III, Unit Three: The Eighteenth Century volution, 17 Enlightenment and Re

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1 III ntury, C h t n 815 t 1 h g 5 i 1 E 7 tion, 1 : Th u r l h o T v t i R Un t and n m n Enlight 25

2 Th Eightnth Cntury, Enlightnmnt and Rvolution: T h Eightnth cntury culminatd th movmnt toward modrnity that startd in th Rnaissanc ra. Advancs in agricultur and th rsulting dmographic shifts causd varying social, intllctual, cultural and political changs to occur. Ths shifts includd a rligious rform priod, shifts in family pattrns and practics, changing viws towards childrn and popular ducation, shifts in and among dynastic walth and powr, and of cours th Enlightnmnt and it s consqunt rvolutionary idals. Th cntury bgan rlativly quitly and ndd with two political and social rvolutions in North Amrica and in Franc. Ths Rvolutions ushrd in th nintnth cntury that would arly on witnss in Napolon th cration of an mpir built on nlightnmnt concpts yt strangly rminiscnt of arlir dspotic rgims. Th historically prominnt aspct of this cntury cntrd on th work of th philosophs. Ths philosophs attackd mdival othr worldlinss, dthrond thology from its onc-proud position as ladr of th scincs, and basd thir undrstanding of natur and socity on rason alon, unaidd by rvlation or pristly authority. Eightnth cntury philosophis wr particularly influncd by th svntnth cntury social contract thoris proposd by Englishmn Thomas Hobbs and John Lock. Rligious tolration, individual librty, and th plac of th stat bcam th cntr of political and conomic dbat nding vntually in th Amrican and Frnch Rvolutions. Ovrall th ightnth cntury Enlightnmnt xprssd basic principls of th wst s modrn outlook: crtainty in th slf-sufficincy of th human mind, conviction that individuals possss natural rights that stats should not violat, and th dsir to rform socity in harmony with rational principls. Ths principls would form th basis of nintnth cntury conflict and dbat starting with th contntious wars of rvolution and th rsultant Napolonic Empir. III 26

3 Lif in th 18th Cntury: Mor modrn than not? Class 1: Eightnth Cntury: Mor of th Sam and thn Som Purpos: Dos an vnt at th nd charactriz th whol? Class 2 & 3: Eightnth Cntury Economics, or Big, Fat Cow is not an insult Purpos: Dos on vnt or discovry hav th ability to chang socity alon? Th Expansion of Europ, McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Complt two of th four sctions blow: Sction On: Agricultur 1. What problms facd pasants in th 17th cntury? What solutions wr proposd and attmptd? 2. What did it tak for an 18th cntury pasant family to surviv? 3. Compar th pictur on pag 632 and pag 635. How do ths picturs rprsnt agricultur in th 17th cntury? Sction Two: Population 1. What wr th limits on population growth prior to th 18th cntury? 2. Account for th dramatic population incras in Europ in th 18th cntury. 3. In what way dos th photograph on pag 635 account for th population incrass as sn in charts 19.1 and 19.2? Sction Thr: Proto-industrialization 1. How did th putting out systm work in th Europan countrysid? 2. Dscrib th manufactur of txtils in th cottag. 3. Dscrib th lifstyl of th family in th painting, th Wavr s Rpos. 4. In what way wr wavrs similar to 20th cntury studnts? Sction 4: Economic Dvlopmnt 1. Summariz th rlationship among Europan nations in trms of mid-atlantic trad. 2. Dscrib th conomic rvival in Colonial Latin Amrica 3. Would Adam Smith b considrd an conomic libral in th 21st cntury? Explain. Class 4: Nw Lif for an Old Popl Purpos: What ar th charactristics of a succssful civilization? Th Changing Lif of Popl, McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Tak nots on two of th following aras. Sction On: Marriag and th Family Purpos: How did th Europan family chang in this priod? Sction Two: Childrn and Education Purpos: What was it lik bing a child in th 18th cntury? Sction Thr: Food and Mdical Practic Purpos: How did improving halth and lif xpctancy impact Europ? Sction Four: Rligion and Popular Cultur Purpos: How did church authoritis ract to popular rligious practic? 