A History of Rome Through the Fifth Century. Volume I: The Republic

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1 A History of Rome Through the Fifth Century Volume I: The Republic

2 A volume in DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION

3 A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY Volume 1: The Republic edited by A. H. M. }ONES Palgrave Macmillan 1968

4 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY Volume 1: The Republic Introduction, editorial notes, chronological table, bibliography, translations by the editor, and compilation Copyright 1968 by A. H. M. Jones Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition First published in the United States 1968 First published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan & Co 1968 Published by MACMILLAN & CO LTD Little Essex Street London w c 2 and also at Bombay Calcutta and Madras Macmillan South Aftica (Publishers) Pty Ltd Johannesburg The Macmillan Company of Australia Pty Ltd Melbourne

5 Contents Acknowledgments Chronological Table Introduction Xlll XV I. THE KINGS I. The election of a king. I 3 Livy, I. I The privileges of the patricians. I4 Cicero, de domo sua, The lex curiata de imperio. I 5 Cicero, de lege agraria, II I 4 A capital trial. I 7 Livy, I, , I The comitia centuriata. I 8 Livy, I, ; Cicero, de Republica, II I<r-I I 6. II. THE EARLY REPUBLIC ( B.c.) The foundation of the republic ( 509 B.c.). 23 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV. 84 The Valerian law on appeal (509 B.c.). 24 Cicero, de Republica, II The dictatorship (50I B.c.). 25 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, V. 70 The first secession of the plebs ( B.c.). 27 Livy, II. p.i-33.2; Festus, s.v. Sacer Mons; Aulus Gellius, XIII. I The law of debt. 3 I Aulus Gellius, XX. 1.4I-52 The Cassian Treaty (493 B.c.). 32 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, XI The Latin League. 32 Festus, s.v. Praetor ad portam Maximum fines (452 B.c.). 33 Aulus Gellius, XL 1.2-4

6 vi CONTENTS The second secession of the plebs ( 449 B.c.). 34 Livy, III I5. Laws and plebiscites. 3 7 Gaius, Institutes, I. 3; Justinian, Institutes, I. ii.4 Military tribunes with consular power (445 B.c.). 38 Livy, IV. I.I-3, 6.I-7.2 The censorship (443 B.c.). 40 Livy, IV. 8 Plebeians admitted to the quaestorship (42 I B.c.). 42 Livy, IV The institution of military pay (4o6 B.c.). 42 Livy, IV. 59 I I-60.9 The beginnings of the equestrian order (403 B.c.). 44 Livy, V The Licinio-Sextian laws (367 B.c.). 45 Livy, VI. 35,42.9-I4, VII, I.I-6 The Publilian laws (339 B.c.). 48 Livy, VIII. I2.I4-I6 The dissolution of the Latin League (338 B.c.). 49 Livy, VIII. I4.I-I 1 The recruitment of the senate. 51 Festus, s.v. praeteriti senatores The censorship of Appius Claudius ( 3 I 2 B.c.). 52 Livy, IX Gnaeus Flavius publishes the calendar and the legal 53 rules of procedure (304 B.c.). Livy, IX. 46 The Hortensian law ( 2 87 B.c.). 55 Aulus Gellius, XV III. THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC (287-I46 B.c.) Roman conquests before the First Punic War. 57 Polybius, I. 6 The Roman treaties with Carthage. 58 Polybius, III , 2 7 The Roman and allied forces in B.c. Polybius, II. 24 Gaius Flaminius and the lex Claudia (217 B.c.). Livy, XXI. 63. I-6

7 CONTENTS Vll 36. The recruitment of the senate ( 2 I 6 B.c.). 64 Livy, XXIII The censorship of 2 I4 B.c. 65 Livy, XXIV. IS 3s. The trial of a fraudulent contractor ( 2 I 2 B.c.). 67 Livy, XXV. 3.S-4. I I 39 The punishment of the rebel Campanians ( 2 I o B.c.). 70 Livy, XXVI. 33.Io-34.I I 40. The importation of the Great Mother (205 B.c.). 72 Livy, XXIX I 1.S 41. The treaty after the Second Punic War ( 202 B.c.). 74 Polybius, XV. IS 42. The proclamation at the Isthmian Games (I 96 B.c.). 75 Livy, XXXIII. JZ.I The settlement of Greece (I 94 B.c.). 76 Livy, XXXIV ; Inscriptiones Graecae, IX. ii.s9 45 The treaty with Antiochus III (I S9 B.c.). Livy, XXXVII S 46. The Aetolian Treaty (IS9 B.c.). 79 Livy, XXXVIII. I I S. The persecution of the Bacchanalians (I S6 B.c.). So Livy, XXXIX. I4.3-IS.9; S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I Military service in the provinces (I So B.c.). s5 Livy, XL I I 5o-5 I. The oppression of the Italian allies by Roman mag- S7 istrates (I 74 B.c.). Livy, XLII ; Aulus Gellius; X The development of the professional soldier (I7I s9 B.c.). Livy, XLII The oppression of the provincials and the founda- 9I tion of Carteia (I 7 I B.c.). Livy, XLIII Tribunician trial of the censors (I 69 B.c.). 93 Livy, XLIII. I6 55 The settlement of Macedonia ( I 67 B.c.). 95 Livy, XLV. IS.I-7, The end of direct taxation for citizens ( I 67 B.c.). 97 Pliny, Natural History, XXXIII

