CONTENTS III SYNTHETIC A PRIORI JUDGEMENTS. PREFACE CHAPTER INTRODUCTldN

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1 PREFACE I INTRODUCTldN CONTENTS IS I. Kant and his critics 37 z. The patchwork theory Extreme and moderate views Consequences of the patchwork theory 4Z S. Kant's own view of the Kritik The novelty of Kant's doctrine Novelty and obscurity The reasons for Kant's obscurity Kant's use of language So 10. Some reservations sz II. Kant's claim 54 u. Kant as a thinker 55 BOOK I KANT'S PROBLEM II APPEARANCE AND REALITY I. Primary and secondary qualities z. Relation of appearances to reality 3. Mental states 4. Difficulties S. Historical background 6. Idealism and science 7. Kant's realistic tendencies 8. Kant's arguments III SYNTHETIC A PRIORI JUDGEMENTS I. The Copernican revolution z. A priori knowledge 3. Temporal priority 4. Types of a priori knowledge S. Analytic and synthetic judgements 6. Analytic judgements 7. Synthetic judgements 8. Kant's problem 9. The reality of Kant's problem z

2 22 CONTENTS BOOK II SPACE AND TIME IV SENSE AND SENSIBILITY I. The Transcendental Aesthetic 2. Intuition 3. Sense and understanding 4. Outer and inner sense S. The form of intuition 6. Pure intuition V SPACE AND TIME-THE METAPHYSICAL EXPOSITION I. Kant's question Metaphysical and transcendental expositions The Metaphysical Exposition Space and time not empirical but a priori ideas 110 s Space and time not concepts but intuitions Oneness of space and time I I 5 7 Infinity of space and time Intuition and conception Different kinds of abstraction 124 VI SPACE AND TIME-TRANSCENDENTAL EXPOSITION AND CONCLUSIONS I. Transcendental Exposition of space and time Synthetic and analytic argument Conclus.)fls The Newtonian view 132 S The Leibnizian view The Kantian view Temporal priority Form and matter Empirical reality, transcendental ideality 143 VII SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S ASSUMP TIONS I. Universality of space 2. Universality of time 3. Universality of space and time 4. Necessity of space and time

3 VII CONTENTS 23 SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S ASSl!MP TIONS-continued 5. Modem mathematical theory 6. Kant's view of algebra 7. The necessity of a priori construction 8. Modern geometries VIII SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S CONCLU SIONS ISS I. The connexion of space and time with sensibility The subjectivity of space and time A rough analogy Subjectivity and knowledge of necessity / The arguments against Leibniz and Newton The theory of Kant Human experience Space and time in relation to things-inthemselves Time and things-in-themselves Value of Kant's argument 183 BOOK III FORMAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC IX FORMAL LOGIC X I. Formal Logic 2. Divisions of Formal Logic 3. Formal Logic is entirely a priori +- The matter of concepts 5. Different types of concept 6. The form of concepts FORMAL LOGIC (CONTINUED) I. The forms of judgement Are the forms of judgement universal and necessary? Kant's central argument Some criticisms 209

4 24 CONTENTS X FORMAL LOGIC-continued 5. Kant's ideal 6. The form of synthetic judgements 7. Discursive and analytic thinking 8. Judgement is synthesis XI TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC I. Transcendental and Formal Logic The nature of Transcendental Logic Transcendental knowledge The transcendental use of knowledge 230 S. Can Transcendental Logic supersede Formal Logic? Divisions of Transcendental Logic Kant's 'architectonic' The Transcendental Analytic The Analytic of Concepts The Metaphysical and Transcendental Deductions 239 II. The Subjective and Objective Deductions 241 BOOK IV THE METAPHYSICAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES XII CONCEPTION AND JUDGEMENT I. Divisions of the Metaphysical Deduction The meaning of 'function' Outline of the argument The concept Thejudgement 251 -t-6. The categories The schematised categories 260 XIII CONCEPTION AND SYNTHESIS I. Pure intuition and the categories 2. The nature of synthesis 3. Synthesis and analysis 4. Two factors in knowledge 5. Synthesis and the concept 6. Pure synthesis and the category 7. The conditions of a priori knowledge

