Life in early hunter-gatherer societies was shaped by their Homo sapiens emerged in between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago

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1 Typs of Humans Nam 1 st Smstr Rviw Packt Th Palolithic Era to th Agricultural Rvolution Lif in arly huntr-gathrr socitis was shapd by thir Homo sapins mrgd in btwn 100,000 and 400,000 yars ago L a b l Circl whr humans originatd Homo sapins migratd from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and th Amricas. (vrywhr xcpt ) arly humans wr huntrs and gathrrs who dpndd on th availability of and Charactristics of Palolithic Era Charactristics of Nolithic Era Archaology (archaologists study past culturs by locating and analyzing human rmains, sttlmnts, fossils, and artifacts) continu to find and intrprt vidnc of arly humans and thir livs. Dfin Carbon Dating- Labl Archaological Faturs and dscrib thm Ancint Rivr Vally Civilizations ( Cradls of Civilization ) Rivr Vally Civilizations-rivr vallys providd watr and rich soil for crops as wll as protction from invasion Labl Msopotamia, Tigris and Euphrats Rivrs, Egypt, Nil Rivr and Nil Dlta, Indus Civilization, Indus Rivr, Chins civilization, Huang H Rivr Also add th gographic nam for ach civilization.

2 Put th yar for ach civilization: Msopotamia ( ), Egypt ( ), Indus ( ), China ( ) Othr Early Civilizations sttld btwn th Mditrranan Sa and th Jordan Rivr Vally sttld along th Mditrranan coast (part of Frtil Crscnt in Southwst Asia). was locatd on th uppr (southrn) Nil Rivr (Africa). Social Pattrns Political Pattrns Economic Pattrns Dirctions: For th abov chart fill in pattrns you s across svral rivr vally civilizations. For th chart blow, list thr facts about ach Msopotamia Egypt Indus China Rligion Polythism was practicd by most arly civilizations (Dfin- ) D f i n Writing Dfin Monothism- Monothism of Abraham bcam th foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Th Hbrw wr th first to bcom monothists) Abraham- Moss- Major City- Torah- Tn Commandmnts- Exil- Diaspora- Pictograms: Earlist writtn symbols Hiroglyphics: Cuniform: Alphabt: Evolution of English Alphabt: Prsia, India, and China Prsia, built on arlir Cntral Asian and Msopotamian civilizations, dvlopd th largst mpir in th world. was th main Prsian rligion, although othr rligions wr tolratd. Blif in two opposing forcs in th univrs of conqurd popls L a b l

3 Dvlopmnt of imprial buraucracy Dfin- Construction of systm Indian civilization bgan in th Indus Rivr Vally Physical barrirs such as th, th, and th mad invasion mor difficult. mountain passs in th Hindu Kush providd migration routs into th Indian subcontinnt ( Pass) Two Major Citis- and Social class systm- China was govrnd by a succssion of ruling familis calld Chins rulrs wr considrd divin- only as long as thir rul was just facilitatd trad and contact btwn China and othr culturs as far away as Rom. Ancint Grc Th physical gography of th Agan basin shapd th conomic, social, and political dvlopmnt of Grk civilization. Th xpansion of Grk civilization through trad and colonization ld to th sprad of Hllnic cultur across th Mditrranan and Black sas. Labl: Agan Sa, Balkan and Ploponnsus pninsula, Asia Minor, Mditrranan Sa, Black Sa, Dardanlls, Athns, Sparta, Troy, Macdonia Agricultur (limitd arabl land) Dfin arabl- Shift from to conomy (coins) Mountainous trrain both hlpd and hindrd th dvlopmnt of city-stats How? Grk citis wr dsignd to promot civic and commrcial lif. Colonization was promptd by and th sarch for land. Grk Mythology was a rligion that was intgral to th cultur, politics, and art in ancint Grc. Many of Wstrn civilization s symbols, mtaphors, words, and idalizd imags com from ancint Grk mythology Offrd xplanations of natural phnomna, human qualitis, and lif vnts List th Grk gods and dscrib thm: Political Classical Athns dvlopd th most systm of govrnmnt th world had vr sn, although not vryon could participat in dcision making. It bcam a foundation of modrn dmocracis. Athns ( ) and Sparta ( ) Social structur and citiznship (fr adult mals) had political rights and th rsponsibility of civic participation in govrnmnt.,, and had no political rights

