Classical Civilizations and the Development of World Religions

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1 Classical Civilizations and the Development of World Religions

2 The Core of Life

3 Migration of Early Humans

4 What are Human Needs? Need Being (qualities) Having (things) Doing (actions) Interacting (settings) Subsistence Protection physical and mental health care, adaptability, autonomy food, shelter, work social security, health systems, work feed, clothe, rest, work co-operate, plan, take care of, help living environment, social setting social environment, dwelling Affection respect, sense of humour, generosity, sensuality friendships, family, relationships with nature share, take care of, make love, express emotions privacy, intimate spaces of togetherness Understanding critical capacity, curiosity, intuition literature, teachers, policies, educational analyse, study, meditate, investigate, schools, families, universities, communities, Participation Leisure receptiveness, dedication, sense of humour imagination, tranquility, spontaneity responsibilities, duties, work, rights games, parties, peace of mind cooperate, dissent, express opinions day-dream, remember, relax, have fun associations, parties, churches, neighbourhoods landscapes, intimate spaces, places to be alone Creation imagination, boldness, inventiveness, curiosity abilities, skills, work, techniques invent, build, design, work, compose, interpret spaces for expression, workshops, audiences Identity sense of belonging, selfesteem, consistency language, religions, work, customs, values, norms get to know oneself, grow, commit oneself places one belongs to, everyday settings Freedom autonomy, passion, selfesteem, openmindedness equal rights dissent, choose, run risks, develop awareness anywhere Artur Manfred Max Neef

5 The Development of Humanity 1. Hunter-Gatherers 2. Subsistence Farming 3. Surplus Farming 4. Mining 5. Manufacturing 6. International Trade

6 Ancient Civilizations of the Old World

7 Invention of Writing Mesopotamia (specifically, ancient Sumer) around 3200 BC and Mesoamerica around 600 BC

8 Impact of Writing Law Commerce Education Literature Plays History Music Philosophy Warfare Diplomacy Religion

9 Ancient Greece

10 Ancient Athens Soil was not conducive to surplus farming Athens turned to sea trade The trireme allowed Athens to dominate in the Mediterranean during the 7th to 4th centuries BC In 483 BCE, the discovery of silver in the vicinity of Athens prompted large scale mining

Sparta Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military landpower in ancient Greece Sparta was unique for its social system and constitution,

11 Sparta Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military landpower in ancient Greece Sparta was unique for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece

12 Ancient Greek Art & Architecture

Athen s Golden Age Herodotus, the `father of history Socrates, the `father of philosophy Hippocrates, `the father of medicine' The sculptor Phidias created his great works for the Parthenon on the

13 Athen s Golden Age Herodotus, the `father of history Socrates, the `father of philosophy Hippocrates, `the father of medicine' The sculptor Phidias created his great works for the Parthenon on the Acropolis and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia Democritus envisioned an atomic universe Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Sophocles wrote their famous plays Plato found his Academy outside the walls of Athens in 385 BCE and Aristotle's Lyceum was later founded in the city center.

14 Ancient Greek Contributions Democracy Olympics Mythology Dramatic Structure Fashion Philosophy Water Mill Odometer Alarm Clock Geometry Medicine

15 Roman Empire

Ancient Rome Ancient Rome began in the 8th century BC and expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with 20% of the world's population and covering 6.

16 Ancient Rome Ancient Rome began in the 8th century BC and expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with 20% of the world's population and covering 6.5 million square kilometers In its12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire Corpus Juris Civilis, market economy, monetary system, and a professional army developed The legion (totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 men) gave it its edge

17 Ancient Roman Art & Architecture

18 Ancient Roman Contributions Roman Alphabet Concrete Roads Aqueducts & Viaducts Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating Corpus Juris Civilis Latin Language Wine-making stadiums & amphitheaters

19 Spiritual Questions Human Beings Have Who am I? Why am I here? What is there after life? Am I alone? Am I good or bad? Why is life so difficult? What do I deserve in relation to others?

20 World Religions

Hinduism a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, which emerged between 500-200 BC and c.

21 Hinduism a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, which emerged between BC and c. 300 AD The four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life: Dharma (ethics/duties), Artha (prosperity/work), Kama (emotions/sexuality) Moksha (liberation/freedom) Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong Sannyasa (ascetic practices) to achieve moksha Hindu texts are classified into Shruti ("heard") and Smriti ("remembered")

22 The Spread of Hinduism

Judaism Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text Abraham is hailed as the father of the Jewish people.

23 Judaism Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text Abraham is hailed as the father of the Jewish people. As a reward for his act of faith in one God, he was promised that his son would inherit the Land of Israel. The descendants of Abraham were enslaved in Egypt, and God commanded Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt. At Mount Sinai, Moses received the Torah. Eventually, God led the Jews to the land of Israel. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel.

24 The Spread of Judaism

Buddhism A nontheistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.

25 Buddhism A nontheistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha. Lord Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He was an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths.

26 The Spread of Buddhism

27 Christianity An Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is expressed in professions of faith that state Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from the dead, in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust in him for the remission of their sins. Christians believe that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven, where he reigns with God the Father, and that he will return to judge the living and dead and grant eternal life to his followers.

28 The Spread of Christianity

Islam a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based upon the Qur'an (a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God) and by the teachings and example of Muhammad (c.

29 Islam a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based upon the Qur'an (a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God) and by the teachings and example of Muhammad (c June 632 AD), considered by Muslims to be the last prophet of God. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Muslims consider the Qur'an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to family life and the environment.

30 The Spread of Islam

Final Exam Study Guide. Name. A map that shows the landscape features of a place such as mountains, rivers, and lakes

Final Exam Study Guide. Name. A map that shows the landscape features of a place such as mountains, rivers, and lakes Final Exam Study Guide Name Key Vocabulary- Definition Vocabulary Word 1. The part of a map that shows the meaning of the symbols map key 2. A map that shows the landscape features of a place such as mountains,