11/27/2017. The Height of the Greek Civilization. Chapter Five Overview. Development of Greek Culture

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The Height of the Greek Civilization 1 Chapter Five Overview The Ancient Greeks developed a culture that became one of the foundations of Western

Alexander s empire brings about a mix of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures.

Western architects and sculptors have copied Greek works for centuries; Greek philosophers, historians, and scientists created traditions in these

Its classical styles of art, architecture, and literature have endured in Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to write and perform plays.

Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle taught and lectured on several topics.

1 The Height of the Greek Civilization 1 Chapter Five Overview The Ancient Greeks developed a culture that became one of the foundations of Western Civilization. Ancient Greek thinkers believe in reason and the importance of the individual. Alexander s empire brings about a mix of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures. The Greeks valued moderation and balance, loved beauty, stressed the individual, and sought the truth through free inquiry. Western architects and sculptors have copied Greek works for centuries; Greek philosophers, historians, and scientists created traditions in these disciplines that are still valued today. 2 Development of Greek Culture At its height, Athens was the center of Greek civilization. Its classical styles of art, architecture, and literature have endured in Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to write and perform plays. Greek thinkers believed that the power of reason could explain all things, a belief that became a basic principle of science. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle taught and lectured on several topics. The Greeks also produced the first true historians in Herodotus and Thucydides, and the father of medicine in Hippocrates. Alexander the Great had the goal of combining the best of Greek and Persian cultures into one civilization. After he died, his empire was divided. Although Greek political unity vanished, Greek culture spread and mixed with Middle Eastern cultures to form the Hellenistic civilization. 3 1

Quest for Beauty and Meaning Classical (By Definition Refers to Ancient

to architecture, art, painting Height of ancient Greece Literature

the Gods Sanctuaries Parthenon places where their deities would live

height - straightness 4 Taller Slender More Decorative Massive No Base 5

the individual Painting on Vases (Black Color) Each vase had a specific

pottery Paintings on many showed the daily life Amphora (Storage) Krater

2 Quest for Beauty and Meaning Classical (By Definition Refers to Ancient Greece and Rome) Developed in the period after the Persian wars Referred to architecture, art, painting Height of ancient Greece Literature develops to include plays, theater, thinkers, philosophy Building for the Gods Sanctuaries Parthenon places where their deities would live Golden Mean, Nothing to Excess Perspective use of optical illusions height - straightness 4 Taller Slender More Decorative Massive No Base 5 Greek Arts Showing the human body as being perfect Placed emphasis on the individual Painting on Vases (Black Color) Each vase had a specific function Each object had different art depending on the function of the pottery Paintings on many showed the daily life Amphora (Storage) Krater (Mixing Bowl) Leythos (Pouring Vessel) Kylix (Drinking Cup) Krater Kylix Leythos Amphora 6 2

3 Sculpting the Human Body Myron What people should look like Phidias Larger than life statues Athena Zeus Praxiteles Reduced the size of the statues to normal size Praxiteles Phidias: Athena Phidias: Zeus 7 2,000 Year Difference Myron: The Discus Thrower Michelangelo: The Pieta 8 The Greeks produced impressive literature Drama and Theater The Greeks invented drama Athenian playwrights excelled in comedic and tragic drama Tragedy vs. Comedy... The Muses (Symbol of Modern Theater) 9 3

4 Odean of Herodes Atticus 161 A.D. Theater of Dionysus 325 B.C. 10 Athens - Acropolis 11 Segesta - Sicily 12 4

Tragedy -- Sorrowful -- Sad -- Moral Aeschylus -- Father of

unhappy ending Oresteia Consequences of ones deeds carry from

part of life Oedipus Rex Stresses human courage and compassion

themselves Trojan Women Misery that War brings Comedy Happy

politicians 13 The Olympic Games Olympia Temple of Zeus Big event

5 Tragedy -- Sorrowful -- Sad -- Moral Aeschylus -- Father of Tragedy Tragedy struggles against fate suffer to a tragic or unhappy ending Oresteia Consequences of ones deeds carry from generation to generation Sophocles Accepted human suffering as a part of life Oedipus Rex Stresses human courage and compassion Euripides Focuses on the qualities that bring disaster on themselves Trojan Women Misery that War brings Comedy Happy endings Humorous Aristophanes Creates social satire Makes fun of politicians 13 The Olympic Games Olympia Temple of Zeus Big event for the Greeks and would even stop wars in order to attend Ancient Events vs. Modern Events 14 The Olympic Games Olympia Big event for the Greeks and would even stop wars in order to attend Ancient Events vs. Modern Events 15 5

The Greek Mind Philosophers seeker of wisdom and knowledge Logic science of reasoning The Greeks laid the foundation

through reason A new school of philosophy arose in Athens Raphael s School of Athens Painted 1509; Vatican Museums 16

the answers Did not believe in absolute standards (Moral / Legal) Truth is different for each person Taught young men