4 Athns and Sparta Athns volution of Athnian govrnmnt: (acronym) who workd for rform: Draco- Solon- Origin of dmocratic principls: Sparta Oligarchy ( ) How wr social classs? What typ of Socity? Prsian War (499 to 449 BC)-th Grks dfatd th Prsian Empir and prsrvd thir political indpndnc. Prsian Wars unitd and against th Empir. Athnian victoris ovr th Prsians at and lft Grks in control of th Agan Sa. Dscrib battls: Athns prsrvd its and continud innovations in govrnmnt and cultur. Dfin Dlian Lagu- Ploponnsian War ( BC) Causd in part by comptition for control of th Grk world: vs. What ar th ffcts? D s c r i b Pricls Goldn Ag of Pricls (Occurs btwn and ) Pricls xtndd ; most adult mals had an qual voic. Pricls had rbuilt aftr Prsian Wars dstruction; th is an xampl of this rconstruction. Contributions of Grk cultur to Wstrn civilization Drama: Aschylus Sophocls Potry: Homr History: Hrodotus, Thucydids Sculptur: Phidias Architctur: Parthnon Typs of columns Scinc: Archimds Hippocrats Mathmatics: Euclid Pythagoras Philosophy: Socrats Plato Aristotl

5 Macdonian conqust of Grc followd th wakning of Grk dfnss during th Ploponnsian War. Ancint Rom Gography- th city of Rom, with its cntral location on th Italian pninsula, was abl to xtnd its influnc ovr th ntir Mditrranan basin (Protction, sa-born commrc) Labl-Rom, Italian Pninsula, Alps, Mditrranan Sa, Adriatic Sa, Tibr Rivr, Carthag, Athns, Anatolia Pninsula, Sicily Roman Mythology -Basd on th Grk polythistic rligion Explanations of natural phnomna, human qualitis, and lif vnts Symbols and imags in litratur, art, and architctur Grk god Roman god Social Structur -fw in numbr, nobls -Majority of population -not basd on rac Who wr citizns? Rights and Rsponsibilitis of citizns:

6 Roman Rpublic Dfin Rprsntativ Dmocracy- Assmbly Snat Consul Dictator What is th Roman Law Cod? Punic Wars (264 to 146 BC)- and wr in comptition for trad. invadd th Italian Pninsula Thr wars rsultd: Sprad of Roman cultur (Africa, Asia, Europ, including th Hllnistic world of th Eastrn Mditrranan) (Gaul, British Isls) Causs for Fall of Roman Rpublic Origins of Roman Empir Augustus Casar stablishd th Roman Empir by instituting, rul by law, a common coinag, and scur travl and trad throughout th Empir. -Two cnturis of pac and prosprity undr imprial rul Economic impact Social impact Political impact Christianity Origins Blifs How and why Christianity sprad Impact of th church of Rom on th Empir

7 Contribution of ancint Rom Art and architctur: Panthon Colossum Forum Tchnology: Roads Aquducts Roman archs Scinc: Achivmnts of Ptolmy Mdicin: Emphasis on public halth (public baths, public watr systms, mdical schools) Languag: Latin Romanc languags Litratur: Virgil s Anid Rligion: Roman mythology Adoption of Christianity as th imprial rligion Law: Causs for th dclin of th Wstrn Roman Empir: Problm Explanation 1. Economy 2. Military 3. Moral Dcay 4. Political Problms 5. Invasion Division of th Roman Empir Mov of capital by Constantin from to, rnaming it Survival of Wstrn Roman Empir until AD whn it casd to hav a Roman Empror Eastrn Roman Empir ( ) Byzantin Empir and Russia Th capital of th Eastrn Roman Empir was changd to Constantinopl to provid political, conomic, and military advantags. Location of Constantinopl Protction of th astrn Distanc from Grmanic invasions in th wstrn mpir Crossroads of Easily fortifid sit on a bordrd by natural harbors Rol of Constantinopl Sat of th Empir until Ottoman conqust Prsrvd classical cultur Cntr of Justinian- Byzantin Empir rachd its hight in and of Roman law (impact on Europan lgal cods) of formr Roman trritoris Expansion of

8 Art and architctur Grk and Roman traditions wr prsrvd in th Byzantin Empir. Inspiration providd by Christian rligion and imprial powr (rligious imags) in public and rligious structurs Hagia Sophia (a Byzantin domd church) Grco-Roman Cultur Continud flourishing of Grco-Roman traditions Grk languag (as contrastd with Latin in th Wst) Grk Orthodox Christianity Grk and Roman knowldg prsrvd in Byzantin libraris Division of Church Eastrn Church Cntrd in Clos to sat of powr aftr Constantinopl bcam capital Us of languag in th liturgy Authority of th accptd in th East Wstrn Church Cntrd in Practics such as clibacy vntually accptd in th Wst Us of languag in th liturgy Authority of th accptd in th Wst Russia Trad routs btwn Sa and Sa Adoption of by Russia and much of Eastrn Europ Adoption of Grk alphabt for th languags by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabt) Church architctur and rligious art armis-invadd Russia, China, and Muslim stats in Southwst Asia, dstroying citis and countrysid Cratd an mpir Constantinopl Fll to th Turks in, nding th Byzantin Empir Bcam of th Ottoman Empir