IJAH, Vol.3 (3) July, 2014

Transcription

1 AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES (IJAH) Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Vol. 3 (3), S/No 11, July, 2014:15-25 ISSN: (Print) ISSN (Onlin) DOI: ECONOMIC CRISIS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE RESPONSE OF THE MARKET TRADERS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA AJAYI, ADEYINKA THERESA Dpartmnt of History & Intrnational Studis Ekiti Stat Univrsity, Ado-Ekiti, Nigria adyinkaajayi8@gmail.com Tl: Abstract Th soaring prics of importd goods that accompanid th Scond World War ld to th incras in dmand for locally mad goods, indignous industris lik th txtil and tinsmith thrfor thrivd. Howvr, th most svr problm cratd by th Scond World War was th acut shortag of food all ovr Nigria du to th fact that promotion of xport crops had alrady attractd farmrs away from food crop production. This phnomnon was badly flt in Lagos, Ibadan and othr major producing cntrs wr not lft out. This shortag consquntly rsultd in high prics of food. Th Colonial govrnmnt trid to rscu th situation by rstricting th movmnt of foodstuffs from producing cntrs and pgging th prics of such commoditis. But, rathr than putting an nd to th ugly situation, th attmpt aggravatd it. Th markt womn in Ibadan viwd th colonial govrnmnt s intrvntion as undrmining thir conomic position. Traditionally, thy controlld th distribution of foodstuffs and had stablishd a vry fficint systm of markting and pricing. Thy rspondd by ignoring th schm and dvising a mthod of slling thir goods at a pric that guarantd thir own profit. Th markt tradrs xprinc thrfor providd an important opportunity to xplor womn s rlationship to th Colonial Stat. Copyright IAARR 2014: 15 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

2 Introduction Adam Smith s thory of division of labour mphasizs intrdpndnc among popl in th pursuit of thir individual nds. At som point, a prson has to us th surplus of what h has in xchang for thos things that h lacks and which ar ncssary for his daily lif. It is through this pattrn of intrdpndnt xchang rlationship that bulk of goods is distributd through all th diffrnt lvls of th socity (Bamidl Ayo, 2002; 167). Such xchangs ar facilitatd by th availability of appropriat markts. Th rural farmr will only b stimulatd to sustain his production if dmand rmains high in th urban cntrs. Movmnt of goods (farm produc) from th producing cntrs to th urban aras thrfor bcam a ncssary fatur of markt transactions. Th litratur on markt in Africa gnrally has gratly discussd th prpondrant rol playd by womn in markt activitis at all lvls; locally, nationally and intrnationally. Th position occupid by womn in conomic transactions has significantly influncd dvlopmnt in th political arna. In Nigria for xampl, markt womn hav srvd as sponsors or nationalist movmnt during th struggl for political indpndnc. Markt womn hav progrssd in thir trad transactions by xtnding conomic rlationships with forign ntrprnur, spcially Europans during th colonial priod and vn aftr indpndnc. Consquntly, markt womn succdd in linking local markt transactions with forign conomic intrsts (Bamidl Ayo, 2000:184). On of th most svr problms which th British colonial administration had to contnd with in Nigria during th Scond World War was food shortag. Food was in short supply all ovr th country in th fac of incrasing dmand. Du to th facts that xport crop promotion was alrady having th ffct of attracting farmrs away from food crop production. In addition, farm tchnology did not improv from th traditional ho and cutlass and so cultivatd aras could not incras spcially as thousands of young mn lft th farms for industris or to b conscriptd into th army. Consquntly, consumrs of food incras whil producrs dcrasd thus lading to incras in prics of food crops (Oymakind, 1973: 416). During th world war, prics of importd goods soard for two rasons, import shortags and war-tim rstrictions and controls. Local cottag industris particularly waving, dying and tinsmithing rvivd as a rsult of th shortag of importd goods. Dmand for hand wovn and adir incrasd as a rsult of th high prics of importd txtils. Th tinkrs also incrasd thir production of cooking and othr houshold utnsils as substituts for importd naml wars. Howvr, thy could not mt th dmand and prics invitably ros. Copyright IAARR 2014: 16 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

