A. Determining Main Ideas As you read about the Byzantine culture that developed in Russia, take notes to answer the questions in the boxes.

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1 GUIDED READING Th Russin Empir A. Dtrmining Min Ids As you rd bout th Byzntin cultur tht dvlopd in Russi, tk nots to nswr th qustions in th boxs. 1. Wht tis linkd Kiv to Byzntium? 2. How did Vldimir nd his son Yroslv contribut to th powr of Kiv? 3. Wht fctors brought bout Kiv s dclin? 4. How did th Mongols trt th Russin popl? 5. Wht wr som ffcts of Mongol rul 6. Wht vnts mrkd th bginning of n on Russi? indpndnt Russin Empir? B. Summrizing On th bck of this ppr, idntify ch prson or group in th rly history of Russi. Slvs Vldimir Alxndr Nvsky Ivn III Byzntins, Russins, nd Turks Intrct 23

2 SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Formulting Historicl Qustions Asking qustions will hlp you clrify informtion you rd nd nhnc your undrstnding of vnts, popl, nd issus in history. Rd th pssg blow nd thn fill in th digrm with qustions tht would hlp you find out mor bout th Krmlin. (S Skillbuildr Hndbook) In 1480, Moscow, th strongst of th Russin stts, frd itslf from Mongol rul. Moscow s Princ Ivn III, who clld himslf czr, th Russin vrsion of Csr, wntd to mk Moscow cpitl city fit for n mpror. Th cntr of th city ws wlld citdl, or fortrss, known s th Krmlin. Th trm krmlin rfrs to th wlld cntrl sction of ny city or town. Ivn hd th old tringulr wll round th Krmlin torn down nd mssiv nw wll, 60 ft high nd 15 ft thick, built in its plc. Th wll ws dornd with 20 towrs. Within th Krmlin, Ivn built plc for himslf, scond plc for th hd of th Russin Church, nd thr grt churchs tht fcd onto cntrl squr. Moscow bcm th cpitl of nw nd ggrssiv mpir nd Ivn bcm th first czr of unitd Russin ntion. Hundrds of yrs ltr, th Krmlin would bcm synonymous with th govrnmnt of th Sovit Union. It would hous th Sovit prlimnt nd Communist prty convntions. Th History of th Krmlin 26 Unit 3, Chptr

3 Nm GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: LOCATION Growth of Erly Russi Dirctions: Rd th prgrphs blow nd study th mp crfully. Thn nswr th qustions tht follow. During th sixth nd svnth cnturis, Scndinvin trdrs trnsportd goods to nd from Constntinopl. Thy trvld through n r of prsnt-dy Russi so frquntly tht communitis nd primitiv govrnmnt bgn to form. Ths Scndinvins vn coind th word Russi. Thy my hv gottn it from th Grk word for rd, which ws th hir color of mny of ths Viking trdrs. Around 855, Dnish mn nmd Rurik bcm th first Russin king nd Kiv bcm th cntr of rly Russi. A dscndnt of Rurik, Vldimir I, who ruld from 980 to 1015, convrtd rly Russi to Christinity. Although Kiv s proximity nd contct with Byzntium is lrgly rsponsibl for th convrsion to Christinity, on ccount stts tht Vldimir chos Christinity ovr Islm bcus h could not ccpt rligion tht rjctd lcohol. Kivn Russi dclind in th 12th cntury bcus of intrnl problms nd th Mongol invsions. Around 1300, th Orthodox Church chos Moscow s its cntr. As rsult, Moscow, originlly rgion of Russi, bgn to mrg s n importnt city. McDougl Littll Inc. All rights rsrvd. Erly Russi, M d EUROPE i t r B l Constntinopl S c t i c ;;; yyy ;;; yyy ;; yy S Kiv B B y z n d i n v l n D i p c r k n t. R S ARCTIC OCEAN Volkhov R. Novgorod Lovt R. i u m i D o R n. R g V l o. s C i p n S U R l. r Ob R. Arl S Kivn Russi bout 1000 Moscow bout 1300 ;ymoscow bout ,000 Mils r n 0 2,000 Kilomtrs n S Byzntins, Russins, nd Turks Intrct 27

4 Growth of Erly Russi continud Intrprting Txt nd Visuls 1. How did th loction of Kiv contribut to its ris s th cntr of rly Russi? 2. Wht rivr bordrs th strn nd of Russi round 1505? 3. At its longst point, how fr cross is Kivn Russi t bout 1000? Moscow bout 1505? 4. How mny mils would trdr bginning in Novgorod nd trvling to Constntinopl hv to go vi th Dnipr Rivr nd th Blck S? 5. Nm th body of wtr tht bordrs Kivn Russi. 6. Dscrib th most likly rout tht Scndinvin trdr would hv usd to gt to Constntinopl. 7. Wht gogrphicl ftur(s) md th loction of Moscow so vlubl? Why? 8. Compr Moscow of 1505 to Moscow of How did th rgion chng? 28 Unit 3, Chptr