17 Socrates ( Gadfly of Athens) Grew up poor was originally a sculptor Believed in absolute not relative truth (Truth

right questions) Forced people to defend their statements Thought to be corrupting the youth Argued that a person who

6 The Greek Mind Philosophers seeker of wisdom and knowledge Logic science of reasoning The Greeks laid the foundation for philosophy We are all philosophers we all want to learn something The Greeks sought answers about people s lives through reason A new school of philosophy arose in Athens Raphael s School of Athens Painted 1509; Vatican Museums 16 The Sophists (Soph = Wise) Professional teachers Traveled from place to place Referred to as the knower's could find the answers Did not believe in absolute standards (Moral / Legal) Truth is different for each person Taught young men how to win political arguments Criticized by Socrates and Plato They accepted money! Wisdom should be free! 17 Socrates ( Gadfly of Athens) Grew up poor was originally a sculptor Believed in absolute not relative truth (Truth is real and unchanging) Concerned with the process (think for yourself), Not the information Socratic Method (ask the right questions) Forced people to defend their statements Thought to be corrupting the youth Argued that a person who knew what was right = would do what is right (Search for truth most important) Know thyself Tried and condemned to death 18 6

Plato Student of Socrates Opened up the Academy in Athens (closed 529 AD!) Thought to be the world s first university. Recorded the dialogues conversations of Socrates Wrote The Republic 1.

Felt too much freedom would produce social disorder 5.

Mean live moderately avoid extremes Developed the syllogism (See next slide) a way to present an argument is it logical?

7 Plato Student of Socrates Opened up the Academy in Athens (closed 529 AD!) Thought to be the world s first university. Recorded the dialogues conversations of Socrates Wrote The Republic 1. Disliked democracy liked Sparta 2. Felt everyone should serve the state (not individual) 3. Best educated citizens should serve in the government 4. Felt too much freedom would produce social disorder 5. Helped to develop study of political science Rejected the senses as a source of truth The senses can be fooled 19 Aristotle Wrote more than 200 books Founded a school in Athens Lyceum Golden Mean live moderately avoid extremes Developed the syllogism (See next slide) a way to present an argument is it logical? 20 Aristotle & Syllogism Deductive Reasoning (Argument is valid if premises are true!) An example of a deductive argument and hence of deductive reasoning: 1. All men are mortal 2. Socrates is a man 3. (Therefore) Socrates is mortal Inductive Reasoning (Suggests the Truth, but does not prove it!) An example of a inductive argument and hence of inductive reasoning: Vs. 1. All observed crows are black. 2. (Therefore) All crows are black. 21 7

Aristotle Wrote more than 200 books Founded a school in Athens Lyceum

senses Change = same matter taking on a different form First person to

Aristotle and Government Examined the Greek city-states and how they were

of government balanced monarchy, democracy and aristocracy Felt the power

to obey 23 Writers of History The Greeks wrote the first true histories

Persian wars Historia = investigation Asked questions sometimes offered

8 Aristotle Wrote more than 200 books Founded a school in Athens Lyceum Golden Mean live moderately avoid extremes Developed the syllogism a way to present an argument is it logical? Aristotle and Science Stressed the value of knowledge gained through the senses Change = same matter taking on a different form First person to observe, classify, and generalize scientific method 22 His book Politics Aristotle and Government Examined the Greek city-states and how they were governed Looked for advantages and disadvantages of each Felt ideal form of government balanced monarchy, democracy and aristocracy Felt the power should rest with middle class because they know how to both command and to obey 23 Writers of History The Greeks wrote the first true histories Herodotus -- Father of History Separated fact from legend Wrote about the Persian wars Historia = investigation Asked questions sometimes offered supernatural explanations for events Accepted some statements that were not true Wrote about a variety of things 24 8

Thucydides -- First Scientific Historian Checked all of his facts Wrote about

sites of historic events Interviewed eyewitnesses Rejected the idea that gods

motivations Felt future generations could learn from the past 25 The First

to prove truth Thales - Miletus Ionian Greek Astronomy math foretold a solar

The First Scientists Greek Mathematicians Pythagoras (6 th Ce

9 Thucydides -- First Scientific Historian Checked all of his facts Wrote about things that he himself had firsthand knowledge Peloponnesian wars Visited the sites of historic events Interviewed eyewitnesses Rejected the idea that gods played a role in history Offered explanations as to why events occur - motivations Felt future generations could learn from the past 25 The First Scientists Greek Mathematicians Use math for systematic methods of reasoning to prove truth Thales - Miletus Ionian Greek Astronomy math foretold a solar eclipse Water was the basic substance of everything in the world Pythagoras 26 The First Scientists Greek Mathematicians Pythagoras (6 th Century B.C.) Tried to explain everything in math terms Theorem about relationship of right angled triangle 27 9