3 Economic Crisis during th Scond World War Consquntly, by 1939, th output of farm produc was not adquat to mt th nds of th popl in most of th provincs in Southrn Nigria. Th colonial govrnmnt thrfor dcidd to rscu th situation by rstricting th xportation of crtain farm produc from th producing cntrs to othr ndy provincs with th intntion of prvnting incras in th pric of goods. Th food pric control schm itslf bgan in 1941 undr th dirction of Captain A.P. Pulln whos nam was attachd to th oprations. Although this schm succdd in cutting down prics to th lowst point in th producing cntrs, in othr ndy districts, th story was that of a sharp incras in prics rsulting from th limitd supply. By th colonial govrnmnt rstrictions and control, foodstuffs lik gari, yam, maiz and cassava could only b xportd from producing cntrs by govrnmnt appointd agnts such as UAC, GBO, Military contractors and agnts of th Association of Wst African Mrchants. Spcial prmits wr issud to ths xportrs by th District offics. For instanc only Europan firms and Mssrs Odutola and Brothrs could purchas gari in Ijbu-Od and transport it to Ibadan in (Oyo Prof 1/1294, 1940:122) Ths rstrictions causd much hardship to farmrs and tradrs, majority of who wr womn. Farmrs in Oyo provinc for instanc complaind bittrly about trad rstrictions. This was du to poor sals during th 1943 yam harvst sinc thy wr forbiddn to xport to placs lik Ibadan, Lagos and othr urban cntrs. Howvr, th appointd agnts wr unabl to purchas all th harvst, and farmrs wr holding a larg surplus which thy could not dispos off lgally (Oyo Prof 1/1294) 1940; 128) Thy wr complld to sll th surplus yams at ridiculously low prics such as on pnny pr tubr, whras in Lagos yam was a scarc commodity, slling for six pnc pr tubr. A bag of gari (cassava grains) cost svn shillings and svn pnc in Ijbu-Od, (a major producing cntr) whil it cost nin shillings and ight pnc in Ibadan and lvn shillings in Lagos (Oyo Prof 1/1294, 1940; 125). In Ibadan, this rstriction rsultd in a substantial dcras in th volum of foodstuffs marktd. Btwn 1940 and 1942, thr was a fall in th volum of crtain foodstuffs importd and marktd in Ibadan. During this priod, th volum of gari sals droppd from 10,996 in 1940 to 10,796 bags in 1942, maiz droppd from 10,432 bags in 1940 to 9,975 in Th volum of yam fll from 92,670 in 1940 to 78,074 in 1942 and 420 tons of cassava flour marktd btwn January and March, 1940 droppd to 288 tons in th sam quartr in 1942 (Oyo Prof 2/3) 1942; 211).. Whil thr was a fall in th volum of rstrictd foodstuffs to Ibadan, thr was a simultanous incras in th volum of unrstrictd goods marktd in Ibadan. Tabl 1 blow compars th volum of foodstuffs importd and marktd in Ibadan markts btwn January and March, 1940 and Copyright IAARR 2014: 17 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

4 Tabl 1: Th volum of foodstuffs importd and marktd in Ibadan btwn January and March 1940 and Commodity 1940 (in tons) 1942 (in Origin and quantity in tons in 1942 tons) Ric ½ 15 tons raild from th North, 9 ½ tons lorrid from Abokuta Whit Bans 204 ¼ 252 ¼ 170 tons wr raild from th Northrn provinc, 82 ¼ tons from Oyo provinc Tomatos ¼ 8 ¼ tons raild from th Northrn provinc, 5 tons wr purchasd in Ibadan and district Pppr 115 ½ tons raild from th Northrn provinc, 10 tons producd in Ibadan district Frsh Fish 8 ¾ 10 3 ¾ tons importd from Jbba, 7 ¼ tons from Ijbu provinc. Drid Fish ¾ importd from th North, ¾ from Oyo provinc, 6 tons from Ibadan district Mlon Sd ½ tons importd from th North, ¾ from Oyo provinc, 6 tons from Ibadan district Groundnut oil 5 7 ½ Thy wr raild from th North namly Kano, Jos and Zaria. Palm oil tons from Ijbu provinc, 41 tons Abokuta provinc, 14 tons from Ondo and 46 tons wr producd in Ibadan district. Out of this 44 tons wr xportd to Oyo provinc. Onions 129 ½ 135 Raild from Kano, Jbba, Gassau, Kurranamoda and Wushish Yam flour - 1,591 bags Approx Ot, Oyo, Lanlat, Shaki, Ogbomoso and Fiditi 240 ½ tons Frsh okro - 5 Producd by Ibadan district Drid okro 6 8 ½ From Ed and its nighbourhood Drid mat - 2 ¼ From Iwo and Oyo Guina corn - 13 ½ From Oyo provinc by lorry Cattl Raild from th Northrn provincs Pigs - 98 From Lanlat and Eruwa by lorry Goats From Fidiki, Shaki and Ibadan district by lorry Sourcs NAI, Oyo prof. 2/379: Intrnal Trad ; pp.92-93) Inflation was rampant during World War II. Prics ros abnormally without any corrsponding incras in wags or profit margin. For instanc, a bag of local ric Copyright IAARR 2014: 18 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

