The Unknown Mission of Sts. Cyril and Methodius
|
|
- Mark Preston
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Unknown Mission of Sts. Cyril and Methodius Anatoly Turilov On May 24 the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, the Equal-to-the- Apostles and teachers of the Slavs, who are considered the creators of the Slavonic alphabet and literary language. Much from the history of their lives and mission remains unknown to this day. For more on these holy brothers, we present the following interview with Anatoly Arkadyevich Turilov, Senior Researcher at the Department of Medieval History at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Anatoly Arkadyevich, what exactly did Sts. Cyril and Methodius do in educating the Slavic peoples? First of all, they created the literary Slavonic language on the basis of Bulgarian dialects, as well as the Slavonic written language, although this wasn t the same alphabet we use now it wasn t the modern Cyrillic alphabet. They also translated Holy Scripture into Slavonic and laid the basis for both Slavonic divine services and Slavonic literature. What kind of people were they? What do we know about their characters and personalities? The brothers came from the family of a mid-ranking Byzantine military official living in Thessalonica. It was a fairly well-to-do, educated family. Methodius was the eldest, a good bit older than Cyril. According to the life, Cyril was the youngest, the family s seventh child. In character, to the extent that we can deduce from their lives and other materials, they were fairly different people. Cyril was, as they say, a God-given philologist. He learned languages well and loved doing so. Moreover, Cyril probably knew quite a few languages. Apart from Slavonic, he knew Hebrew. During one of his journeys, when he accompanied a mission to the caliphate as an interpreter, he became acquainted with 1 / 7
2 Arabic. It s obvious that, to some extent, he knew Latin as well as Syriac. St. Cyril s knowledge of Syriac is the key to his subsequent creation of the Slavonic alphabet. It s worth noting that not many people then knew Syriac, which again testifies to how highly educated he was. Building thereon, St. Cyril was subsequently able to model a literary language based on the spoken Slavic languages because, as you know, literary language differs from spoken language. It had to be normalized and oriented on some model and, since Cyril was Greek, the orientation came from Greek. Methodius followed the typical career of a Byzantine official from the beginning. In those days military and administrative service were not, in principle, separate things. He was appointed to oversee a certain district inhabited by Slavs. He clearly proved himself to be a good administrator. After the loss of his family, however, he was tonsured to monasticism and settled in Asia Minor, on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara. It was from there that he later began to accompany his brother. Thus, the combination of a learned philologist with an administrator was a very successful one, leading to good results. It s also worth stating that the brothers were successful educators and teachers: they were able to leave an entire generation of disciples behind them. In this case, the activity of their disciples was as important as that of the brothers themselves. The holy brothers disciples, who came to Bulgaria in 885, created a large range of translations and new literary texts. It can be said that, without this generation of disciples, their mission wouldn t have had the results that were eventually attained. 2 / 7
3 How reliable is the information about the saints that has come down to us? What is historically accurate and what is legendary? The historical evidence in this case is fairly limited. Apart from their lives, there are very few other sources, nearly all of which are Latin. On the one hand, little information from Byzantium has come down to us. Judging from the surviving historical evidence, no one was particularly interested in the mission. For example, Cyril was a disciple of Patriarch Photius, but there is no mention of either Cyril himself or of his mission in either the epistles or sermons of Photius. Therefore, the information here is limited. On the other hand, from the moment that the hagiographies began to be studied, practically all researchers noted their high degree of reliability. Of course, some doubts can arise here. So, for example, Cyril s life dedicates a great deal of space to his polemics with the heterodox and heretics. Whether this took place as described can be called into question. It s more likely that the life made use of separate polemical treatises 3 / 7
4 by Cyril, but that he didn t actually speak like this as an orator. As for legends, as a rule they arise later. So, for example, while the later hagiographical tradition calls Cyril an archbishop, this isn t borne out by anything. It s known that he didn t hold the episcopal rank. Another example: during the nationalization of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria in the twelfth century, it began to be claimed that they were Bulgarian through their mother. This is also a legend, not borne out by anything. In principle, the mechanism behind these versions is clear: only one of our own could ve created a written language for our people. On the whole, the ancient hagiographical tradition that is, the lengthy lives of Sts. Cyril and Methodius are texts of very great historical authenticity. What role did the brothers play in creating an alphabet for the Slavs? The first page of the Gospel according to St. Mark in Glagolitic (Codex Zographensis, Bulgarian, late 10th / early 11th century) 4 / 7