8 viii CONTENTS 57 The expulsion of the Latin philosophers and rhetors 98 (I6I B.c.). Aulus Gellius, XV. I I s8-s9 The province of Africa (I46 B.c.). 99 Appian, Punic Wars, I35; S. Riccobono, Fontes uris Romani Ante ]ustinian2, I. 8, lines n-8 I 6o-6I. The province of Macedonia ( r 46 B.c.). roo Pausanias, VII. r6.9-10; W. Dittenberger, Sylloge 3, 684 IV. THE LATE REPUBLIC ( B.C.) The land bill of Tiberius Gracchus ( r 33 B.c.). 103 Appian, Civil Wars, I. 7-14; Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus, I , r8, The will of Attalus III of Pergamum ( r 3 3 B.c.). I IO W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Jnscriptiones Selectae, The legislation of Gaius Gracchus ( r 23-r 22 B.c.). I I 2 Plutarch, Gaius Gracchus, ; Appian, Civil Wars, I The Acilian law on extortion ( r 2 3-r 2 2 B.c.). I 19 S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I The Sempronian law on judicial conspiracy (I23- IJ2 122 B.c.). Cicero, pro Cluentio, The first senatus consultum ultimum ( r 2 I B.c.). 135 Cicero, in Catilinam, I The agrarian law of r r I B.c. 137 S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I. 8, lines r Marius, the new man ( 109 B.c.). 142 Sallust, ]ugurtha, Marius enlists landless volunteers ( r o8 B.c.). 145 Sallust, ]ugurtha, 84, The priesthoods made elective ( r 04 B.c.). 146 Cicero, de lege agraria, II. r6-r8 74 The Appuleian law of treason (de maiestate) ( B.c.?). S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I. 6, lines 8-24

9 CONTENTS Marius' sixth consulship (I oo B.c.). I 49 Appian, Civil Wars, I , The tribunate of Livius Drusus ( 9 I B.c.). I so V elleius Paterculus, II. I 3-I 4 I, I 5. I -2 Sulla's march on Rome (88 B.c.). I 52 Appian, Civil Wars, I Sulla's dictatorship (82-79 B.c.). I 54 Appian, Civil Wars, I. 96.I-5, 98-wo The consulship of Pompey and Crassus (7o B.c.). I 58 Appian, Civil Wars, I. I 21. I-4; Livy, Epitome, 97-98; Asconius. p. I 7 The Gabinian law ( 67 B.c.). I 59 Plutarch, Pompey, The Catilinarian conspiracy ( 63 B.c.). I 6o Sallust, Catiline, The problem of debt. I 62 Cicero, in Catilinam, II. I8-22; Sallust, Catiline, I Cicero's policy after Pompey's return (6o B.c.). I65 Cicero, ad Atticum, I. xix-4-7 The breakdown of the 'concord of the orders' ( 6o I 67 B.c.). Cicero, ad Atticum, II. i. 7-8 Caesar's consulship (59 B.c.). I68 Cicero, ad Atticum, II. xvi.i-2 Caesar crosses the Rubicon (49 B.c.). I7o Caesar, Civil War, I. 7 Caesar's dictatorship ( B.c.). I 7 I Suetonius, Divus Julius, IX V. THE CONSTITUTION 91. Polybius' analysis of the Roman constitution. I76 Polybius, VI. I I-I8 92. Cicero's ideal republic. I 82 Cicero, de legibus, III. 6-I I, 27-28, Pomponius' summary of the law and the constitu- I 87 tion. Digest, I. ii. 2, I-12, I Procedure in the senate. I92 Aulus Gellius, XIV. 7