5 Economic Crisis during th Scond World War from Abokuta was sold for forty-fiv shillings in 1938, it incrasd to fifty shilling in 1940 and in 1944, it was sold for svnty shillings. Th pric of a bag of yam flour, which sold for twlv shillings in 1940, ros to forty-fiv shillings in 1946 (Ib Div 1/1/1984; 1945;88) Soaring inflation causd immns difficultis for wag arnrs and tradrs. Th profit margin on a bag of local ric from Abokuta had bn four shillings in 1935 in 1938; this profit margin fll to two shillings, dropping furthr to a shilling in By 1944, th profit margin on a bag of local ric had droppd to six pnc (Ib. Div 1//1984; 1945: 90) Th rsult was that a larg numbr of tradrs wr subjctd to unbarabl conomic hardship. Most of th affctd farmrs and tradrs wr forcd to rsort to smuggling th rstrictd goods. Th colonial govrnmnt attmptd to rgulat inflation by stting out th prics at which farm produc and othr commoditis wr to b sold in th markts btwn 1939 and Th food pric control schm undr th dirction of Captain A.P. Pulln was dvicd to draw out and stipulat maximum slling prics for foodstuffs in Lagos, which was to tak ffct from It howvr bcam clar that th schm had littl or no chanc of succss if it only trid to pg prics in Lagos without paying attntion to what was oprating in othr clos aras. To this nd, similar rgulations wr stipulatd to arrst rising prics in othr aras including Ibadan in January, 1944 (Oymakind, 1973:418). Th fixd pric for a bag of maiz was six shillings and six pnc whil rtail pric was a pnny pr Ib. Th control pric for a bag of bans was twnty-six shillings whil th rtail pric was 1½ pnc pr Ib. A bag of gari was 10 shillings and 8 pnc whil th rtail pric was 7/10d pr Ib. A tin of palm oil was svn shillings whil th rtail pric was 4 ½d pr pint bottl. Tabl 2 blow shows th maximum prics of farm produc st out by th colonial govrnmnt in markts in Ibadan Division (Ib Div 1/1/1944, 1944; 120) Copyright IAARR 2014: 19 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