2. B prpard to shar your nots in class. Glorious Turnip: Tru Rvolutionary Bfor potatos wr abundant byond South Amrica, turnips wr vryday stapls, particularly in Europ during th Middl Ags. Th origins of th turnip ar vagu but it may hav com from northastrn Europ or Asia many thousands of yars ago. Thriving in a cold, damp climat, turnips wr th food of Europ s poor, th majority of th population. At som undtrmind point in history, th lss nutritious turnip gav up its rol as vryday vgtabl to th mor nutritious spud. In 1730, Charls Turnip Townshnd, a British politician, importd Dutch-grown turnips. H wantd to s if his livstock could surviv in good halth throughout th wintr on a dit of turnips. In thos days it was xpnsiv to grow and stor hay all wintr so most popl killd thir livstock in th fall. This practic lft popl with too much mat, all at on tim. Townshnd provd that with turnips, asy to grow and stor, farmrs could fattn cattl through th wintr and slaughtr only as ndd. Food Musum, Turnip. Th FOOD Musum : What s Nw Wb. 10 Aug < 27

4 Enlightnmnt Thought: Th Divorc of Rligion and Scinc Voltair Condorct Dnis Didrot J.J. Roussau David Hum Immanul Kant Class 5: Changs in Elit Thinking, or Shak, Rattl and Chang Purpos: Was th Lisbon Quak of 1755 th caus th chang of or rinforc of th chang in thought of th lit? Th Enlightnmnt, McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Womn in th Enlightnmnt, Radr IX, pp What ar th thr rasons th Enlightnmnt rachd its hight in Franc? 2. Thr ar thr parts to this qustion a. Using th txtbook tak nots on Voltair. b. Using th txtbook and brif in formation from th Intrnt, tak nots on on of th following: Condorct Didrot Roussau c. Using th txt book and th associat Wb Link, tak nots on on of th following: Hum Kant 3. With rsarch, Idntify on concpt from ach of th following : Baron d Hobach, Edward Gibbons, Adam Smith, Csar Bccaria, Mary Wollstoncraft 4. What rol did womn play in th Enlightnmnt? Class 6: Enlightnmnt Documnts: Kant, Wollstoncraft and Bccaria Purpos: Which author do you considr most significant to concrns today? Kant, What is Enlightnmnt?, Radr IX, pp Wollstoncraft, A Vindication of th Rights of Womn, Radr IX, pp. 342, Bccaria, An Essay in Crim and Punishmnt, Radr XI, pp Rad th assignd xcrpt listd abov. Aftr rading, jot down th most significant points. B prpard to prsnt your findings.. Class 7: Frdrick, Cathrin and Maria Thrsa, Absolutly Dspotic and Enlightnd Thinkrs Purpos: Do ths rulrs follow Machiavlli s b fard prcpt or is this just tough lov? Th Enlightnmnt and Absolutism, McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Summariz th actions of Frdrick, Maria Thrsa and hr son, and Cathrin. 2. You ar Paris in his unnviabl task. Approachd by Frdrick of Prussia, Maria Thrsa and Josph of Austria and Cathrin of Russia, you ar askd to dtrmin which rulr was th bst Enlightnd Dspot. Good Luck. B prpard to rad your answr in class. 28