5 CONTENTS 25 XIV THE METAPHYSICAL DEDUCTION I. The general nature of the argument Unity in judgement Unity and synthesis The pure concept of the understanding Analytic and synthetic unity The analytic unity The synthetic unity The categories and the forms of judgement The clue to the discovery of the categories Analytic and synthetic judgements 3 00 XV THE CATEGORIES I. The categories Trichotomy of the categories The categories and generic concepts The predicables 307 s. Is the list of categories complete? 308 BOOK V THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION -I NT ROD U C TOR Y E X P 0 SIT ION XVI THE PROBLEM I. Divisions of the Transcendental Deduction Principles of a transcendental deduction Empirical and transcendental deductions Space and time and the categories 316 s. Psychological development in time Necessity for a transcendental deduction Difficulty of deducing the categories Reasons for this difficulty Illustration of the difficulty Appeal to experience is useless 327 II. The patchwork theory Intuition and understanding Animal consciousness 332

6 26 CONTENTS XVII THE METHOD OF SOLUTION \... / / 1. The Copernican revolution 2. Empirical ideas 3. A priori ideas 4. Pure intuition and pure concepts 5. The object , The concept of an object in general The method of the Objective Deduction The principle of transcendental deduction in general The method of the Subjective Deduction 344 XVIII THE PROVISIONAL EXPOSITION 1. The method of exposition 2. Repetitions 3. The Objective Deduction 4. The Subjective Deduction 5. The threefold synthesis 6. Plan of the argument XIX THE THREEFOLD SYNTHESIS 1. The importance of time The synthesis of apprehension The synthesis of reproduction Three kinds of imagination Transcendental affinity The pure transcendental synthesis of repro- ~~~ 3~ 7. The synthesis of recognition Clear and obscure ideas Empirical and transcendental apperception 379 XX THE OBJECT AND THE CONCEPT 1. Kant's method of exposition 2. The object 3. The formal unity of consciousness 4. Synthesis and concepts 5. Concept and rule 6. Empirical concepts 7. Necessary reproduction

7 CONI'ENI'S 2.7 XXI APPERCEPTION AND THE UNITY OF NATURE I. Necessary synthetic unity and apperception Empirical and transcendental apperception Inner sense and empirical apperception Transcendental apperception The unity of apperception Apperception as the condition of experience The unity of nature 411 XXII THE TRANSCENDENTAL OBJECT I. Apperception and the transcendental object Transcendental object and thing-in-itself 420 XXIII APPERCEPTION AND THE CATEGORIES I. The order of exposition 2. The unity of experience 3. Unity in accordance with concepts 4. Categories and forms of thought 5. Apperception and the categories 6. The meaning of 'function' 7. Functions of synthesis XXIV THE AFFINITY OF APPEARANCES I. The affinity of appearances Transcendental and empirical affinity The unity of nature The one all-embracing experience 450 BOOK VI THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES XXV THE PROGRESSIVE EXPOSITION I. The authoritative exposition 2. The unity of apperception 3. The unity of the manifold 4. Empirical and transcendental consciousness 5. Principles of the understanding 6. Clear and obscure ideas

8 28 CONTENTS XXV THE PROGRESSIVE EXPOSITION-continued 7. The pure synthesis of imagination Pure synthesis and experience The transcendental synthesis of imagination The transcendental unity of the synthesis of imagination 468 I I. Apperception and the understanding Understanding and the categories Understanding and appearances Understanding and imagination 473 XXVI THE REGRESSIVE EXPOSITION I. The regressive exposition Given appearances The synthesis of apprehension The synthesis of reproduction Transcendental affinity The transcendental synthesis of imagination Transcendental imagination and experience Transcendental imagination and apperception The categories 488 XXVII UNDERSTANDING AND NATURE I. Understanding as a power of rules 2. Rules and laws 3. Kant's own definitions 4. The understanding as law-giver s. The final summary 6. The patchwork theory XXVIII THE OBJECTIVE DEDUCTION I. The Deduction in the second edition The Objective and Subjective Deductions Summary of the Objective Deduction Combination or synthesis The synthetic unity of apperception Apperception and objects of knowledge The objective unity of apperception Apperception and the form of judgement The Objective Deduction Ambiguity of the word 'given' 525