6 TABLE 2: Govrnmnt Controlld Prics, January 1944 Articl Wholsal prics for cocoa bags Rtail pric pr Ib Local masur wight pr on local masur Approx Avrag wight pr on local masur Rtail pr masur Okro 6/- 3/4d Baskt 1b, 41ds 3/4d Maiz 6/-6 1d Ornt 1 1b 1d Egusi sds 24/- 1¾ d Yoboro, Atowoda 6½1b 1½1b 11b 11 1/11/ Kolobo Yam flour 15/- 1½ d Abo Elubo ½ 1b ¾ d Gari 10/-8 7 / 10d Dng, Bsu 81bs, 51bs, 11b 6 ½d 7d Kolobo Bans (local) 26/- 1½ d Kolobo 9 1bs 1/- 1/- Yam tubrs 1/-pr 28 1bs 1/- pr 28 1b Palm oil 7/-pr tin Pint bottl 4 ½d Salt Cigartt tins 1d Mat (Mutton) Bf without bon Fowls 8d 8d 7d Sourcs: NAI, IB Div 1/1, 1944: Local Foodstuff prics control of and movmnt.p140. This colonial govrnmnt intrvntion in markts in Ibadan was vhmntly opposd by th tradrs. Prics of commoditis, spcially foodstuffs, wr dtrmind in th local markts through haggling and bargaining. Th diffrnc btwn a pric initially quotd for an articl and its final slling pric may b as much as 100 prcnt, dpnding on how skillful th buyrs ar in th bargaining procss. Inspit of a varity of tricks and shifts brought into play by both buyrs and sllrs, a mutually favourabl pric is always obtaind and mor importantly final slling pric must b wll abov th tradr s cost pric, so as to giv room for profit (Bamidl Ayo, 2002;187). Th colonial govrnmnt rstriction placd on th movmnt of foodstuff ngatd th principl of haggling and bargaining procss discussd abov. It thrfor mt a brick wall. Th colonial govrnmnt s attmpt to control markt prics was not ffctiv bcaus pric control lft no margin for profit. Th colonial govrnmnt did not tak cognizanc of th cost pric of foodstuffs from diffrnt producing cntrs bfor fixing a pric. Th prics st wr thrfor lowr than th tradr s prics. Markt tradrs in Ibadan ptitiond th govrnmnt for chang. In 1945, th foodstuffs sllrs Copyright IAARR 2014: 20 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

7 in Ibadan prsntd a ptition to th District Officr, Captain J. Wann dlinating th actual situation. Th prsnt controlld pric for a bag of maiz nds an amndmnt. W had gon to diffrnt towns and villags whr bags of maiz ar brought to Ibadan. At Gbd, Ilorin Road, thy sll on bag of maiz for 17 shillings, th drivrs ar transporting a bag for 4 shillings to Ibadan, to rckon xpnss of labourrs with cost, th pric of on bag of maiz is qual to 22 shillings. Th sam thing obtaind in Gambari, Isyin Road and Lanlat towns. W solicit on bhalf of all othr foodstuffs sllrs in Ibadan to hlp us suggst and bring out any suitabl controlld pric for a bag of maiz and othr foodstuffs(ib Div 1/1/1984,1945;140). Such plas fll on daf ars and sinc th tradrs could not afford to sustain long trm losss, th controlld prics wr ignord and th markt womn sold at a pric which guarantd thir own profits. Consquntly black markts mrgd hr and thr, and as long as rady buyrs wr availabl, th black markt opratd smoothly, though illgally. According to on of th tradrs: W lockd up our shops and sat in front of it. Whn a customr was around, w would ngotiat for th pric. Whn w both agrd on a pric, w opnd our shop to bring out th commodity in qustion. At tims our customrs com to our homs in th night to buy our goods. Thr was a sharp diffrnc, btwn th controlld prics and th prics st by th tradrs. For instanc a bag of yam flour was sold in th black markt for twnty-six shillings in 1944, whil th controlld prics wr fiftn shillings. A bag of garri sold for twnty shillings in th black markt whil th controlld pric was tn shillings and ight pnc. A bag of local bans actually sold for thirty-fiv shillings whil th controlld pric was twnty-six shilling. Tabl 3 shows th actual markt prics btwn 1944 and (Ib. Div1/1/1944; 191). Copyright IAARR 2014: 21 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