5 Enlightnmnt: A brwd awakning Continntal Cafés and Coff-houss Bcaus English coff-houss provid th most wll-documntd and instructiv xampl of th political history of Europan coff-houss, most... analysis focuss on England. Howvr, a brif history of Frnch coff-houss,..., will dmonstrat th diffrncs btwn th political rol of coff-houss on th continnt and thos in England. Cafés wr vry diffrnt from th traditional coff-hous; thy srvd food and liquor, wr dcoratd with larg mirrors and xtravagant wall-hangings to crat an atmosphr of luxury for thir almost xclusivly lit, uppr-class clintl. Patrons from th cultural lit, including womn, frquntd Parisian cafés to appar fashionabl and to showcas thir tiqutt. Although conomics, litratur, and politics oftn bcam topics of discussion, Parisian cafés did not hav a rputation of bing th hub of nws and dbat lik English. Parisian coff-houss dvlopd with a uniqu charactr, both in trms of thir atmosphr and thir function within th Frnch political scn. Thy mrgd quit a bit latr than thir English countrparts, not gaining widsprad popularity until th arly ightnth cntury. Womn ar mntiond mor oftn in accounts of Frnch coff-houss than thos of English coff-houss, but it is unclar whthr this mant a significant diffrnc in th inclusion of womn in political discussions. Bfor th volatil yars lading up to th Frnch Rvolution, most of th intns political dbat, conomic intraction, and scintific and litrary discussions that wr common in English coff-houss wr taking plac in salons, Masonic lodgs, acadmic institutions, and dbating clubs. Lading Frnch intllctuals wr known to host wkly salons in thir homs for th purpos of facilitating political or acadmic dbat. During th pr-rvolutionary yars, Parisian coffhouss incrasingly bcam th prim locations for hatd political discussion and dbat. Thy also nabld mn to display thir rational and civil natur without bing constraind by som rigid st of ruls imposd on thm by an authority figur; Frnch coff-houss wr instrumntal in forming public opinion bcaus pr-rvolutionary Franc was a socity not wll quippd with public institutions for th discussion o f politics. In light of th rising tid of discontntmnt among th Third Estat - th social stratum from which most Parisian coff-hous Patrons haild - coff-hous convrsation was frquntly filld with complaints, both conomic and political. Hinrich Jacob nots that Parisian coff-houss wr mtingpoints btwn litratur and conomics, wr th posting-stations at which mntal discontnt rubbd shouldrs with matrial. Th Frnch authoritis wr undoubtdly concrnd with th radical political convrsations taking plac at th coff-houss. Th polic undrtook fforts to conduct survillanc on coff-houss and infiltrat th innr-circls of th political groups that mt thr. Intrstingly, th Frnch authoritis wr mor concrnd with th biological ffcts of coff itslf than by th goings-on in th coff-houss. Thy wr concrnd that thir subjcts, fortifid and mboldnd by coff and its ability to stav off fatigu, would stay awak all night and bcom vulnrabl to radical idologis and public opinion. Finding itslf in dir financial straits, th Frnch govrnmnt could not afford to dny licnss to coff-hous ownrs. Furthrmor, lik thos who would oppos King Charls II s dcr that all coff-houss in England should b closd, Frnch authoritis saw th coff-hous as a harmlss safty-valv for allowing th disgruntld bourgoisi to voic its political dissnt. Intil, Klly. Th Europan Coff-hous: a political hitory. Diss. Univrsity of Orgon, Scholar s Bank. Univrsity of Orgon, Jun Wb. < Th Paris Projct Maria Thrsa (r ) Josph II (r ) Frdrick II th Grat (r ) Cathrin II th Grat (r ) Class 8: DBQ Purpos: Explain th rasons for th adoption of a nw calndar in rvolutionary Franc and analyz ractions to it in th priod 1789 to Historical Background: On Novmbr 24, 1793, th National Convntion adoptd a rvolutionary calndar to rplac th Grgorian calndar (stablishd by th Roman Catholic Church in 1582). Nw Yar s Day was movd from January 1 to Sptmbr 22, th founding dat of th Frnch Rpublic, and this dat in 1792 markd th bginning of Yar On. Th months wr rnamd, assignd a uniform 30 days and dividd into 3 wks of 10 days ach (décad). Th rmaining 5 days of th yar wr to b clbratd as rpublican fstivals (sans-culottids) in honor of Virtu, Intllignc, Labor, Opinion, and Rwards. Th rvolutionary calndar continud through th rpublican ra but was vntually abolishd by Napolon I in