5 In fact, it was only after the middle of the nineteenth-century that the view became established that, despite the modern alphabet being called Cyrillic, it wasn t invented by Cyril. As you know, there are two Slavonic alphabets: Cyrillic and Glagolitic. What is the evidence that Cyril created Glagolitic? Glagolitic is an artificial alphabet, patterned on Eastern alphabets. Given that Cyril knew Eastern languages, this isn t surprising: if he knew the languages, he also knew the alphabets. It s this artificiality that suggests that a single person invented it. There is other evidence as well. For example, the numeral system in Glagolitic is completely independent, inasmuch as letters in Glagolitic also serve as numerals. In Cyrillic, however, the numeral system follows the Greek: letters missing from the Greek alphabet (for example, the Cyrillic letter Be ) don t have a numeric value. The presence of this numeral system is further evidence of the primacy of Glagolitic, because if Cyrillic had existed earlier, Glagolitic would ve followed it in this regard. Cyrillic is the result of the prolonged use of the Greek alphabet in Bulgaria from before that country s acceptance of Christianity. Its formalization as a Slavonic alphabet took place at the turn of the ninth-tenth centuries AD. It amounted to the simultaneous joining of the Greek alphabet with the philological and linguistic principles that form the basis of Glagolitic. Cyril s genius as a philologist consisted in the fact that he created a very successful alphabetic system that takes into account the many particularities of any Slavic language and even some of its neighbors. The particularity of his Glagolitic, and then of the Cyrillic that adapted its principles, consists in the fact that no supplementary signs are needed in representing the letters as, for example, in reproducing Slavonic letters into Latin. The letters are sufficient to reproduce the particularities of all sounds. Cyril was able to take into account all the particularities of the different Slavic dialects. This has been subsequently confirmed by the fact that wherever various regional variants of the Cyrillic alphabet have been used, their creators have been able to make use of St. Cyril s alphabet without changing hardly anything. Cyril succeeded in penetrating the formation and phonology of Slavonic so thoroughly that a universal alphabet with enormous reserves of potential was created. Moreover, these particularities were incorporated not only into Glagolitic, but also into Cyrillic. Was there an alphabet before them? Could Slavic culture have arisen without the involvement of Christianity? Before Glagolitic, the Slavs had only various oral dialects, but there was no single literary language. These dialects were similar in many ways, which allowed the Greek and Latin contemporaries of the holy brothers to speak of the Slavs as a single people with a relatively uniform language. Legend has it that when Cyril was on a diplomatic mission to Khazaria, he found a certain book written in Russian letters in Chersoneses (the site of today s Sevastopol). For more than 150 years now, there s been a debate about what these Russian letters were. Most likely, it was a matter of transposed letters: russkii [Russian] instead of sur skii, that is, Syriac. As follows from the subsequent description, the language in question is Syriac. Already in the twelfth century, on the basis of this reading [of Russian rather than Syriac ], the Tale of Russian Letters was born, which asserted that Russian letters were not invented, but rather sent by God to a certain Rusyn, who showed them to Cyril. This, of course, is a legend. We don t 5 / 7
6 have any real evidence of independent writing among the Slavs before the creation of Glagolitic. As for the question of the emergence of Slavic culture without the persons of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, this would ve been possible in principle. However, this wouldn t have been possible without the Slavs acceptance of Christianity. The fact is that all alphabets created after the Birth of Christ necessarily arose on the basis of preceding ones, and this was connected with the Christianization of peoples. Thus, for example, the creation of the Gothic language and alphabet in the fourth century was connected with the Christianization of the Goths. The creation of the Ethiopian language was connected with the baptism of the Ethiopians, and so forth. Therefore the Christianization of peoples, the creation of indigenous literary languages, and the creation of alphabets are all part of a single inseparable process. This concerns the Slavic peoples above all, because with them we can visually compare the seeds sown by their holy first teachers with the mighty tree of Orthodox culture that has grown from them. Of course! There is the Slavs acquisition of their own literary language, which in Rus survived as a single entity in all spheres of life until the beginning of the eighteenth century. There is also the acquisition of Slavonic liturgical and independent literatures. And, it goes without saying, the main thing was the translation of the Gospel into Slavonic, since the coming of Christianity to the Slavs in their own language was of such global significance that we re probably incapable of fully recognizing its scale, inasmuch as we re looking back at it from within after more than one thousand years. This was better understood and sensed by the authors of the lives of the holy brothers and their disciples, who characterized this event in the words of the Bible: Following the word of the prophet, the ears of the deaf were opened, that they might hear the words of Scripture, and the tongue of stammerers spoke plainly (Life of Cyril the Philosopher, chapter 15 [cf. Isaiah 35:5-6, LXX]). Here it should be noted that Sts. Cyril and Methodius saw their mission as apostolic and themselves as, in some sense, heirs of the Apostle Paul, since they were carrying the light of Christ s teaching not to any single people, but to the Slavs in general. How did the Greek East (Constantinople) and the Latin West (Rome) react to the brothers activity? It s difficult to say how Constantinople reacted, since as I ve already mentioned practically no information about this has survived. In the lives it s stated that they were sent to Moravia (the border of today s Czech Republic and Slovakia) by request of the local