8 JAN 1944 APR 1944 JULY 1944 NOV 1944 JAN 1945 APR 1945 JULY 1945 NOV 1945 JAN 1946 APR 1946 JULY 1946 NOV 1946 JAN 1947 APR 1947 JULY 1947 NOV 1947 IJAH, Vol.3 (3) July, 2014 TABLE 3: ACTUAL MARKET PRICES Commodity Masurmnt Pppr Jos Bag 60s 55s 60s 62s 60s 120s - 80s 120s 120s 70s 120s 90s 80s 100s 80s Pppr Oyo Bag 35s 40s 42s - 30s 70s Bans Nativ Bag 35s 32s 32/6 22s 25s 35s 35s Bans Kano Bag 32/6 31s 32s 28s 30s 37s 40s 35 32s 30s 32s 47s 37 42/ s Onions Zaria Bag 40s 35s 32 45s 90s s 50s s Onions Kano Bag 35s 30s 35 40s 85 25s 30s 30s 30s 30s 20s 55s - 20s 35s 45s Ric Abokuta Bag 65s 65s 70s 55s 57/ s - 60s 60s 80s 75 70s 80 80s Egusi sds Bag 52s 50s 52/6 52s 60s 60s 100s 70s 50s 60s 60s 50s 70s 70s 70s 80s Gari Bag 20s 12/6 11/6 9/6 12s 15s 20s 14s - 20s 24s 24s 22s 86s 17s 17s Maiz Bag 8s 13s 12s 13s 20s 27s 40s 12/6 15s 16s 18/6 20s 20s 27/6 27/6 17s Yam flour Bag 26s 26s 30s 30s 32s 40s 42s 40s 45s 30s 45s 55s 57s 25s 55s 65s Cassava flour Bag 14 s 13s 13s 12s 14s 14s 16s 12s 10s 16s 18s 20s 20s 20s 18s 18s Yams Cwt 4/9 5/6 6s 3s 6/6 7s 8s 5/6 7s 9s 15s 11/6 11/6 13/4 14s 11s Potatos Cas 25s 30s 37/6 18/6 20s 25s s 10s 10s 20s 40s 40s 45s 35s Palm oil Tin 8s 6s 7/3d 8s 8s 6/9 8/6 13s 20s 10s 8s 9/6 9/6 8/6 12/9 12/6 Coconut oil Tin 25s 25s 20s 17s 18s 19s 20s 22/6-22/6 18s 18/6 30s 35s 25s 25/2 Tomatos Coop 6/6 5/6 8/6 6/6 7/6 5s 6s 5/6 4s 4s 5/6 5s 6/6 7s 7/6 7/6 Fowl ggs (mpt) Doz 7d 9d 9d - 9d 9d 9d - 9d 9d 9d 11d - 11d 9d 9d Fowl ggs (local) Doz 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 11d 7d 9d 9d 1/6 1/6 Frsh fish 1b 11d 11d 10d 1/2 2s 2s 2s 1/3 1/9 1/6 1/6 1/9 1/6 1/8 1/6 1/6 Frsh mat 1b 11d 9d 10d 10d 11d 10d 11d 11d 1s 11d 1s 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 Okro 1b 10d 2½d 1½ d 1d 2½ d 3½d 3½d 2d 4d 3½d 3d 31/2 4d 6d 5d 4½d Fowl Each Sourcs: NAI, 1b Divl/1/1944, Local Foodstuff prics control and road movmnt. 11-3s 1/6d 3/6d sam Copyright IAARR 2014: 22 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

9 Economic Crisis IJAH, during Vol.3 th (3) Scond July, 2014 World War As a mattr of fact, th black markts won in th comptition with th guarantd markt. Whil th govrnmnt fforts faild, th black markts flourishd bcaus th popl sidd th illgal tradrs. As long as popl had mony to pay, thy could always go to th tradrs for thir foodstuffs. Th popl wr not subjctd to prolongd waiting on long quus as it was th cas in th official markt. Th producrs in th Provincs hid a lot of foodstuffs away from th govrnmnt agnts who offrd lowr than quilibrium prics and instad mad scrt sals to th local mrchants who paid mor. Through slling quitly in th black markt, many womn vadd pric control wardns. If dtctd dfaultrs could b arrstd and find fiv pounds. Sinc th partis to th scrt dal stood to gain from it, no on rportd th othr, food stuff thus pourd into th scrt stors of ths markt womn who opratd flourishing black markt. (Oymakind, 423) Anothr major rspons of th markt womn in Ibadan to th conomic crisis that accompanid th war was th organization of commodity tradrs association. Prior to this priod, thr was no wll dfind association among th markt womn in Ibadan. But th nd for th formation of a formidabl trad associations gathrd momntum btwn 1939 and Th maiz sllrs association was foundd in 1942 in rspons to th unfavourabl control pric st out by th colonial govrnmnt (Ib.Div1/1984; 140). All othr foodstuffs associations wr formd in rspons to th Pulln Markting Schm, which undrmind th conomic position of th markt womn, who originally controlld th distribution of foodstuffs and had stablishd an fficint systm of markting and pricing. Each of th commoditis association is administrd by womn. Ths association of markt womn xrtd significant influnc on th transactions of th markt. In th past, thy wr saddld with th rsponsibility of fixing prics and sourcing of goods for mmbrs. Th associations functiond lik trad unions or cooprativ socitis. During this priod, all th markt womn in Ibadan saw thmslvs as on irrspctiv of th markt or th goods sold. Thy always cam togthr to safguard thir conomic intrst in th fac of any thrat against it. Thy sought out sourcs of supplis bcaus of war-tim scarcity and arrangd for transport to th markt. Th functions of th trad associations wr mor or lss uniform. Th diffrnc rlatd to th typ of commoditis sold and th varitis of ths commoditis. Thy controlld th ntranc of popl into th trad; thy prformd social functions in th intrst of thir mmbrs; sttld disputs among th mmbrs and organiz cooprativ, thrift and crdit facilitis for mmbrs to borrow mony for trading. This was aimd at improving th capital bas of th mmbrs (Bamidl Ayo, 185). Although, th tradr s association in all th markt had thir own xcutivs that managd th affairs of thir trad transactions, all ths xcutivs wr undr th Copyright IAARR 2014: 23 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