6 1789 Rvolution: A Play in Four acts Class 9: Th Frnch Rvolution: A Play in Four Acts Purpos: Do wll fd popl caus rvolutions? Th Frnch Rvolution, , McKay (6) , (7) , (8) World War and Rpublican Franc, McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Act On: 1789 Rvolution or Thy All Fall Down Scn On: Tak Nots; Scn Two: Qustions will b answrd in class Act Two: Th Rign Chck or Constitutional Monarchy Scn On: Tak Nots; Scn Two: Qustions will b answrd in class Scn Thr: Cartoon Analysis Act Thr: Th First Rpublic, Nothing to Far Hr Scn On: Tak Nots, Scn Two: Qustions will b answrd in class Scn Thr: Song Analysis Drss during [th Frnch Rvolution] gos through a massiv shift. Lat 18th Cntury womn s drss collapss from it s paddd and puffd look to a thin, oftn translucnt silhoutt. As th Frnch Rvolution progrssd, diffrnt womn s styls wr adoptd that appard to hav rfrnc to th rvolutionary politics, social structur and philosophy of th tim. In th arly 1790 s, for xampl, th English or man-tailord styl was favord as it hintd towards th lanings of constitutional monarchy. Thr was a brif fashion for plain drsss in dark colors during th Trror of 1792, but whn th Dirctory took ovr Frnch fashion again wnt wild, trying out Roussausqu fashions in Grk, Roman, Sauvag and Otahti (Tahitian) styls. Th Psudo- Grk look provd most popular and was adoptd as th standard styl in Europ in th lat 1790 s Whil Mn s Costum in th 1790 s also bcoms thinnr in lin, it sparats it s styl from womn s drss by bginning to los narly all forms of surfac dcoration, lac and bright color, as irrational and fminin ffluvia. This chang is slow, but it compltly altrs mn s drss by th mid 19th Cntury into dull dark uniform drss. Othr major changs includ th adoption of trousrs from th drss of sailors and th urban proltariat of th Frnch Rvolution, th passing of th fashions for wigs and hair powdr. Th bonnt is invntd as a hat that is mant to look lik a Grk hlmt, but it quickly is altrd Fashion: Rvolution and Styl in styl out of all rsmblanc to th original. Probably du to post Rvolution- Class 10: Dclarations or Enlightnmnt fulfilld? Purpos: Dos dis-nfranchismnt discrdit a documnt of rights? Dclaration of th Rights of Man and Citizns, Radr IX, pp Dclaration of th Rights of Womn, Radr IX, pp What ar th main concpts of ths two Dclaration? 2. Was th Dclaration writtn for th middl and gntry class or for th poor? 3. How dos Gougs nvision womn in civil socity? How dos this projctd rol diffr from 18th cntury ralitis? ary backlash against fmal influnc in politics, in [Th Noclassical Priod ], th sxual dichotomy in drss bcoms mor pronouncd in this ra. Th dirction of fashions towards No Classic drss for womn, and incrasingly drab utilitarian drss on mn, continu in a stady mannr in this vry stylistically stabl priod. Womn s drss locks into a pattrn of light colord muslin gowns, high waistd with littl puffd slvs, and psudo-grk hairstyls. As th priod procds, th originally simpl lins of ths gowns ar incrasingly dcoratd with ruffl and puffs, th skirts gt puffd out with ptticoats, th waist lowrs and tightns with corsts, until by 1825 it is hard to s how th styl worn was vr imagind to look Grk. Mn s clothing in this ra bcoms lss and lss advnturous in styl. Th fw outlts for mal fashion xprssion (boots, hats, collars and ncktis) thrfor go to xtrms. Ncktis in this priod wr spcially important. Th Frnch Rvolution and Empir Priods. Th Costumr s Manifsto: Your Fr On-stop Sit for Costum Information & Imags. < 30