prince, but other Byzantine sources are silent about them. We shouldn t, however, regard such silence as anything special, since the Byzantine sources generally say very little about any kind of mission, wherever they may have been sent, so in this sense the mission of Cyril and Methodius is no exception, but rather a confirmation of the rule. There is a certain reticence about the history of the mission itself, since the Moravian prince had asked for a teacher and bishop, but was sent only a teacher, not a bishop. As for Rome, there are many difficulties here. It s necessary to distinguish two things: the position of Rome itself and the position of the German bishops, since the holy brothers mission unfolded on lands on which German missionaries from the neighboring East Frankish kingdom, who had used Latin liturgically, had operated. Therefore, the question of competition was keener with regards to the neighboring German dioceses, while Rome continually maintained a floating policy. At times it supported the mission of Cyril and Methodius, while at other times it forbad the performance of services in Slavonic, ultimately banning it in 885. As has often happened in history, the mission became a card in a complicated political game. At an early stage, it was advantageous to Rome to support it and even to create a separate archdiocese 6 / 7
7 Powered by TCPDF ( A Russian Orthodox Church Website (formally reviving an old one, centered in the city of Sirmium, north of today s Belgrade). By agreement between the Papal See and the Moravian princes, Methodius was assigned to this cathedra in 869 (Cyril had died six months earlier in Rome). In some sense, this option suited everyone. The Moravian princes got their bishop. The situation was also good enough for Constantinople, because no one there doubted Methodius commitment to the values of Byzantine Orthodoxy and the Emperor. The Papal See, on the one hand, restricted the influence of the German bishops, who carried out policies that didn t always agree with Rome. On the other hand, perhaps even more importantly, the establishment of the cathedra of Sirmium with services in Slavonic opened up the possibility of spreading Papal influence among the many Balkan Slavs and, potentially, for returning to the authority of the Pope the entire diocese of Illyricum (the Balkan Peninsula excluding Constantinople and its environs), which had been transferred to Constantinople s jurisdiction back in the first half of the eighth century. However, with regard to the Slavonic services, Rome s position as has already been stated changed frequently (it was dictated by the political situation of the given moment): from permission for the partial use of Slavonic in divine services as a second language (after Latin) to a total ban. After the death of Methodius in 885, there came a final ban, accompanied by the expulsion and sale into slavery of the archbishop s disciples. But the apparent defeat in the lives of the holy brothers in Moravia was almost immediately replaced by the triumph of their disciples joyful acceptance in Bulgaria. Interview conducted by Sergei Milov. Translated from the Russian 7 / 7
Christianity has made its way through time and space, affecting the progression and
1 Cristal Lugo RSSO Conference 2018 What Would Jesus Do? Create a Written Language Christianity has made its way through time and space, affecting the progression and civilizations of many cultures all
More informationUnit 3 pt. 3 The Worlds of Christendom:the Byzantine Empire. Write down what is in red. 1 Copyright 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin s
Unit 3 pt. 3 The Worlds of Christendom:the Byzantine Empire Write down what is in red 1 Copyright 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin s The Early Byzantine Empire Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus In both Europe
More informationChapter 13. The Commonwealth of Byzantium. Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chapter 13 The Commonwealth of Byzantium 1 The Early Byzantine Empire n Capital: Byzantium n On the Bosporus n Commercial, strategic value of location n Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople),
More informationSaints Cyril and Methodius and Their Gift of Enlightenment
1 Saints Cyril and Methodius and Their Gift of Enlightenment In order to more easily understand the achievements of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the last half of the ninth century, it might be helpful
More informationByzantines, Turks, and Russians Interact
Byzantines, Turks, and Russians Interact 500-1500 Byzantium Germanic tribes had driven the Romans east. In 330 CE, the Roman emperor had begun to favor Christianity and established a city called Constantinople,
More informationBYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D A.D.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. Also
More informationBYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D A.D.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 A.D. 1500 A.D. Roman Empire 27 B.C. 476 A.D. Also
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 3 The Growth of European Kingdoms ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How can changes to political systems impact economic activities? How is society influenced by changes in political and economic systems? Reading
More informationCivilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
Chapter 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe OUTLINE I. Introduction Two civilizations survived in postclassical Europe: the Byzantine Empire and its culturally related cultures
More informationWorld Civilizations. The Global Experience. Chapter. Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe. AP Seventh Edition
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition Chapter 10 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Figure 10.1 This 15th-century miniature shows Russia s King Vladimir
More informationConversion of France. The Conversion of the Celts (Irish) 12/11/ St. Gregory of Tours wrote History of the Franks.
