiritual beings to manipulate A necessary assumption is that all things in the cosmos are connected so that nothing can be to a part done without affecting the whole, as in a spider s web. Magic is learning to manipulate the strands by which the whole is connected. Astrology: The belief that, as a function of the interconnectedness of all things, the heavens influence the earth in predictable ways. (Works best w. Aristotle s Cosmos.) ALCHEMY Alchemy: Not about gold but the transformation of things into their perfect forms. The goal of transforming one substance into another would be the ultimate command of nature -- mastery of matter itself. Philosopher s Stone The substance which would perfect matter, undoing the curse on the earth of Genesis 3. Elixir of Life Either the Philosopher s Stone, or a byproduct, which would perfect life, undoing the curse of death, of Genesis 3. Along the way, the various transformations were assumed to result in useful medicines.
13 WHAT DID THE OCCULT SCIENCES CONTRIBUTE TO MODERN SCIENCE? The majority of key players in the Scientific Revolution practiced one or both. (Boyle, Newton, Kepler, Paracelsus, Leibniz, van Helmont, etc., etc.) Alchemy and Astrology, especially, were both a source, and a motive, for the study of the natural world. Alchemy and astrology were a further venue for observation of nature and experimentation (contributing to Empiricism.) Magic, and particularly alchemy, contributed the assumption of hidden forces and connections operating in the universe which made the whole thing work. (For Gilbert, magnetism was possible, and for Newton, this was the very idea of gravity.) Natural magic -- the idea that forces inhere in nature and can be manipulated by proper techniques or technology -- was separated from other forms of magic which assumed the influence of spirits. Natural magic was stripped of its name and incorporated, wholesale, into the assumptions of modern science. Alchemy gave rise directly to experimental chemistry and chemical medicine. EXAMPLES IN MEDICINE 15th. c. Marsiglio Ficino s Three Books on Life: Combines astrology, natural magic, traditional medicines (of all kinds), and Christian Theology into a guide for extending life. Life itself is recognized as an occult force within the web of the cosmos. 17th c. Kenelm Digby s Powder of Sympathy : A concoction which could use the hidden connections between things to effect cures. (Example: Wound and Sword.) Most of Paracelsus cures (especially involving mercury, lead, and other metals.) MAN AS MICROCOSM: The World is pirmarily the totality of everything, consisting of heaven and earth ( ). In the second mystical sense, however, it is appropriately identified as man. For as the world has grown out of four elements, so does man consist of four humours ( ). -- Isidore of Seville, A.D De Natura Rerum
14 ASTROLOGY: BASIC ASSUMPTIONS The Kosmos is a unified whole, all parts interacting with each other. All motion in the Cosmos descends from the Spiritual realm through the Outer Spheres to influence the realm of change. (In Aristotelian Astrology.) As the celestial realm is superior to the terrestrial, celestial beings (whether lifeless stars and planets, or the spirits they contain, or deities) wield influence over the terrestrial. As the celestial realm also operates in a predictable manner, the influence of the celestial realm on the rest of the cosmos may be predicted. As man is a microcosm or an analogy, for the whole scheme of the cosmos, there are always body parts, moods, and events in human existence which relate directly to their celestial counterparts, because they are analogous to them. Note: Astrology, because of the assumptions involved, is inherently Greek in origin. It did not have to be fatalistic: the stars were only one set of influences among many.
15 The reasoning behind sympathy in the worlds of the visible and the invisible is quite compatible with earlier medieval thought connected to holy objects and relics. CONCLUSIONS 1. Our modern popular portrayals of Magic, Sorcery, and the occult (whether from WB or Disney) are but the images of the everyday Renaissance era infused with Hermetic/Cabalistic signs and symbols. 2. The popular myth of an essential conflict between Christianity and the Occult is historically groundless. (A 20th century development as we presently have it.) The issue for earlier Christians was which occult powers were compatible with orthodoxy. Christianity contains its own occult powers. 3. Modern science shares with magic the belief in the manipulation of nature, the belief that special knowledge leads to the mastery of occult powers in the universe, etc. and is indebted to magic for these aspects. 4. Natural magic was not accepted equally by everyone. However, most of those objecting to one form practiced or valued another. 5. Medically, the quest for hidden causes eventually is quite fruitful.