9 CONTENTS 29 XXIX THE SUBJECTIVE DEDUCTION I. The categories and human experience The Objective and Subjective Deductions Framework of the Subjective Deduction Limits of knowledge through the categories The categories and non-human intelligence The categories and the form of time The transcendental synthesis of imagination Aim of the Subjective Deduction The synthesis of apprehension Apprehension involves space and time 539 I I. Space and time involve unity The Subjective Deduction The category of quantity The category of causality Understanding as lawgiver 545 xxx THE ARGUMENT OF THE DEDUCTION I. The analysis of experience The demand of thought The forms of thought The subjective and objective sides of the Deduction The nature of Kant's argument The Copernican revolution Difficulties in Kant's view The Copernican revolution and the categories 567 XXXI THE FACTORS IN EXPERIENCE I. The unity of apperception The unity of the object 57I 3. The synthesis of imagination Is synthesis conscious or unconscious? The false assumptions of the dilemma Example of the transcendental synthesis The development of experience The necessity of synthesis Co-operation of mind and reality Empirical realism and transcendental idealism 582 II. Limits of the present argument 584

10 30 CONTENTS VOLUME TWO BOOK VII THE SCHEMATISM OF THE CATEGORIES XXXII CATEGORY AND SCHEMA I. A summary of Kant's argument Importance of the chapter on Schematism The transcendental Doctrine of Judgement Subsumption under the categories The difficulty of subsumption under the categories The transcendental schema The restriction of the category through the schema The schema in general Special characteristics of the transcendental schema Summary of conclusions 39 XXXIII THE TRANSCENDENTAL SCHEMATA I. Category and schema 2. The schema of quantity 3. The schema of quality 4. The schemata of relation 5. The schemata of modality 6. Kant's summary 7. The number of the schemata XXXIV THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCHEMA I. Subsumption and syllogism Category and schema The transcendental synthesis of imagination The schematism of the understanding Value of Kant's doctrine The possibility of reconstruction 77

11 CONTENTS BOOK VIII 3 1 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE UNDERSTANDING XXXV THE SUPREME PRINCIPLE OF SYNTHETIC JUDGEMENTS I. The nature of Kant's argument The principle of analytic judgements Different kinds of synthetic judgement The 'third thing' 86 s. The possibility of experience The principle of all synthetic judgements 94 XXXVI THE PRINCIPLES OF THE UNDER STANDING I. Different kinds of principle The Principles of the Understanding Intuitive and discursive certainty The proof of the Principles 103 s. Modern science and the Principles of the Understanding 106 BOOK IX THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES XXXVII THE AXIOMS OF INTUITION I. The Principle of the Axioms 2. The proof in the first edition 3. The proof in the second edition 4. Successiveness of synthesis s. Intuition and object 6. The doctrine of the Aesthetic 7. The axioms of geometry 8. Quantitas and quantum 9. The formulae of arithmetic 10. The application of mathematics to objects of experience III 1I2 114 II7 II S ,

12 32 CONTENTS XXXVIII THE ANTICIPATIONS OF SENSE-PERCEP- TION 1. The Principle of the Anticipations 2. The proof in the first edition 3. The proof in the second edition 4. Intensive quantity 5. The synthesis of quality 6. The causality of the object 7. The doctrine of continuity 8. Empty space and time 9. Kant's conclusion BOOK X THE ANALOGIES OF EXPERIENCE XXXIX THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ANALOGIES I. The formulation of the Principle 2. The argument in the first edition 3. The modes of time 4. The argument in the second edition 5. The assumptions of the argument 6. The conclusion of the argument 7. The general character of the proof , XL THE SPECIAL CHARACTER OF THE ANALOGIES I. The Analogies are regulative 2. The first meaning of 'Analogy' 3. The second meaning of 'Analogy' XLI THE FIRST ANALOGY 1. The Principle of permanence 2. The argument of the first edition 3. The argument of the second edition ){LII SUBSTANCE 1. In what sense is apprehension successive? The permanent and time-determination The permanence of time 199

