CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS PREFACE NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. HISTORICAL SETTING 1

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1 CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS PREFACE NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii xv xix 1. HISTORICAL SETTING In search of roots The autochthonous theory Material culture and language Were the Veneti Slavic? Evidence of place and river names Classical sources Médos and strava The Danubian and mid-dnieper theories The Indo-European homeland The Great Migrations. Jordanes testimony The Avars Constantinople and Christianity Europe after the Great Migrations Christianization of the Goths and of other Germanic tribes Christianization of the Celts and Anglo-Saxons The Franks Charlemagne and the papacy The Slavs in the Balkans. Procopius testimony John of Ephesus testimony Emperor Maurice s Strategikon Theophylact Simocatta s History The siege of Constantinople in 626. The Paschal Chronicle The Croats and Serbs. Constantine Porphyrogenitus testimony The Bulgars. Theophanes the Confessor s testimony Christianity among the Balkan Slavs Samo s Slavic state in central Europe. Fredegar s testimony The Alpine Slavs. Paul the Deacon s testimony 22

2 viii CONTENTS The Carantanian mission. The testimony of the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum The Aquileian mission. The Gospel of Cividale Moravia and Pannonia in the ninth century The Cyrillo-Methodian sources The early careers of Constantine and Methodius The mission to the Khazars The background of the Moravian mission The Constantinian period The Methodian period The testimony of papal correspondence Was the Moravian mission Byzantine or Roman? The Moravian debacle The legacy of the Moravian mission in Bulgaria From Moravia to Bohemia The northwestern Slavs. The testimony of Frankish and Saxon chronicles Religious beliefs of the northwestern Slavs as reported by Thietmar and Helmold Poland The eastern Slavs The Norsemen in eastern Europe The terms Rus and Russian LANGUAGE The historical comparative method and the concept of the proto-language Linguistic reconstruction and phonetic laws Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European Survey of the Indo-European languages Periodization of Proto-Slavic The problem of Balto-Slavic Survey of the Slavic languages Problems in phonological reconstruction Late Proto-Indo-European phonemic system Laryngeals Proto-Indo-European ablaut Loss of aspiration Treatment of velar stops Retroflexion of s Merger of 0 and Phonemic inventory of Early Proto-Slavic Constraints on syllabic structure Elimination of word-final consonants Resolution of syllable-initial clusters Shifting of morphemic boundaries Rise of prothetic semivowels First palatalization of velars Yodization Proto-Slavic consonant system Fronting of back vowels after soft consonants 86

3 CONTENTS ix Monophthongization of diphthongs in i and j Backing of after soft consonants Rise of & Phonemic pitch and the new vowel system From Early to Late Proto-Slavic Second (regressive) and third (progressive) palatalizations of velars The relative chronology of the palatalizations of velars Clusters tl and dl Monophthongization of diphthongs in nasal sonants Resolution of diphthongs in liquid sonants Development of t d Word stress Strong and weak positions of short high vowels (jers) Rise of the neoacute Rise of qualitative distinctions in the vowel system Rise of new quantity oppositions Tense jers Phonemic status of i ( j) and j (v) Phonemes of Late Proto-Slavic and their distribution Nouns versus verbs Grammatical categories Nominal stems Declensions Inflection of adjectives and numerals Verbal stems Verbal aspect Personal endings Present tense. Conjugations I and II Aorist Imperfect Imperative Infinitive and supine Participles Compound verbal categories Verbal substantive Syntactic reconstruction Syntactic constructions Use of cases Word order Composition of the wordstock Lexical borrowing Grammatical productivity Grammatical analogy Late Proto-Slavic dialect isoglosses EARLY WRITING Paleography Slavic alphabets The genealogy of Glagolitic 166

4 x CONTENTS 3.4. Glagolitic and Cyrillic letters Slavic writing before the Moravian mission The testimony of the monk Khrabr Unsystematic Slavic adaptations of Greek and Latin alphabets The Russian letters in the Vita Constantini The abecedarium from St. Sophia in Kiev The origin of the terms Glagolitic and Cyrillic Why was Glagolitic introduced? The locale of Glagolitic The precedence of Glagolitic Digraphs and ligatures Abbreviations Numerals Dates Punctuation and diacritics Styles of handwriting Physical description of manuscripts Writing materials Palimpsests The term Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic The periodization of Old Church Slavonic The Ohrid and Preslav schools The canon of Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic Local recensions of Church Slavonic (Old) Church Slavonic literary community Translations versus original works Authors and authorship Constantine and Methodius Clement of Ohrid Constantine of Preslav John the Exarch Textual criticism Early Slavic texts Biblical texts Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha Liturgical and paraliturgical texts Fourfold Gospels Biblical exegeses Homiletic texts Miscellanies and florilegia Hagiography Hymnography and other poetic works Monasticism Learning Historiography Legal texts Epistolary literature and correspondence 234

5 CONTENTS xi Epigraphic texts Glosses Place and personal names APPENDICES 241 A. Rise of Slavic philology 241 B. Chronological table 253 C. Orthodox Church calendar 258 D. Samples of early Slavic writing 261 BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 INDEX 337