The Renaissance. The Rebirth of European Progress
The Renaissance The Rebirth of European Progress The Collapse of Rome and the Middle Ages When the western portion of the Roman Empire collapsed, much of the European continent entered a period of disunity
More informationEmergence of Modern Science
Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Learning Objectives Emergence of Modern Science In this chapter, students will focus on: The developments during the Middle
More informationChapter 17 - Toward a New World View
Chapter 17 - Toward a New World View Name I. Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution a. Scientific Thought in 1500 What was natural philosophy? Explain the "Aristotelian" view of the universe
More informationWelcome back to WHAP! Monday, January 29, 2018
Welcome back to WHAP! Monday, January 29, 2018 Turn your PERIOD 4 MAPS into the tray! We are studying the Scientific Revolution today. Be ready to take some notes. -> Choose an identity for tomorrow s
More informationAPEH Chapter 6.notebook October 19, 2015
Chapter 6 Scientific Revolution During the 16th and 17th centuries, a few European thinkers questioned classical and medieval beliefs about nature, and developed a scientific method based on reason and
More informationTeacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750
Teacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective 1. Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. Guiding Question and Activity Description
More informationIn 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus.
1 In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree
More information2/8/ A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science. Scientific Revolution
Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER XVI Religion and Science 1450 1750 Scientific Revolution A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science The Scientific
More informationNAME DATE CLASS. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution. Moscow
Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do new ideas change the way people live? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How were the scientific ideas of early thinkers passed on to later generations? 2.
More informationOutline Map. Europe About Name Class Date
W N S E Name Class Date Outline Map Europe About 1600 Directions: Locate and label the following cities and countries that were important during the Reformation: Scotland, England, Spain, France, Norway,
More informationEuropean Culture and Politics ca Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives.
European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. What s wrong with this picture??? What s wrong with this picture??? The
More informationChapter 13. Reformation. Renaissance
Renaissance " French for rebirth" Developed after the crusades when the ideas of humanism created an environment of curiosity and new interest in the individual Chapter 13 Renaissance and Reformation,
More informationEssential Question: What was the Renaissance? What factors led to the rise of the Renaissance? Warm-Up Question: Name three effects of The Crusades.
Essential Question: What was the Renaissance? What factors led to the rise of the Renaissance? Warm-Up Question: Name three effects of The Crusades. Western Europe The emerged Renaissance from the Middle
More information1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon? A) Italian Renaissance B) Protestant
More informationWhat We Need to Know:
What We Need to Know: Political Changes in Europe Causes of the Decline of Feudalism The Bubonic Plague The 100 Year s War The Crusades 3 English kings make Political Changes Causes of the Decline of Feudalism
More informationUse the 7 th Grade Reading Review packet provided by your teacher to complete pages 5-7 ½ of your survivor workbook.
7 th Grade Review Use the 7 th Grade Reading Review packet provided by your teacher to complete pages 5-7 ½ of your survivor workbook. You decide how to get the information to ALL your tribe mates Remember
More informationLearning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the
RENAISSANCE Learning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the Renaissance. What Was the Renaissance? A great
More informationScientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Mrs. Brahe World History II
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Mrs. Brahe World History II Objectives Describe how the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind's place in the universe Discuss how
More informationBackground to Early Modern Philosophy. Philosophy 22 Fall, 2009 G. J. Mattey
Background to Early Modern Philosophy Philosophy 22 Fall, 2009 G. J. Mattey Modern Philosophy The modern period in Western philosophy began in the seventeenth century In its primary sense, modern philosophy
More informationDBQ FOCUS: The Scientific Revolution
NAME: DATE: CLASS: DBQ FOCUS: The Scientific Revolution Document-Based Question Format Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents (The documents have been edited for the
More informationAPEH ch 14.notebook October 23, 2012
Chapter 14 Scientific Revolution During the 16th and 17th centuries, a few European thinkers questioned classical and medieval beliefs about nature, and developed a scientific method based on reason and
More informationA. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately below.