10 X CONTENTS 95 The auspices. I94 Aulus Gellius, XIII. I5-I6 96. Polybius on Roman religion. I 96 Polybius, VI I 5 97 Polybius' description of the Roman army. I97 Polybius, VI. I9-2I, , 26, 37-38, 39 I2- I5 98. The duties of the aediles. 202 S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I. I 3, lines 2o The duties of the quaestors. 206 Tacitus, Annals, XI. 22. Cicero, II Verrines, I The citizenship inalienable. 208 Cicero, pro Caecina, The grant of citizenship. 2 I o Cicero; pro Balbo, I 9-2 I, VI. POLITICS I Optimates and populares. 2 I 3 Cicero, pro Sestio, , 103, I 36-37; Cicero, de Officiis, II, 72-74, 78-79, The elections. 2 I 9 Cicero, pro Plancio, I 7-2 I Quintus Cicero's advice to his brother Marcus on canvassing for the consulship. Commentariolum Petitionis, I-8, I I I IO. III-IJ3. VII. ITALY Latin colonies Livy, IX. 26.I-5 The Latin colonies in the Second Punic War Livy, XXVII ; Livy, XXlX. I5 (2o4 B.c.) Migration of Latins to Rome forbidden. 24I Livy, XXXIX (I87 B.c.); Livy XLI I2 (I77 B.C.). Roman colonies. 243 Livy, XXXIV ; Livy, XXVII ; Livy, XXXVI

11 CONTENTS Xl 114. The last Latin colonies. 245 Livy, XXXIX The grant of Latinitas to the Transpadanes (89 B.c.). Asconius, p I I 6. The law of Bantia. 246 S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante Justiniani2, I. I 6 I I7-I I9. Municipia. Festus, s.v. municeps; Festus, s.v. municipium; 247 Aulus Gellius, XVI. 13 I 20. Prefectures. 250 Festus, s.v. praefecturae I 2 I. The lex Julia Municipalis. 25I S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante Justiniani, I. I 3 I 22. Double citizenship. 255 Cicero, de Legibus, II. 5 VIII. THE PROVINCES I 23 The allotment of provinces. 258 Livy, XXXIII. 43 I24 The lex Rupilia: rules of jurisdiction in Sicily. 259 Cicero, II V errines, II Capital trials in the provinces. 26I Cicero, II V errines, I The lex Pompeia: regulations for local government 263 in Bithynia. Pliny, Letters, X. 79, I I4 I 27 City councils in Sicily. 264 Cicero, II V errines, II. I 2o-24!28. Provincial taxation. 266 Cicero, II Verrines, III. I2-I5 I 29. The charter of T ermessus. 268 S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante Justiniani2, I. I I IJO. The levy of the tithe in Sicily. 270 Cicero, II V errines, III , IJI. The tax contractors and the god Amphiaraus. 274 W. Dittenberger, Sylloge 3, 747 I 32 The tax contractors in Asia. 276 Cicero, pro lege Manilia, I4.I9

12 xu 133 The tax contractors in Bithynia. Cicero, ad Familiares, XIII. ix 134 The tax contractors in Syria. Cicero, de provinciis consularibus, IO-I The provincial fleet in Sicily. Cicero, II V errines, V. 6o-6 I I 36. Levies of troops and forced labor in Gaul. I 37 Cicero, pro Fonteio, I I-I8 Compulsory purchase of supplies. Cicero, II V errines, III. I q8. Piso's exactions in Macedonia. Cicero, in Pisonem, 86-88, 90 I39 Gabinius leaves his province. Cicero, in Pisonem, I40. Roman moneylending in Asia. Plutarch, Lucullus, 20 I4I. Cicero's advice to his brother Quintus, proconsul of Asia. Cicero, ad Quintum fratrem, I. i. Io-26, p-36 CONTENTS I42. Cicero, proconsul of Cilicia, writes to his predecessor. Cicero, ad F amiliares, III. iii I43 Cicero arrives in Cilicia. Cicero, ad Atticum, V. xiv 144. Cicero travels through his province. Cicero, ad Atticum, V. xvi 145 Cicero's second official dispatch from Cilicia. Cicero, ad Familiares, XV. i 146. Brutus' loan to Salamis. Cicero, ad Atticum, V. xxi.6-r The provincial edict. Cicero, ad Atticum, VI. i.r5-r Control of civic finances. Cicero, ad Atticum, VI. ii Cicero appoints an acting governor. Cicero, ad Atticum, VI. vi The charter of the Colonia Genetiva Iulia. S. Riccobono, Fontes Juris Romani Ante ]ustiniani2, I. 2 r I I Select Bibliography Index 33 I 334