10 ladrship of th Iyaloja, th markt mammy, who was appointd by th tradrs, but hr appointmnt had to b ratifid by th Oba bfor sh could prform hr rsponsibilitis which includd: i. maintnanc of law and ordr in th markt ii. Srving as intrmdiaris btwn th tradrs and th local govrnmnt officials in th collction of th markt lvy, sttlmnt of disputs btwn tradrs, buyrs and council officials among othr functions. Subsquntly, th position bcam a forc to rkorn with by th stat govrnmnt. Conclusion From th forgoing, it is vidnt that fforts by Colonial govrnmnt to claim conomic aras dominatd by womn which xtndd into th running of markts and th control of prics affctd womn s conomic activitis in on way or th othr. Th markt womn having quickly prcivd th natur of th thrat to thir intrst rgroupd thir forcs by forming association on commodity basis. As a unitd group, th markt womn in Ibadan wr abl to challng th Colonial conomic policis that wr inimical to thir intrst. Thus, th study did not only illustrat how th markt association fard undr colonialism, it also shows how a rprsntativ group of womn tradrs navigatd th colonial political conomy. Th activitis of ths womn tradrs also rmindd us that Stats did not only impos, womn also usd Stat in thir ffort to rngotiat. Through thir actions, dmands and protst, womn rconfigurd som of th bst-laid Colonial plans and hlpd to shap nationalist discourss. (Judith A Byfild, 2004; XXIX) Copyright IAARR 2014: 24 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET

11 Economic IJAH, Crisis Vol.3 during (3) th July, Scond 2014 World War Rfrncs Ayo Bamidl (2002) Public Administration and th Conduct of Community Affairs among th Yoruba in Nigria. California: ICS Prss. Byfild, A. Judith (2004). Th Blust Hands, a social and conomic History of womn dyrs in Abokuta (Nigria) Portsmouth: Hinmann. Mba, Nina (1982). Nigrian Womn Mobilizd: Womn s Political activity in Southrn Nigria, Brkly: Univrsity of California Prss. Oymakud Wal (1973). Th Pulln Markting Schm: A trial in food pric control in Nigria Journal of th Historical Socity of Nigria Vol. 6, No 4. Intrviws with Tinsmiths, Dugb alawo ara, Ibadan, 2005 NAI Ib DW /1651 (1937). Union of Womn Trads (Cotton goods) Ibadan to Distric offics Ibadan, Jun 5. NAI, 16 DW/1/1984. Corn Sllrs Association, Ibadan to produc Inspctor Ibadan, Jun 16, NAI, 1b DW 1/1/1984. Inspctor of Produc to District Offics, Ibadan, August 10, NAI, C30/2/12731 Vol.XIV, Annual Rport, Oyo Provinc, 1938, p.321. NAI, Oyo Prof 2/3 Inspctor of Produc to District Officr, Ibadan, July 14, pp NAI, Oyo Prof. I/1294: Prsidnt, Oyo Provinc, to District Officr, Ibadan, May 1, Copyright IAARR 2014: 25 Indxd and Listd in AJOL, ARRONET