AP European History Mr. Mercado (Rev. 08) Chapter 18 Toward a New World-View Name A. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately
More informationAP Euro Unit 5/C18 Assignment: A New World View
AP Euro Unit 5/C18 Assignment: A New World View Be a History M.O.N.S.T.E.R! Vocabulary Overview Annotation The impact of science on the modern world is immeasurable. If the Greeks had said it all two thousand
More informationWorld History Grade: 8
World History Grade: 8 SOC 220 World History I No graduation credit 5 days per week; 1 school year Taught in English This is a required course for 8th grade students in the Mexican/U.S. Programs. This
More informationWhat did we just learn? Let s Review
What did we just learn? Let s Review Key Features of the Renaissance rise of humanism ( focus on ancient Greek and Roman civilization and the dignity and worth of the individual). independence and individualism
More informationEssential Question: What was the Renaissance? What factors led to the rise of the Renaissance?
Essential Question: What was the Renaissance? What factors led to the rise of the Renaissance? Western Europe The emerged Renaissance from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance From 1300
More informationWhat had life been like for Europeans during the Medieval period?
The Renaissance 1 What had life been like for Europeans during the Medieval period? 2 Renaissance Defined! The Renaissance took place in Europe between 1350 and 1550.! The Renaissance was a time of renewed
More informationSocial Studies World History Unit 05: Renaissance and Reformation,
Social Studies World History Unit 05: Renaissance and Reformation,1450 1750 2012 2013 1 Use the quote and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question. "All around us in Florence,
More informationName: Period 4: 1450 C.E C.E.
Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Chapter 23: The Transformation of Europe 1. Why didn't powerful countries like China, India, and Japan take a concerted interest in exploring?
More informationWhat. A New Way of Thinking...modern consciousness.
A New Way of Thinking...modern consciousness. What The Renaissance and the Reformation facilitated the breakdown of the medieval worldview. The physical world could be managed and understood by people.
More information!e Quest of # Europeans (3$-1460AD)
!e Quest of # Europeans (3$-1460AD) Middle Ages & Middle East After the Roman Empire fell in 300 AD, Western Europe went from being the home of the world s largest and most advanced empire to being a disparaged
More informationUnit: The Rise and Spread of Islam
Unit: The Rise and Spread of Islam Lesson Title: The Cultural Achievements of Muslims (See textbook pages 94-98) Muslims over the centuries made important advances in science, literature, and art. They
More information2,000 Years of Disasters
2,000 Years of Disasters Roy T. Weston (Nedrix Conference, October 17 th 2006, Newport RI) A Message to Our Sponsors. Top management needs to see business continuity as a strategy, not an expense. Talk
More informationSmall Group Assignment 8: Science Replaces Scholasticism
Unit 7: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1 Small Group Assignment 8: Science Replaces Scholasticism Scholastics were medieval theologians and philosophers who focused their efforts on protecting
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 13
The Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1650 Chapter 13 13-1 The Renaissance in Italy (pg 224) What was the Renaissance? (pg 225-226)! A New Worldview Renaissance it was a rebirth of political, social, economic,