Conversion of the Tribes Introduction The Church set about the task of converting the Germanic invaders period of evangelization stretched from 4th century (Germanic tribes) to 11th century (Slavic tribes).
More informationChapter 9. The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and the rise of Eastern Europe
Chapter 9 The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and the rise of Eastern Europe The 2 nd Rome Map of the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian Building and Defending the Empire Justinian- Ruled the Byzantine
More informationStructure of the Orthodox Church
Structure of the Orthodox Church PART A Adult Education Series 12/16 1 PART A Church Timeline Early Church Byzantine Church Outline Orthodox Church of America Church Governance Synodal Authority Terms
More informationCHAPTER NINE Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
CHAPTER NINE Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert *AP and Advanced Placement are
More informationNAME DATE CLASS. Black Sea. Constantinople ASIA MINOR GREECE. Tarsus. Aegean Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Jerusalem. Alexandria JUDAEA EGYPT
Lesson 1 Early Christianity ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the characteristics of a leader? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did the Jews respond to Roman rule? 2. Why were the life and death of Jesus of Nazareth
More informationNAME DATE CLASS. Black Sea. Constantinople ASIA MINOR GREECE Tarsus Sicily. Antioch Aegean Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Jerusalem. Alexandria JUDAEA EGYPT
Lesson 1 Early Christianity ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the characteristics of a leader? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did the Jews respond to Roman rule? 2. Why were the life and death of Jesus of Nazareth
More informationOctober 6, 2006 Ms. Renella Chapter 9
October 6, 2006 Ms. Renella Chapter 9 The Roman empire has been divided since 200s. The western half declined, the eastern half rose in importance. The Byzantine empire remained a political and cultural
More informationCONTENTS. Foreword Part One THE CHURCH IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (30-476)
CONTENTS Foreword... 5 Part One THE CHURCH IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (30-476) Chapter 1 The Mission to the Jews and Gentiles... 13 Chapter 2 The Roman Persecution of the Church (30-313)... 24 Chapter 3 The
More informationA Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by:
A Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by: www.cainaweb.org Early Church Growth & Threats Patristic Period & Great Councils Rise of Christendom High Medieval Church Renaissance to Reformation
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 5 The Byzantine Empire ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How can religion impact a culture? What factors lead to the rise and fall of empires? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary legal relating to law; founded
More informationThe double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry. It is most commonly associated with the Byzantine Empire. In Byzantine heraldry, the heads
BYZANTINE EMPIRE The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry. It is most commonly associated with the Byzantine Empire. In Byzantine heraldry, the heads represent the dual sovereignty of the
More informationThe Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire -The rise of the Byzantine Empire is connected to the fall of the Roman Empire -therefore, we need to review the events that led to the fall of the Roman Empire -Review: -in AD 284,
More informationCONTENTS LIST OF MAPS PREFACE NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. HISTORICAL SETTING 1
CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS PREFACE NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii xv xix 1. HISTORICAL SETTING 1 1.1. In search of roots 1 1.2. The autochthonous theory 1 1.3. Material culture and language
More informationTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. The Empire in the East survived for another thousand years
Constantine, the Roman Emperor who recognized Christianity as the legal religion, moved the capital to the Eastern Mediterranean (330 A.D.), rebuilt the city of Byzantium & later renamed it after himself.
More informationChapter 9: Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Byzantine Empire was created when the Roman Empire split, and the Eastern half became the Byzantine
Chapter 9: Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Byzantine Empire was created when the Roman Empire split, and the Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire Main Idea #2: The split (Great Schism) was over
More informationConstantinople. World Religions and the History of Christianity: Eastern Orthodox
World Religions and the History of Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Constantine Constantine Constantine believed that the Roman Empire had become too big and disorganized to be managed as one Empire. So
More informationCivilization in Eastern Europe. Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
Civilization in Eastern Europe Byzantium and Orthodox Europe The Grand Mosque in Makkah The Byzantine Empire One God, One Empire, One Religion Busy Byzantines The Byzantine Empire One God, One Empire,
More informationThe Russian Orthodox Church and Contemporary Events: Dispelling the Myths
The Russian Orthodox Church and Contemporary Events: Dispelling the Myths The following interview was recently granted by His Eminence, Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk, chairman of the Department
More informationIntroduction to Eastern Catholicism and the Byzantine Catholic Church
Introduction to Eastern Catholicism and the Byzantine Catholic Church Deacon Mark Koscinski Eastern Catholicism 1 In the Beginning Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C) consciously sought to Hellenize the
More informationThe Church everywhere teaches all the doctrines that Christ commanded His Apostles to teach.