13 Acknowledgments The translations of most of the passages from Livy (Nos. I, 4, 5, 10, I7, 20-22, 25-27, 29, 3o, 35-4o, 42, 45-47, 5o, 52-55, , r r 2-14) are adapted from the versions of D. Spillan, C. Edmonds, and W. A. McDevitte, Bohn Classical Library, London, I849-5o; Nos. 23, 24, 43, 49, ro6-o7, r r r, 123 are my own. Most passages from Cicero's orations and philosophical works and the Commentariolum Petitionis of Quintus Cicero (Nos. 3, 6, 8, 73, 84, 92, 99b, , I22, , , qo, rp, ) are adapted from the version of C. D. Yonge, Bohn Classical Library, London, I85I-53; Nos. 2, 68 and 69 are my own. Cicero's letters (except Nos. I42, 144 which are my own), viz. Nos , r 33, 141, I43, , are taken from E. S. Shuckburgh, Cicero's letters, the whole correspondence in chronological order, London, I 899. The passages from Polybius (Nos. p-34, 4 r, 9 r, 96-97) are also from E. S. Shuckburgh, London, r889. The quotations from Aulus Gellius (except No. 51 which is my own), viz. Nos , r6, 3I, 57, 94-95, r 19, are adapted from W. Beloe, The Attic Nights translated into English, London, r Of the passages from Appian Nos. 62, 66, 78 are adapted from the version of H. White, London, I899, Nos. 58, 75, 77 and 79 are my own. The citations from Sallust (Nos. 71-p, 83, 85) are adapted from J. S. Watson, Bohn Classical Library, London, r8p. Those from Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Nos. 7, 9, 14) are taken, with kind permission of the Harvard University Press, from E. Cary's version in the Loeb Classical Library, London, The passage from Tacitus, No. 99a, is from the version by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb, The Annals of Tacitus, London, r876. All other authors and all inscriptions (Nos. I r, rs, r8-i9, 28, 44 48, s6, 59-61, 63-65, 67, 70, 74, 76, 8o-82, 89-90,93,98, II5-I8, r20-i2i, 126, 126(a), 129, I 31, I 40, r 5o) are my own translations.

14 Chronological Table 753 B.C D The foundation of Rome (mythical) The foundation of the republic. The consuls The first dictator The first secession of the plebs. The tribunes The Cassian Treaty with the Latins The decemviri produce the Twelve Tables The second secession of the plebs The Canuleian law. Plebeians eligible as military tribunes with consular power Creation of the censorship The quaestors raised to four; plebeians made eligible Military pay introduced The capture of Rome by the Gauls The Licinio-Sextian laws. The first plebeian consul. Creation of the praetorship The First Samnite War The Latin War The dissolution of the Latin League The Second Samnite War The censorship of Appius Claudius The Valerian law on appeal. Plebeians admitted to the priesthoods The Third Samnite War The Hortensian law. Plebiscites acquire the validity of laws The war with Pyrrhus The First Punic War Two additional praetors to govern Sicily and Sardinia The Second Punic War The First Macedonian War

15 xvi I97 I9I-I89 I86 I8o I7I-I67 I5I-I33 I50-I46 I49 I35-I3I I33 I29 I23-I22 C. I 2 I I I I04-IOI IOO 91 9I I 70 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE The Second Macedonian War. The freedom of Greece proclaimed Two more praetors to govern the two Spains The war with Antiochus the Great The suppression of the Bacchanalians The Villian law fixes minimum ages for magistracies The Third Macedonian War Spanish Wars The Third Punic War. Carthage destroyed. The province of Africa Wars with Andriscus and the Achaeans. Corinth destroyed. The province of Macedonia The first permanent court for extortion Slave War in Sicily The tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus. Attalus III bequeathes his kingdom to Rome The province of Asia The tribunates of Gaius Gracchus The province of Gallia Narbonensis The Jugurthine War The second to the fifth consulships of Marius, who destroys the Cimbri and T eutones The sixth consulship of Marius and second tribunate of Saturninus The tribunate of Livius Drusus The Social War The tribunate of Sulpicius. Sulla's march on Rome The First Mithridatic War Sulla invades Italy The dictatorship of Sulla The Second Mithridatic War The slave war of Spartacus The first consulship of Pompey and Crassus. The tribunate restored The Gabinian law; Pompey's command against the pirates

16 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xvu The Manilian law; Pompey's command against Mithridates The provinces of Bithynia-Pontus, Cilicia and Syria The consulship of Cicero; the Catilinarian consprracy The first consulship of Caesar Caesar's Gallic Wars; the province of Gallia Comata The second consulship of Pompey and Crassus, who receive commands in Spain and Syria Crassus defeated and killed by the Parthians Caesar crosses the Rubicon Caesar's dictatorship

Maps Figures Preface Acknowledgments Notes to the Reader Early Italy Italy and the Mediterranean World The Evidence Italy Before the City The Iron

Maps Figures Preface Acknowledgments Notes to the Reader Early Italy Italy and the Mediterranean World The Evidence Italy Before the City The Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and Campania Greeks and Phoenicians