More informationThe Crusades, The Black Plague, The Renaissance & The Reformation. Mr. O
The Crusades, The Black Plague, The Renaissance & The Reformation Mr. O The Crusades 1095 Pope Urban II calls for retaking of Holy Land (HL) from Muslims Sins will be forgiven to all Crusaders 1096-1099
More informationLate Middle Ages: Pro & Con
Late Medieval Europe and the Calamitous 14 th century Late Middle Ages: Pro & Con Gothic cathedrals arise Early humanism is born Universities are founded Cities grow Vernacular languages proliferate Population
More information13. Upheaval in Western Christendom,
13. Upheaval in Western Christendom, 13001560 Upheavals 1300 1400 Black Death First Appears 1347 New Technologies Change Society Renaissance Begins in Italy Columbus In America 1492 Various upheavals had
More informationBIBLICAL INTEGRATION IN SCIENCE AND MATH. September 29m 2016
BIBLICAL INTEGRATION IN SCIENCE AND MATH September 29m 2016 REFLECTIONS OF GOD IN SCIENCE God s wisdom is displayed in the marvelously contrived design of the universe and its parts. God s omnipotence
More informationHonors World History Midterm Review
Name Period Date Honors World History Midterm Review Your midterm will be given in two sections: DBQ (there will be 3 short documents and 1 essential question to answer) and multiple choice (45 items total,
More informationCrusades, Trade and the Plague. Medieval Europe - Lesson 4
Crusades, Trade and the Plague Medieval Europe - Lesson 4 Who issued the call for the Crusades and why? Pope Urban II called for the Crusades to regain the Holy Land and protect the Byzantine Empire. In
More informationOverview: Religion in Europe, Turmoil (some examples): Reform: Martin Luther: Permanent Division:
The Warfare of Science and Religion What is meant by it? Did it ever occur? When did it occur? What problems arise with this terminology? If this warfare is less than an established fact, what can be said
More informationToward a New Worldview
PrductivityStudent Toward a New Worldview 1540-1789 Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Thought in 1500 What is natural philosophy? The study of the nature of universe, its purpose,
More informationThe evolution of the meaning of SCIENCE. SCIENCE came from the latin word SCIENTIA which means knowledge.
Chapter 2 The evolution of the meaning of SCIENCE SCIENCE came from the latin word SCIENTIA which means knowledge. ANCIENT SCIENCE (before the 8 th century) In ancient Greece, Science began with the discovery
More informationThe Foundation of the Modern World
The Foundation of the Modern World In the year 1095 A.D., Christian Europe was threatened on both sides by the might of the Islamic Empire, which had declared jihad (Holy War) against Christianity. In
More informationName: Date: Period: Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, p
Name: Date: Period: Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 p.380-398 Using the maps on page 384 (Map 17.1) and 387 (Map 17.2): Mark Protestant countries with a P
More informationThe Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution CHART #1: EVOLUTION OF ASTRONOMY YEARS THEORY RELIGIOUS IMPACT PTOLEMY COPERNICUS BRAHE KEPLER GALILEO Chart #2: Breakthroughs in Medicine
More informationOrigin Science versus Operation Science
Origin Science Origin Science versus Operation Science Recently Probe produced a DVD based small group curriculum entitled Redeeming Darwin: The Intelligent Design Controversy. It has been a great way
More informationChapter 16 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, PART IV THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, : THE WORLD SHRINKS (PG.