Adult Catechism February 27, 2017 Christ Our Pascha: The Church as Holy, Apostolic and Catholic, Ukrainian Catholic church in Communion with Universal Church Part 1: The Catholic Church: Catholicity and
More informationKyiv s Birthplace of Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe
ARTICLE Peter Goldring Member of Parliament 1997-2015 July 25, 2016 Kyiv s Birthplace of Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe The significance of the recent message from the press centre of the Kyiv s Patriarchate
More informationFALL OF ROME, RISE OF THE BYZANTINES
FALL OF ROME, RISE OF THE BYZANTINES The Decline and Fall of Rome In 395, the Roman Empire split into western and eastern halves, with the western part being ruled from Rome, and the eastern part being
More informationVikings, Slavs, Byzantines and the Development of Russia. Who are the Vikings? Who are the Slavs? NOTES ON RUSSIA. Kiev. Who are the Byzantines?
Who are the Vikings? Vikings, Slavs, Byzantines and the Development of Russia Who are the Slavs? VIKINGS NOTES ON RUSSIA SLAVS Kiev BYZANTINE EMPIRE Who are the Byzantines? THE SLAVS Who are the Slavs?
More informationPart I: The Byzantine Empire - A Quick Overview
Part I: The Byzantine Empire - A Quick Overview The Roman Empire Divided Constantine s City-- Constantinople The Byzantine Empire I. Origins of the Empire A. Started as eastern part of Roman Empire 1.
More informationBell Activity page 105
Bell Activity page 105 Think about the difference between renting and owning property. Do renters have as much control over property as owners? Why might some people want to buy a home rather than rent
More informationStarter. Day 2: Nov. 29 or 30. What has been the impact of Christianity on the history of the world?
Starter Day 2: Nov. 29 or 30 What has been the impact of Christianity on the history of the world? THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Essential Question: 1. What is the significance of the Byzantine Empire? What happened
More informationUniversity of Fribourg, 24 March 2014
PRESENTATION by Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk Chairman of the Department of External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate Chairman of the Synodal Biblical-Theological Commission Rector of
More informationThe Byzantine Empire. By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on Word Count 1,009 Level 1060L
The Byzantine Empire By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 11.27.17 Word Count 1,009 Level 1060L Emperor Justinian and members of his court. Image from the public domain The origins of the Byzantine
More informationBellwork. Turn in your foldable if you did not on Friday
Bellwork Turn in your foldable if you did not on Friday The Byzantine Empire Constantinople THE TWO ROMAN EMPIRES Constantinople The Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire Eastern
More informationAramaic. Greek. The Shift to Latin
Language in the Liturgy By Fr. Daniel Merz, Posted on June 22, 2010 (Editor's note: The following article is an edited version of what first appeared in The Catholic Missourian, the diocesan newspaper
More informationThe Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe. Chapter 8
The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Chapter 8 Section 2 Decline & Fall of Rome The Romans are no longer a world superpower so what the heck happened? 1. Military Problems 2. Economic Problems 3. Political
More informationBell Ringer: October 9(10), 2017
Announcements: 1: Bell Ringer worksheets FOR A GRADE! You need: Bell Ringer (Fall of Rome), blank sheet of paper, one-pager template Bell Ringer: October 9(10), 2017 1. Pick up a copy of the Bell Ringer:
More informationb. a) Turkey Incorrect. The answer is c. Christianity was the majority religion in Egypt by the time of the conquest.