5 PRIMARY SOURCE from Primry Chronicl Th Primry Chronicl, history of Russi from th 10th to th 12th cnturis, ws writtn by monks in bout 10. This xcrpt dscribs th convrsion of Vldimir, th rulr of th Russin principlity of Kiv, to Byzntin Christinity nd his bptism ftr conquring Khrson, Grk city by th Blck S. According to this ccount, why did Vldimir dcid to ccpt bptism? Vldimir nd his rtinu ntrd th city, nd h snt mssgs to th mprors Bsil nd Constntin, sying, Bhold, I hv cpturd your glorious city. I hv lso hrd tht you hv n unwddd sistr. Unlss you giv hr to m in mrrig, I shll dl with your own city s I hv with Khrson. Whn th mprors hrd this mssg thy wr troubld, nd thy issud this sttmnt: It is not propr for Christins to giv womn in mrrig to pgns. If you r bptizd, you shll hv hr for your wif, inhrit th kingdom of God, nd b our co-blivr. If you do not do so, howvr, w cnnot giv you our sistr in mrrig. Whn Vldimir lrnd of thir rspons, h sid to th mprors nvoys, Tll th mprors I will ccpt bptism, sinc I hv lrdy givn som study to your rligion, nd th Grk fith nd ritul, s dscribd by th missris I snt to xmin it, hs plsd m wll. Whn th mprors hrd this rport thy rjoicd nd prsudd thir sistr Ann [to consnt to th mtch]. Thy thn snt word to Vldimir, B bptizd, nd thn w shll snd you our sistr. But Vldimir sid, Lt your sistr hrslf com [with th prists] to bptiz m. Th mprors complid with his rqust nd snt thir sistr, ccompnid by som dignitris nd prists... Th bishop [piskop] of Khrson, togthr with th princss s prists... bptizd Vldimir.... As brid pric in xchng for th princss, h gv Khrson bck to th Grks nd thn wnt bck to Kiv. Whn th princ rrivd t his cpitl, h dirctd tht th idols should b ovrturnd nd tht som should b cut to pics nd othrs burnd up... Thrupon Vldimir snt hrlds throughout th whol city, procliming, If nyon, whthr rich or poor, bggr or slv, dos not com tomorrow to th rivr, h will b n nmy of min. Whn th popl hrd this thy wnt gldly, rjoicing nd sying, If this wr not good, th princ nd his boyrs would not hv ccptd it. On th morrow th princ wnt forth to th Dnipr with th prists of th princss nd thos from Khrson, nd countlss multitud ssmbld. Thy ll wnt into th wtr; som stood up to thir ncks, othrs to thir brsts.... Th prists stood by nd offrd pryrs. Thr ws joy in hvn nd upon rth t th sight of so mny souls svd. But th Dvil grond, Wo is m! Thy r driving m out of hr!... H [Vldimir] ordrd tht woodn churchs should b built nd stblishd whr [pgn] idols hd prviously stood. H foundd th Church of Sint Bsil on th hill whr th idol of Prun nd th othr imgs hd bn st, nd whr th princ nd th popl hd offrd thir scrifics. H bgn to found churchs, to ssign prists throughout th citis nd towns, nd to bring popl in for bptism from ll towns nd villgs. H bgn to tk th childrn of th bst fmilis nd snd thm for instruction from books. from Gorg Vrndsky, d., A Sourc Book for Russin History from Erly Tims to 1917 (Nw Hvn: Yl Univrsity Prss, 1972), Vol. 1, Rprintd in Ptr N. Strns, d., Documnts in World History, Vol. 1 (Nw York: Hrpr Collins, 1988), Activity Options 1. Anlyzing Cuss nd Rcognizing Effcts Drw cus-nd-ffct digrm to illustrt wht hppnd s rsult of Vldimir s convrsion to Byzntin Christinity. 2. Writing for Socil Studis Writ hdlin for th Kivn Tims bout on of th vnts dscribd in this xcrpt from th Primry Chronicl. Byzntins, Russins, nd Turks Intrct 31