Name: Due Date: Chapter 16 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 PART IV THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750: THE WORLD SHRINKS (PG. 354-361) 1. The title for this unit is The World Shrinks
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT STILL FELT TODAY
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT STILL FELT TODAY Jason Freewalt 4358488 World History Seminar HIST510 A001 Spr 13 American Military University June 2, 2013 Human history is replete
More informationIslam Islamic Scholarship
Non-fiction: Islam Islamic Scholarship Islam Islamic Scholarship Early in the history of Islam, Muslims were great scholars. 1 They studied science, medicine, mathematics, poetry, and art. During the Middle
More informationThe Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance & the Reformation
The Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance & the Reformation The Crusades 1096 to 1291 The Crusades 1096 to 1291 1095 Pope Urban II calls for retaking of Holy Land (HL) from Muslims Sins will be forgiven
More informationGreek natural philosophy and the Christian Tradition
Greek natural philosophy and the Christian Tradition Hellenism - spread of Greek culture from about 333 BC (time of Alexander the Great) to 63 BC (Roman domination). Rome continued the tradition. Birth
More informationPrimary Sources: The Black Death, 1348
Primary Sources: The Black Death, 1348 By Henry Knighton, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.30.17 Word Count 1,097 A miniature from a 14th century Belgium manuscript showing people burying the dead from the
More informationIntroduction to The Renaissance. Marshall High School Western Civilization II Mr. Cline Unit Two AA
Introduction to The Renaissance Marshall High School Western Civilization II Mr. Cline Unit Two AA Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance In today's lesson, we will be discussing Italy as the birthplace
More informationLecture 16: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
Lecture 16: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy I. INTRODUCTION The Renaissance From French meaning "rebirth It was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century. It
More informationThe Humanist Approach
The Humanist Approach Your Task Create visual representations and a script in order to teach your classmates about the following topic: What is humanism and why was it able to develop?. Break the topic
More informationA Quick Review of the Scientific Method Transcript
Screen 1: Marketing Research is based on the Scientific Method. A quick review of the Scientific Method, therefore, is in order. Text based slide. Time Code: 0:00 A Quick Review of the Scientific Method
More informationBOOK 2, UNIT 2, THE AGE OF ENCOUNTERS Writing focus: Historical explanations Three paragraph balanced argument mini-essays.
Textbook: Early Modern Britain 1509-1760 (Collins Knowing History, Unit 2: Age of Encounters BOOK 2, UNIT 2, THE AGE OF ENCOUNTERS Writing focus: Historical explanations Three paragraph balanced argument
More informationUnderstanding the Enlightenment Reading & Questions
Understanding the Enlightenment Reading & Questions The word Enlightenment refers to a change in outlook among many educated Europeans that began during the 1600s. The new outlook put great trust in reason
More information9-1: Understanding the Middle Ages?
9-1: Understanding the Middle Ages? Have a go at these questions, doesn t matter if you re not sure! Copy these key features of Medieval life and then see if you need to change your answers Which of these
More informationWorld Civilizations. The Transformation of the West. The Transformation of the West. The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 17 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 The Transformation of the West The Transformation of the West I. The Renaissance II. The
More informationPhilippe Aries. Francesco Petrarch
Philippe Aries Wrote Centuries in Childhood Argued that pre-modern Western children were treated differently then modern children Art begin portraying children as active participants in the family Francesco
More informationUnit. Science and Hypothesis. Downloaded from Downloaded from Why Hypothesis? What is a Hypothesis?
Why Hypothesis? Unit 3 Science and Hypothesis All men, unlike animals, are born with a capacity "to reflect". This intellectual curiosity amongst others, takes a standard form such as "Why so-and-so is
More informationRenaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2)
Renaissance Humanism Medici Family Perspective A new age that began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Marked a transition from medieval times to the early modern world. Literally meaning rebirth,
More informationMk AD
Mk 2018 The Rise of the Arab Islamic Empire 622AD - 1450 610AD The Arabian Peninsula: Muhammad, age 40 has visions and revelations he claimed came from God. These revelations were written down by friends.
More informationStudent ID: MAKE SURE YOU BUBBLE THE STUDENT ID ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. Unit 1: Europe Quiz
Student ID: 123 - MAKE SURE YOU BUBBLE THE STUDENT ID ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET Unit 1: Europe Quiz Directions: Read each of the following questions. Based on your knowledge, determine which answer choice best
More informationDefinition, Location, Family, & Culture
RENAISSANCE Review Definition, Location, Family, & Culture Renaissance - a period of creativity, of new ideas and inspirations, is called the Renaissance(1400 s). Renaissance began in Italy (cities of
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation DBQ
Name: Due Date: The Renaissance and Reformation DBQ Historical Context: The Renaissance was a movement that began in the 1400s and lasted through the 1700s. The term Renaissance comes from the French work
More informationMcFARLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADE SEVEN. Benchmarks One Two Three Four
1 9 Weeks Roman Empire 7.1.1 Study the early All-In-One Tet Book Chapter Islam strengths and lasting contributions of Rome (e.g., Teaching Resource Interactive Reader Safari Montage significance of Roman
More informationEurope Recovers. Putting it all together: Look carefully at the three completed graphic organizers. Use them to answer these questions:
Student Handout 5.1 Europe Recovers Graphic Organizer 1: The pace of change in Europe accelerated greatly from 1300 to 1500. Some of the events and facts associated with this acceleration are listed in
More informationIslamic Civilization
Islamic Civilization Mondays 12:30 15:10 pm HNRS 2130 CRN 31266 Gen Ed: HU/DV Main Campus Room LI 325 3 CR Instructor: Abdulnaser Kaadan, MD, PhD E-mail: ankaadan@weber.edu Office on Ogden campus: Marriot
More informationThe Dark Ages, Middle Ages or Medieval Times?