1. This Muslim holy building was constructed on the site of the Jewish Temple. a. b) Dome of the Rock Correct. The answer is b. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was built on the site of the Jewish Temple
More informationAP World History Notes Chapter 10
AP World History Notes Chapter 10 395 CE = final division of Roman Empire into eastern and western halves 476 = end of the western Roman Empire Eastern half remained intact = the Byzantine Empire (aka
More informationBuilding a Better Bridge
Building a Better Bridge Ipgrave, Michael Published by Georgetown University Press Ipgrave, Michael. Building a Better Bridge: Muslims, Christians, and the Common Good. Washington: Georgetown University
More informationLesson 3: The Growth of European Kingdoms
Chapter 10: Medieval Kingdoms in Europe, 800 1300 Lesson 3: The Growth of European Kingdoms World History Bell Ringer #45 1-12-18 1. How did craft guilds improve economic conditions in cities? A. Encouraged
More informationChapter 10 Christian Europe Emerges
Chapter 10 Christian Europe Emerges 300-1200 The Byzantine Empire, 300 1200 Church and State While Roman rule and the traditions of Rome died in the west, they were preserved in the Byzantine Empire and
More informationSection Quiz Chapter 9. Name ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo Date ooooooooooooooooooooooooo Class ooooooooooooooo
Section Quiz 9-1 DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in with an item in. 1. lived in convents 2. fine paid by a wrongdoer 3. religious pratice of monks 4. bishop of Rome 5. Charles the Great A. wergild
More informationCarpatho-Rusyns and the land of Carpathian Rus' p. 1 Human geography No shortage of names Physical geography A borderland of borders Carpathian Rus'
List of Maps p. xiv List of Tables p. xvi Introduction p. xvii Carpatho-Rusyns and the land of Carpathian Rus' p. 1 Human geography No shortage of names Physical geography A borderland of borders Carpathian
More informationWHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact
WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 A.D. by a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the
More informationKievan Russ and The Huns. Clementine & Michelle
Kievan Russ and The Huns Clementine & Michelle Essential Question: How did the Huns impact Europe? How did the Huns affect the Roman Empire and the Dark ages? Why did the decline of Constantinople present
More informationClick to begin. You must give the correct question in. You will be given the answer. Choose a category. the form of what is
Choose a category. You will be given the answer. You must give the correct question in the form of what is Click to begin. Click here for Final Jeopardy Hello, God 100 Point 200 Points 300 Points 400 Points
More informationPreface Although originally published more than a century ago, this remarkable work by Ivan Sokolov has not been superseded, but still retains its val
Preface Although originally published more than a century ago, this remarkable work by Ivan Sokolov has not been superseded, but still retains its value and timeliness. Indeed, since its first appearance
More informationUnit VI - Byzantine, Mongol & Russian Empires
Name: Unit VI - Byzantine, Mongol & Russian Empires Remember - Reading Guides will now be collected with study guides at the end of the unit. They will count as two grades, like a quiz. Answer all the
More informationThe History of the Liturgy
The History of the Liturgy THE FIRST FOUR CENTURIES Introduction: +The Liturgy and its rites were delivered by the Apostles to the churches, which they had established. (Mark 14:22-23) (1cor 11:23-26)
More informationEarly Russia. Kiev to Moscow
Early Russia Kiev to Moscow Kievan Rus Settlement Kievan Rus Kiev developed along the Dnieper River, important trade route connecting Baltic Sea and Black Sea. Influenced by both Vikings and Byzantines
More informationThe Byzantine Empire. Today s Title: Right there^ Today s EQ: Why did the Byzantine Empire survive while other parts of the Roman Empire did not?
The Byzantine Empire Today s Title: Right there^ Today s EQ: Why did the Byzantine Empire survive while other parts of the Roman Empire did not? Where did the Byzantine Empire come from? As we know, The
More informationIn the emperor formally dedicated a new capital for the Roman Empire He called the city It became widely known as
Chapter 6 Fill-in Notes THE BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC EMPIRES Overview Roman Empire collapses in the West The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Empire a blending of the and cultures which influenced
More informationSet up a new TOC for the 2 nd 6 weeks
Set up a new TOC for the 2 nd 6 weeks Our new unit: The Post-Classical Era (approximately) 500-1500 Areas of Focus: Medieval Europe, the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Empire, Tang & Song China Vocab Quiz:
More informationLG 1: Explain how Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy were unifying social and political forces in Western Europe and Byzantine Europe and
LG 1: Explain how Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy were unifying social and political forces in Western Europe and Byzantine Europe and identify the impact of ideas contained in Justinian s Code
More informationChapter 10. Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations
Chapter 10 Byzantine & Muslim Civilizations Section 1 The Byzantine Empire Capital of Byzantine Empire Constantinople Protected by Greek Fire Constantinople Controlled by: Roman Empire Christians Byzantines
More information1/23/2017. Rise of the Byzantine Empire. Trier, Germany. Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian AD*
Rise of the Byzantine Empire Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian -- 284AD* Germanic Invasions Frontiers Not Secure *Note: Majority of invasions are in the Western part of the Roman Empire
More informationName Class Date. Vocabulary Builder. 1. Constantinople was at the center of the Eastern Roman Empire for more than a thousand years.
