3/ Luther's Theology 29 The Word of God 29 The Knowledge of God 31 Law and Gospel 32 The Church and Sacraments 33 The Two Kingdoms 36

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1 Contents List of Maps Preface xi XU1 PART I: THE REFORMATION Chronology 2 I / The Call for Reformation 6 2/ Martin Luther: Pilgrimage to Reformation 14 The Long Quest 1 5 The Storm Breaks Loose 20 3/ Luther's Theology 29 The Word of God 29 The Knowledge of God 31 Law and Gospel 32 The Church and Sacraments 33 The Two Kingdoms 36 4/ An Uncertain Decade 38 Exile, Unrest, and Rebellion 38 The Diets of the Empire 43 5/ Ulrich Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 46 Zwingli's Pilgrimage 46 The Break with Rome 49 Zwingli's Theology 51 6 / The Anabaptist Movement 53 The First Anabaptists 52 The Revolutionary Anabaptists 57 The Later Anabaptists 59 7/ John Calvin 61 Calvin's Early Career 61 The Institutes 63

2 The Reformer of Geneva 64 Calvin and Calvinism 68 8 I The Reformation in Great Britain 70 Henry VIn 70 Edward VI 75 Mary Tudor 76 Elizabeth 78 The Reformation in Scotland 80 9 I Further Developments within Lutheranism 86 The War of Schmalkald 86 The Interim 89 Scandinavian Lutheranism I The Reformation in the Low Countries 94 The Political Situation 94 Protestant Preaching 95 The Beggars 98 III ProtestaI!tism in France 102 Shifting Royal Policies 102 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day 105 The War of the Three Henrys I The Catholic Reformation 110 The Reformation of Spanish Catholicism 110 Polemics against Protestantism 113 New Orders 114 Papal Reformation 118 The Council of Trent I A Convulsed Age 122 Suggested Readings 125 PART II: ORTHODOXY, RATIONALISM, AND PIETISM Chronology I An Age of Dogma and Doubt I The Thirty Years' War 135 The Storm Gathers 135 The Course of the War 136 The Peace of Westphalia I The Church of the Desert 142

3 Contents ix 17 / The Puritan Revolution James I Charles I The Long Parliament Civil War The Protectorate The Restoration 18 / Catholic Orthodoxy Gallicanism and Opposition to Papal Power Jansenism Quietism 19 / Lutheran Orthodoxy Philippists and Strict Lutherans The Triumph of Orthodoxy Georg Calixtus and "Syncretism" 20 / Reformed Orthodoxy Arminianism and the Synod of Dort The Westminster Confession 21 / The Rationalist Option Descartes and Cartesian Rationalism Empiricism Deism David Hume and His Critique of Empiricism New Currents in France Immanuel Kant 22/ The Spiritualist Option Jakob Boehme George Fox and the Quakers Emanuel Sweden borg 23 / The Pietist Option German Pietism: Spener and Francke Zinzendorf and the Moravians John Wesley and Methodism 24 / The Thirteen Colonies Virginia The Northern Puritan Colonies Rhode Island and the Baptists Catholicism in Maryland ISS IS3 ISS IS6 IS S S S S 226

4 The Mid-Atlantic Colonies The Great Awakening Suggested Readings PART III: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Chronology 25 / Political Horizons: The United States The Independence of the Thirteen Colonies Immigration The Second Great Awakening Manifest Destiny and the War with Mexico Slavery and Civil War From the Civil War to World War I New Religions 26 / Political Horizons: Europe The French Revolution The New Europe Developments in Great Britain 27/ Political Horizons: Latin America A Panoply of New Nations The Church in the New Nations 28 / Protestant Theology New Currents of Thought Schleiermacher's Theology Hegel's System Kierkegaard's Work Christianity and History 29/ Catholic Theology The Papacy and the French Revolution Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X 30 / Geographic Expansion Colonial Expansion The Missionary Enterprise Asia and Oceania Africa and the Moslem World

5 Contents xi Latin America The Ecumenical Movement Suggested Readings PART IV: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Chronology 31/ An Age of Drastic Change 32/ Eastern Christianity Byzantine Christianity The Russian Church Other Eastern Churches 33 / Roman Catholic Christianity Benedict XV to Pius XII John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council Theological Developments 34 / Protestantism in Europe World War I and Its Aftermath Renewed Conflicts After the War 35 / Protestantism in the United States From World War I to the Great Depression Through Depression and World War The Postwar Decades 36/ From the Ends of the Earth The Quest for Unity Mission from the Ends of the Earth Suggested Readings Index Maps Europe at the Time of the Reformation The Thirty Years' War

6 The United States (I Boo) Latin America after Independence Africa 1914: The Height of Colonial Expansion Africa 19B4: The Growth of Independent Nations B