13 CONTENTS 33 XLII SUBSTANCE-continued 4. Substratum and substance 5. Can substance be perceived? 6. The quantum of substance 7. Material substance 8. The conservation of matter 9. The empirical criterion of substance 10. The concept of change II. Science and experience XLIII THE SECOND ANALOGY I. The Principle of causality The six proofs of causality 3. The first proof 4. The object and its temporal relations 5. The second proof XLIV THE SECOND ANALOGY (CONTINUED) I. The third proof Origin of the concept of causality The fourth proof The fifth proof The sixth proof 257 XLV THE ARGUMENT FOR CAUSALITY I. Kant's presuppositions Kant's argument Objective and subjective succession The conditions of experience The process to experience Causality and time Particular causal laws The transcendental synthesis of imagination 278 XLVI CAUSALITY AND CONTINUITY 'I. Kant's concept of causality The successiveness of cause and effect The continuity of change The law of continuity Continuity as the formal condition of VOL. r. apprehension 2 89 :l

14 34 CONTENTS XLVII THE THIRD ANALOGY I. The Principle of interaction 2. The meaning of coexist'!dce 3. The proof in the second edition XLVIII THE THIRD ANALOGY (CONTINUED) I. The proof in the first edition Interaction and sense-perception Interaction and the unity of apperception Interaction and coexistence Kant's proof of interaction 329 BOOK XI THE POSTULATES OF EMPIRICAL THOUGHT XLIX POSSIBILITY I. The Principles of possibility, actuality, and necessity The interdependence of the categories of modality Thought and its object The First Postulate Possibility in relation to different types of concept The possibility of experience 354 L ACTUALITY AND NECESSITY I. The Second Postulate The Third Postulate Some traditional conceptions Leibnizian possibility The meaning of the word 'Postulate' The competence of Kant's exposition 370 BOOK XII TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM LI EMPIRICAL REALISM I. Problems of the Critical Philosophy 2. Descartes and Berkeley

15 CONTENTS 35 LI EMPIRICAL REALISM-continued 3. The Refutation of Idealism Turning the tables on idealism 381 s. Empirical realism and transcendental idealism Sense and imagination 385 LII INNER SENSE AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE I. The paradox of inner sense Understanding, imagination, and inner sense Illustrations of Kant's doctrine Inner sense and the phenomenal self Apperception and self-knowledge 401 LIII SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE OF OBJECTS I. The existence of the self 2. The existence of the object 3. Reality of inner and outer sense 4. Ideality of inner and outer sense 5. Time and inner sense 6. Inner sense and the phenomenal self 7. Appearance and illusion 8. Difficulties of inner sense 9. A rough analogy LIV THE TRANSCENDENTAL USE OF CON- CEPTS I. Empirical realism and transcendental idealism The empirical use of concepts The transcendental use of concepts Mathematical concepts The categories Kant's conclusion 435 LV NOUMENON AND TRANSCENDENTAL OBJECT I. Phenomena and noumena 2. Alleged knowledge of noumena 3. The transcendental object 4. Origin of belief in noumena s. Kant's conclusion in the first edition

16 CONTENTS LVI PHENOMENA AND NOUMENA I. Categories and knowledge of noumena The positive and negative meaning of 'noumenon' 45:1 3 Can we know the thing-in-itself? Thought and intuition The concept of 'noumenon' as a limiting concept Understanding not limited by sensibility The union of understanding and sensibility The limits of knowledge 460 EPILOGUE 463 GENERAL INDEX 465 INDEX OF ANNOTATED PASSAGES 5 0 5