Vocabulary Builder Section 1 DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and choose the correct term from the word bank to replace the underlined definition. Theodora Belisarius Byzantine Empire 1. Constantinople was
More informationWHI SOL Review Packet: Part II
Ancient Rome from 700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) 120. What geographical features protected Rome and the Italian peninsula? 121. What was Roman Mythology based on? What did it explain? 122. Who were
More informationTopics THE MEDIEVAL WESTERN CHURCH. Introduction. Transitioning from Ancient to Medieval. The Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodoxy
Topics Introduction Transitioning from Ancient to Medieval The Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodoxy THE MEDIEVAL WESTERN CHURCH Spread of Christianity Early Medieval Learning & Theology The Sacramental
More informationThe Synaxis of the Saints of Carpatho-Rus Schedule of Services and Events: Sunday, June 18, 2017-Second Sunday After Pentecost
Christ the Saviour Orthodox Church American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese Ecumenical Patriarchate Ten Thousand State Road North Royalton, OH 44133 Parish Website: www.christsaviour.weebly.com Diocesan
More informationA Study in Pursuit of Reconciliation within the Body and Bride of Christ
A Study in Pursuit of Reconciliation within the Body and Bride of Christ And your ancient ruins shall be rebuilt; you shall raise up the foundations of many generations; you shall be called the repairer
More informationStructure of the Orthodox Church
Structure of the Orthodox Church PART B Adult Education Series 12/16 23 PART A Church Timeline Early Church Byzantine Church Outline Orthodox Church of America Church Governance Synodal Authority Holy
More informationWorld History: Patterns of Interaction
Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500-1500 Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish cultures develop, while Christian and Islamic societies fight over religious issues and territory. Byzantines, Russians,
More informationWHEN. those ancient precursors of Bible translators, SLAVIC TRANSLATIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES
WHEN SLAVIC TRANSLATIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES MATTHEW SPINKA The Chicago Theological Seminary those ancient precursors of Bible translators, the Greek brothers Constantine and Methodius, translated certain
More informationName: Date: Period: Chapter 9 Reading Guide. D. What major area has been lost by 1000 CE, other than Italy?
Name: Date: Period: UNIT SUMMARY Chapter 9 Reading Guide Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe, p.204-218 In addition to the great civilizations of Asia and North Africa forming
More informationWHI.07: Byzantines and
WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact Objectives p. 111 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 a.d. by a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople
More informationVatican II and the Church today
Vatican II and the Church today How is the Catholic Church Organized? Equal not Same A Rite represents an ecclesiastical, or church, tradition about how the sacraments are to be celebrated. Each of the
More informationWho Was St. Athanasius?
Who Was St. Athanasius? By John La Boone Jesus became what we are that he might make us what he is. St. Athanasius of Alexandria Last time, I wrote about the Feed My Sheep food bank that is a mission of
More informationSection 2. Objectives
Objectives Understand how geography influenced the rise of Russia. Describe the growth of Kiev. Explain how Mongol rule affected Russia. Describe how Moscow took the lead in Russia and how its rulers developed
More informationEcclesiastical indigestion : The filioque controversy
Ecclesiastical indigestion : The filioque controversy Andrea Hakari Luther Seminary Fall 2000 The Christian church was once just that -- the Christian church. East and west were united to one another,
More informationCapital = Constantinople Continued as the New ROME Kings saw themselves to still be considered ROMAN emperors
Capital = Constantinople Continued as the New ROME Kings saw themselves to still be considered ROMAN emperors Constantinople Survived because it was far away from the Germanic tribe invasions It was the
More informationCHRISTIANITY. text in purple for notes. Voorhees
CHRISTIANITY text in purple for notes Voorhees The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of Christianity by a) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and
More informationTo See Christ in All Things
To See Christ in All Things Interview with His Eminence Metropolitan of Diokleia Kallistos Ware In Piva Monastery, Montenegro, The Feast of the Dormition of Theotokos, August, 28/15, 2012. Your Eminence,
More informationCONSTANTINE THE GREAT (280 A.D. 337 A.D.)
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (280 A.D. 337 A.D.) CONSTANTINE The first Roman emperor to profess Christianity. He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse
More informationLiturgical Vestments and Clergy Dress: Thoughts on Appropriate Forms and Variety in Western Europe and America
Liturgical Vestments and Clergy Dress: Thoughts on Appropriate Forms and Variety in Western Europe and America Rev Patrick (John) Ramsey Initially I will look at some background issues of Orthodox Faith
More informationTHE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 500 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OCTOBER 31, OCTOBER 31, 2017
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 500 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OCTOBER 31, 1517 - OCTOBER 31, 2017 The Reformation October 31, 1517 What had happened to the Church that Jesus founded so that it needed a reformation?