The Dark Ages, Middle Ages or Medieval Times? By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.23.17 Word Count 786 Level 880L Knights of the Holy Ghost embarking on the Crusades. The illustration is modeled
More informationScience and the Enlightenment
Science and the Enlightenment explorable.com /science-and-enlightenment While the Renaissance, with its roots in Christian art and doctrine, created solid foundations for the flourishing of art, architecture,
More informationChapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78)
Chapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78) Inquiry question: How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe???? Chapter Overview You will learn the influence that the exchange
More informationGanado Unified School District (Social Studies/6 th Grade)
Ganado Unified School District (Social Studies/6 th Grade) PACING Guide SY 2015-2016 Timeline & 4th Quarter Middle Ages 2 3 Weeks S2 C3 PO6 Describe the trade routes that established the exchange of goods
More informationPhil 1103 Review. Also: Scientific realism vs. anti-realism Can philosophers criticise science?
Phil 1103 Review Also: Scientific realism vs. anti-realism Can philosophers criticise science? 1. Copernican Revolution Students should be familiar with the basic historical facts of the Copernican revolution.
More informationThe Crusades THEY WERE A SERIES OF RELIGIOUS WARS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS FOUGHT BETWEEN THE 11 TH TO 13 TH CENTURIES.
The Crusades The Crusades WHAT WERE THEY? THEY WERE A SERIES OF RELIGIOUS WARS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS FOUGHT BETWEEN THE 11 TH TO 13 TH CENTURIES. THESE WARS WERE BEGUN BY CHRISTIANS AND CAUSED
More informationRebirth. Responses to the changing demographics and increases in wealth also manifested themselves in art and thinking the Renaissance.
Rebirth Responses to the changing demographics and increases in wealth also manifested themselves in art and thinking the Renaissance. Humanism Discovering the Renaissance People still argue about what
More informationWhat were the most important contributions Islam made to civilization?
Islamic Contributions and Achievements Muslim scholars were influenced by Greek, Roman and Indian culture. Many ideas were adopted from these people and formed the basis of Muslim scholarship that reached
More informationWHI SOL Review Packet: Part II
Ancient Rome from 700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) 120. What geographical features protected Rome and the Italian peninsula? 121. What was Roman Mythology based on? What did it explain? 122. Who were
More informationAP World History 12/9/2014. Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes
AP World History Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes The Italian Renaissance: Starts Italy due to independence of Italian City-states, there was a Northern Renaissance as well (based
More informationWestern Europe Ch
Western Europe Ch 11 600-1450 Western Europe: After the Fall of Rome Middle Ages or medieval times Between the fall of Roman Empire and the European Renaissance Dark Ages? Divide into the Early Middle
More information12.0 IDEAS AND THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE 01/11/2017. In this outcome we will:
Unit 1 Social Studies 2211 October 2017 12.0 IDEAS AND THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE In this outcome we will: 12.1 describe the worldview of Western Europeans during the mid-to-late Middle Ages 12.2 explain the
More informationWorldview Inquiry: In what ways can changing social structures affect a society's worldview?