6 HISTORYMAKERS Ivn III Buildr of Russi [H ws] sttsmn of vision nd bov ll of stounding singl-minddnss. For Ivn III, mor thn ny of his prdcssors or followrs on th princly thron of Moscow, knw prcisly whr h ws going. historin J. L. I. Fnnll (1961) Two wrs, th cptur nd blinding of his fthr, nd proposd diplomtic mrrig wr th hunting mmoris of Ivn III s childhood. Ivn III ws born in 1440 to princly thron in Moscow, thn smll stt in tim of svr crisis. Surviving much conflict, Ivn III built th foundtion of modrn Russi. Ivn s fthr Bsil II, th grnd duk of Moscow, ws in th midst of struggl for powr with cousin, Dmitri Shmyk. At th sm tim, Bsil ws lso fighting th Mongols who thn ruld Russi. Bsil lost bttl to th Mongols nd ws cpturd. Whn h ws rlsd, h ws cpturd gin by Shmyk, who ws now ruling Moscow. Ivn, only six yrs old, ws cpturd s wll. Shmyk blindd Bsil, but Ivn s fthr won rls nd soon rtook his thron. In 1452, Bsil s rmy finlly dftd Shmyk, who did ftr bing poisond. Tht rmy ws sid to b ld by Ivn, though h ws only 12 yrs old. Tn yrs ltr, Ivn bcm grnd duk whn his fthr did. For th nxt 40 yrs, Ivn usd diplomcy, llincs, wr, nd trickry to xpnd th siz of Moscow nd incrs his own powr. H forgd trtis nd thn, whn h hd no us for thm, bndond thm. Whn Ivn ws finishd, h hd chivd his gols. Th rulr of Moscow ws powrful, nd his stt, which h ws first to cll ll Russi, hd grown. Upon bcoming grnd duk, Ivn first trid to wkn th Mongols in th st, but his ttck fild. H thn imd to cptur Novgorod. First, h usd diplomcy to mk sur tht no othr stt would hlp Novgorod. Nxt, h ttckd nd dftd its rmy in bttl. Whil som rsistnc rmind for svrl yrs, Ivn ws in full control by th lt 1470s. H thn procdd to compltly brk th powr of th nobls thr. H sizd thir grounds nd forcd thm to mov to Moscow. H gv th proprty to his supportrs, but trms of ownrship hd chngd. Th lnd ws officilly th grnd duk s, only on lon to thm s long s thy srvd th rulr. Novgorod s dft incrsd both Moscow s siz nd Ivn s powr. About this tim, Ivn took nothr importnt stp. Aftr long ngotitions h grd to mrry Sophi, th nic of th lst Byzntin rulr. Aftr th mrrig, Ivn bgn to us th titl czr, th Russin trm for mpror. H lso bgn clling Moscow th third Rom (ftr Rom nd Constntinopl). Aftr th dft of Novgorod, Ivn turnd on th nxt most powrful Russin stt, Tvr. Onc gin, h usd diplomcy to isolt Tvr nd thn invdd it nd took control. Nxt, Ivn turnd st, hoping to finlly rmov th Mongol thrt. By now, th hug Mongol Empir hd split into thr smllr kingdoms. In 1480, Akhmd, th ldr of th strongst on, mrchd his rmy ginst Ivn. Thy fcd ch othr for two months without fighting, s Akhmd witd for promisd rinforcmnts. Whn thy nvr rrivd, Akhmd ld his rmy wy. Ltr, rivls hd him killd, nd Mongol powr ws finlly brokn. Ivn scurd his bordr with th Mongols in 1487, whn h cpturd on of th rmining kingdoms. Ivn now movd wst. Aftr mrrying his dughtr to th son of th king of Lithuni, h ttckd tht ntion in H shttrd th Lithunin rmy, which ld to furthr Russin xpnsion. Whil nlrging Moscow, Ivn lso took stps to incrs th grnd duk s powr. H rformd th govrnmnt, bginning systm of dministrtion tht rmind in us for hundrds of yrs. Qustions 1. Mking Infrncs How might Ivn s rly lif hv influncd his gols nd th mthods h usd to chiv thm onc h bcm rulr? 2. Clrifying Giv two xmpls of how Ivn usd diplomcy ffctivly. 3. Forming nd Supporting Opinions Ivn III is oftn clld th Grt. Do you think tht is n pproprit nm? Why or why not? Byzntins, Russins, nd Turks Intrct 37

7 RETEACHING ACTIVITY Th Russin Empir Dtrmining Min Ids Th following qustions dl with th dvlopmnt of th Russin cultur. Answr thm in th spc providd. 1. Wht rol did Vldimir ply in bringing Christinity to Kiv? 2. Wht contributions did Yroslv th Wis mk to Kivin Russi? 3. Wht ffct did th Mongol invsions hv on Kivin Russi? 4. How did Moscow s princs ovrcom th Mongols? Rding Comprhnsion Find th nm or trm in th scond column tht bst mtchs th dscription in th first column. Thn writ th lttr of your nswr in th blnk. 5. Russi s first importnt city 6. rulr who convrtd Kiv to Christinity 7. rulr who built th first librry in Kiv 8. Novgorod s princ nd militry hro who cooprtd with th Mongols 9. rulr who ld th Russin stt to bcom n mpir 10. th Russin vrsion of th word king. Ivn III b. Novgorod c. czr d. Alxndr Nvsky. Vldimir f. Yroslv th Wis 40 Unit 3, Chptr