More informationThe Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century Bearbeitet von Christine Chaillot 1. Auflage 2011. Taschenbuch. XVIII, 464 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 0343 0709 3 Format (B x L): 15 x 22,5 cm
More informationA. I. Sidorov on Theology and Patristics
A. I. Sidorov on Theology and Patristics Source: Ora et Labora An excerpt from an interview given by Aleksei Ivanovich Sidorov to Hieromonk Adrian (Pashin) on March 30, 2009. Dr. Sidorov, a professor at
More informationStudents of History - https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/store/students-of-history
Students of History - https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/store/students-of-history What happened to the Roman Empire by 500 A.D.? After the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire entered an era of decline The Roman
More informationA. Remember (Things we have already learned)
A. Remember (Things we have already learned) 1. Rome began as a small city-state in 509 BCE as a Republic 2. Rome became an imperialistic empire and conquered lands around the Mediterranean 3. bread and
More information7/8 World History. Week 21. The Dark Ages
7/8 World History Week 21 The Dark Ages Monday Do Now If there were suddenly no laws or police, what do you think would happen in society? How would people live their lives differently? Objectives Students
More informationByzantine Empire Map Webquest. Internet Emergency Edition
Byzantine Empire Map Webquest Internet Emergency Edition Remnants of the Roman Empire, circa 500 CE Map of the Byzantine Empire 565 Map of the Byzantine Empire 565 This map depicts the Empire at the death
More informationSession #1. Church History II Survey The Medieval Church The Church in the Middle Ages AD. 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute
2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute Session #1 Church History II Survey The Medieval Church The Church in the Middle Ages 500-1500 AD 1 http://uvicmscu.blogspot.com/2008/05/rare medieval windows
More informationSubject Area: World History
DESCRIPTION #3618 THE HUNS Grade Levels: 8-13+ 26 minutes AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 1998 ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History An unknown warrior tribe from an unknown land suddenly appeared in
More informationBentley Chapter 16 Study Guide: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Bentley Chapter 16 Study Guide: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Quest for Political Order (p. 328-329) 1. How did the east and west differ after the fall of the Roman Empire? The Early Byzantine Empire:
More informationAn Invitation to the Pope by the Œcumenical Patriarch *
The Orthodox Informer For it is a commandment of the Lord not to be silent at a time when the Faith is in jeopardy. Speak, Scripture says, and hold not thy peace... For this reason, I, the wretched one,
More informationEmmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church 929 East Milton Street, South Bend (574) emmaus24.org
Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church 929 East Milton Street, South Bend (574) 287 4151 emmaus24.org Rev. Dr. Richard Stuckwisch, Pastor Rev. David A. Seyboldt, Assistant Pastor Z DAILY CATECHESIS ON THE
More informationThe Old Bulgarian Language: between Myth and Reality
The Old Bulgarian Language: between Myth and Reality Zlatka Timenova-Valtcheva Universidade Lusófona de Lisboa CLEPUL 1. Introduction 1.1 Geographic location The Balkans: for the other populations in the
More informationThe Conference of Aparecida: Assessment and Perspectives
Asian Christian Review vol.1 no.2 (Summer 2007) 8 The Conference of Aparecida: Assessment and Perspectives Camilo Maccise, OCD 1 The Fifth General Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Bishops, which
More informationChapter 9 Reading Guide/Study Guide Section One Transforming the Roman World (pages )
Due Date: Chapter 9 Reading Guide/Study Guide Section One Transforming the Roman World (pages 285-290) I. THE NEW GERMANIC KINGDOMS Name: 1. What did the Germanic Ostrogoths and Visigoths retain from the
More informationAdmissions Policy
Admissions Policy 2018-2019 Committee Name: Admissions Date of Approval: March 2017 Validity Date: 2018-2019 Person responsible: Head Teacher St Fidelis Catholic Primary School is a voluntary aided school
More informationCHRISTIAN CHURCH THE FIRST CHRISTIANS
CHRISTIAN CHURCH THE FIRST CHRISTIANS Jesus of Nazareth is Born Jesus teachings make people think in a different, more loving way. He makes them want to change their lives for the better. He fulfills the
More informationORTHODOX BRETHREN 209
ORTHODOX BRETHREN "Let God see and judge!" The shout resounded in the ears of the dumbfounded congregation as it watched him shake the dust from his feet and leave the church. The man who uttered this
More information13.1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms. Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under Charlemagne s empire.
13.1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under Charlemagne s empire. Invasions of Western Europe Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare
More information