UNIT 1: The Renaissance Literally means rebirth- coined by French historian Jules Michelet although it began in Italy Does not refer to a specific time period, but took place at the same time as the Middle
More informationA New World of Reason and Reform ( ) The Scien=fic Revolu=on and the Enlightenment
A New World of Reason and Reform (1600-1800) The Scien=fic Revolu=on and the Enlightenment Merely Connect 1. To restore order in Europe in the 17 th century, European na=ons devised two new poli=cal systems:
More informationPrimary Sources: The Black Death, 1348
7th Grade Q2 237 Primary Sources: The Black Death, 1348 By Henry Knighton, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.30.17 Word Count 972 A miniature from a 14th century Belgium manuscript showing people burying
More informationAGE OF FEUDALISM, THE MANOR, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, THE CRUSADES, THE PLAGUE, AND HUNDRED YEARS WAR
AGE OF FEUDALISM, THE MANOR, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, THE CRUSADES, THE PLAGUE, AND HUNDRED YEARS WAR CENTRAL GOV T OF ROME FALLS APART FAIRLY QUICKLY NORMAL LIFE DISAPPEARS: LOSS OF SAFETY, SERVICES, LAWS,
More informationCHAPTER 8 TEST LATE MIDDLE AGES. c. leading the Normans to victory in the Battle of Hastings.
CHAPTER 8 TEST LATE MIDDLE AGES 1. William the Conqueror earned his title by a. repelling the Danish invaders from England. b. defeating the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld. c. leading the Normans to
More informationThe European Middle Ages CE
The European Middle Ages 500-1500 CE World History- Wednesday 11/15 2nd 6 Weeks grades have now been finalized. If you have any questions, please see me in person. Warm-Up Discuss with your neighbors-
More informationStudy Guide: The Middle Ages
Name Study Guide: The Middle Ages ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE: The European Middle Ages occur chronologically between the Roman Empire and the modern age that we live in. The Middle Ages are divided into three
More informationKey Terms and People. Section Summary. The Later Middle Ages Section 1
The Later Middle Ages Section 1 MAIN IDEAS 1. Popes and kings ruled Europe as spiritual and political leaders. 2. Popes fought for power, leading to a permanent split within the church. 3. Kings and popes
More informationThe Renaissance. A demystification of the world Max Weber
The Renaissance A demystification of the world Max Weber Renaissance Defined A Cultural Renewal from the 14 th - 17 th Century in which values of the Greek and Roman world were rediscovered and harmonized
More information3. Which institution served as the main unifying force of medieval Western Europe?
World History Midterm Review Unit 3A Middle Ages in Europe 1. In Feudal times, how did the Roman Catholic Church and much of society view women? A. They believed women should have the right to vote. B.
More informationSocial Studies High School TEKS at School Days Texas Renaissance Festival
World History 1.d Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following important turning points in world history from 1450 to 1750: the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the
More informationTimeline to the Renaissance
Timeline to the Renaissance Height of Roman Empire 130 AD Fall of Roman Empire 500 AD 1350 AD Renaissance 1100 AD Crusades 100 BC Dark Ages 800 AD Medieval Period The Renaissance was a R.E.B.I.R.T.H The
More informationHIST 1207 D a w n o f M o d e r n E u r o p e
What is History? One of the original humanities, the rules and method for its study, as we have it today, began in the Renaissance.!"#$%&' (historia)-- Greek for a finding out referred, in ancient Greek,
More informationWorld History Exam Study Guide
World History Exam Study Guide Byzantine and Mongol Empires Multiple Choice 1) What is the famous church in Constantinople - the name means holy wisdom Hagia Sophia 2) Rome had fallen on hard times - internal
More informationCultural Achievements of Western Europe During the Middle Ages
Cultural Achievements of Western Europe During the Middle Ages Intro. In the Early Middle Ages, western European culture retrogressed as a result of barbarian invasions, feudalism, and people s concern
More informationDevelopment of Thought. The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek philosophia, which
Development of Thought The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek philosophia, which literally means "love of wisdom". The pre-socratics were 6 th and 5 th century BCE Greek thinkers who introduced
More information