The First Scientists Greek Mathematicians

terms Theorem about relationship of right

Believed that the body could heal itself Wanted

information Hygiene Advocated good diet, rest,

10 The First Scientists Greek Mathematicians Pythagoras Tried to explain everything in math terms Theorem about relationship of right angled triangle Taught that the world was round and revolved around a fixed point! 28 Who is Eratosthenes Earth s circumference to within 1% 29 Greek Medicine Hippocrates Believed that diseases had a natural cause Believed that the body could heal itself Wanted doctors to record their cases and share the information Hygiene Advocated good diet, rest, and proper hygiene Drafted a code for doctors to follow -- Hippocratic Oath 30 10

Rise of the Hellenistic Greek World Phillip

Ends the Hellenic period Phillip assassinated

Greeks Punishes Thebes Alexander invades

323 BC Alexander s ideas Standard system of

Believed in strong world government with all

11 Rise of the Hellenistic Greek World Phillip of Macedonia conquers the Greek city-states Ends the Hellenic period Phillip assassinated BC Alexander takes over control of the Greeks Punishes Thebes Alexander invades Persia BC Alexander dies in Babylon 323 BC Alexander s ideas Standard system of money Kept Persian system of administration Believed in strong world government with all equal 31 Alexander s Route of March and Conquests

12 Conquest of the Phoenician City-State of Tyre Alexander s Arrival Temple of Hercules BC Brutal Siege Critical to Destroy Base of Persian Navy Great Cruelty to Vanquished Tyrians Example to those who resist 34 Battle of Gaugamela 331 BC Final Defeat of the Persian Armies King Darius III Flees Murdered by his own generals B.C. Burned to the Ground During a Drunken Rage by Alexander? or was it Deliberate? Persepolis Capital of the Persian Empire 36 12

13 Alexander s Last Great Victory -- Battle of Hydaspes BC Alexander Defeats the Indian War Elephants 37 Alexander Returns to Babylon Dies in June, 323 B.C. Fever or Poison? Malaria/Typhoid Fever/Alcohol? Alexander s empire divided on his death Split between his three generals Antigonus Ptolemy Seleucus Start of Hellenistic Age Lasted nearly 300 years. Were tolerant of other cultures / religions* *With one Exception! 38 Seleucid kings suppress religion in Judea Jews revolted under the Maccabee family Preserved their religion Book of Maccabee s in the Bible Resulted in Jewish holiday Hanukkah 13

Antigonus = Macedonia & part of Greece (301 BC

(332 BC 31 BC) Seleucus = Syria (Part) &

Network of cities founded by Alexander New

culture / Intermixed = Preserved Alexandria,

of Knowledge / Culture 500,000 people Wide &

14 Antigonus = Macedonia & part of Greece (301 BC 168 BC) Ptolemy = Egypt, Libya, Syria (Part) (332 BC 31 BC) Seleucus = Syria (Part) & Persia (312 BC 63 BC) Each formed dynasties 40 Network of cities founded by Alexander New markets for goods Introduction of Greek culture / Intermixed = Preserved Alexandria, Egypt s greatest city Tomb of Alexander Center of Knowledge / Culture 500,000 people Wide & beautiful streets ,000 books in the library at Alexandria! 42 14

750,000 books in the library at Alexandria!

Diogenes Give up luxuries Live simply Epicureanism Epicurus

(Painted Porch) Zeno Accept the most difficult things in life

Literature Art becomes profitable emotions / busts / heads

heroes, gods or conflicts 44 Hellenistic (Alexandria) Science /

15 750,000 books in the library at Alexandria! Today 43 Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Philosophers Cynicism Diogenes Give up luxuries Live simply Epicureanism Epicurus Accept the world as it is Live free of extremes Stoicism = Stoa (Painted Porch) Zeno Accept the most difficult things in life become indifferent do not show feelings Hellenistic Art and Literature Art becomes profitable emotions / busts / heads Menander Focus on Comedies Reflecting everyday life -- not heroes, gods or conflicts 44 Hellenistic (Alexandria) Science / Medicine / Mathematics Eratosthenes Euclid Earth s circumference to within 1% Elements of Geometry Medical Instruments 45 15

16 Hellenistic (Alexandria) Science / Medicine / Mathematics Archimedes Pulley Irrigation Archimedes Screw Principle of Buoyancy 46 16

Greece Achievements Philosophy Socrates

Greece Achievements Philosophy Socrates DUE 04/08/19 Name: Lesson Three - Ancient Greece Achievements and Spread of Culture 6.54 Explain the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture. 6.55 Analyze the causes and effects of