7 Class 11: Th Rvolution Turns Radical or Hold on to your hat, this will b a bumpy rid. Purpos: Extrmism in th dfns of librty. Agr or Disagr? Opposing viwpoints of th Rvolution: Edmund Burk and Thomas Pain, Radr IX, pp Rad th xcrpts from Burk and Pain. Tak nots on th rading and b prpard to idntify how Pain rsponds to Burk s position on tradition and monarchy. Class 12: Full Circl: Th Gnral, th Consul, th Empror Purpos: Is Napolon a librator or opprssor? Th Napolonic Era, , McKay (6) , (7) , (8) Th Cod of Napolon, Radr IX, Act Four: Full Circl: Th Gnral, th Consul, th Empror Scn On: Tak Nots; Scn Two: Skip Qustions Scn Thr: Propaganda in Art Class 13: Post Watrloo, or Lt s go to Vinna and Danc Purpos: Do ntrnchd intrsts accpt chang? Th Congrss of Vinna, Radr X, Th Sttlmnt of 1815 Appraisd, Radr X, Was th Congrss of Vinna doomd to failur du to th failur to includ th lssr stats? Ar Th Early Nintnth Cntury Unit Four Ovrviw Napolon at St. Brnard David (1800) Napolon in his Study David (1812) Napolon on Imprial Thron Ingrs (1808) Th Third of May 1808 IV Historians who xamin Europ and th vnts of lat ightnth and arly to mid- nintnth cntury oftn rfr to th priod as th dual rvolution. Whil political systms wr loudly altring th concpt of th stat, sovrignty and th citizn, conomic systms wr quitly and almost imprcptibly transforming socity in, arguably, a far mor prmannt mannr. This unit xamins th roots of th quitly dvloping industrial rvolution as wll as th post Napolonic concpts of libralism and consrvatism and thir by-products: nationalism, socialism and romanticism. Ky forcs in this priod wr th consrvativ aristocrats and th middl-class and working-class librals and nationalists. Consrvativs wantd to maintain th status quo and rinstill a sns of traditional Europan valus and practics. Librals and nationalists sought to carry on th dstruction of th old rgim of Europ that had bgun in Franc in Th symbol of consrvatism in this priod was Princ Mttrnich of Austria, Europ s lading diplomat. Mttrnich was convincd that libralism and nationalism wr dstructiv forcs that had to b rprssd. In opposition, librals and nationalists vhmntly and rlntlssly pushd thir crds as ways to fr humanity from th burdn of supporting a lazy aristocracy and from th thrats of forign opprssion. Ultimatly ths forcs and thir drams for Europ collidd in 1848, a yar of rvolutions and uphavals. Of th major powrs who dalt dirctly with ths forcs, only Britain managd to balanc rform with traditional systms and thus rmaind untouchd by rvolution. For th rst of Europ, th rsult was th birth of a nw typ of Europan ladrship, nithr totally libral, nor totally consrvativ. Th ladrs of this nw Europ would vntually bcom known as nationalists who thmslvs would grappl with vn mor dbat and discussion among th idologically chargd nvironmnt of lat nintnth cntury Europ. Goya Propadanda in Art thr any historical connction you ar abl to mak with this tim priod? 2. Many scholars criticiz th Congrss of Vinna for not taking national aspiration into account whras th 1919 Pac Confrnc in Paris followd that principl. What is th argumnt this author maks about th comparison? Class 14: Essay and Multipl Choic Tst: Th Ag of Enlightnmnt and Rvolution 31

8 Europ in 1715 Europ in 1789 Empir of Napolon at its hight Europ 1815 Congrss of Vinna Atlas histoir gographi [Alain HOUOT]. Orang. < 32