Pomology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2

Transcription

1 Availabl onlin ISSN Incras th conomic valu of th jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis) yil using valuation of istinctiv clons grown unr th Egyptian nvironmntal conitions Esmail 1 A. E. Gnaiy, Amira K. G. Attya 2 an I. A.A. Ass 3 1 Pomology Dpartmnt, National Rsarch Cntr, Giza, Egypt. 2 Horticultur Dpartmnt, floricultur Division, Agricultur Faculty, Damanhour Univrsity, Egypt. 3 Plant Pathology Dpartmnt, Division of Gntics, Faculty of Agricultur, Damanhour Univrsity, Egypt Esmail1 A. E. Gnaiy, Amira K. G. Attya an I. A.A. Ass (2016) Incras th conomic valu of th jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis) yil using valuation of istinctiv clons grown unr th Egyptian nvironmntal conitions. Journal of Agricultural Tchnology 12(1): Jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis) is an inustrial crop bing grown in th ari an smiari rgions. Evaluation of tn jojoba clons that wr slct from privt jojoba farm was stui to compar thir growth paramtrs such as, tr volum, branch lngth (cm), branch iamtr (mm), numbr of nos forming branchs, man lngth for sconary branchs pr vry branch, laf ara, chlorophyll (A an B), flowring at, flowring prcntag, fruit st prcntag an s yil pr plant (g). Morovr, s sampls wr analyz for oil contnt, protin contnt, minrals contnt an carbohyrats contnt. Finally comparing btwn th stui clons using th iffrnt of total protin ban an Ranom Amplifi Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to trmin gntic rlationships among jojoba gnotyps. All ths paramtrs show significant iffrncs among th stui clons uring both s xcpt branch iamtr (mm) an minrals prcntag in th first as th iffrncs btwn clons wr insignificant. It was obsrv that th maximum valus corrspon to th conomic paramtrs wr rcor in clons EAI 1 an EAI 4 compar with th othrs. Th stuy of th iffrnt of total protin bans show th iffrnt of total protin bans in tn jojoba clons. Ranom amplifi polymorphic DNA (RAPD) tchniqu was us to invstigat th pattrns an istribution of gntic variability in stui clons. Clustr analysis was conuct to gnrat a nrogram to luciat th rlationships among jojoba gnotyps. Th nrogram ata ivi th jojoba gnotyps into two main clustrs. Gnotyps EAI 1 an EAI 4 wr foun in th sam sub-clustr using RAPD primrs. Ths gnotyps also ha almost similar valus for most traits such as th maximum valus of s yil pr plant an s oil contnt. It is conclu that jojoba plants in th natural habitat of Egypt blong to iffrnt gnotyps. Introuction Jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis) is an inustrial crop bing grown in th ari an smiari rgions of southwstrn US. Th plant is a long-liv, iocious prnnial tr nativ to crtain parts of th Sonoran Dsrt in 145

2 southrn Arizona, southrn California an northrn Mxico (Nlson an Watson, 2001). Plantations of jojoba hav bn stablish in a numbr of srt an smi-srt aras, prominantly in Argntina, Australia, Isral, Mxico, Pru an th Unit Stats. Th fruit is an acorn-shap ovoi, thrangl capsul 1 2 cntimtrs ( in) long, partly nclos at th bas by th spals. Th matur s is a har oval, ark brown in color an contains oil (liqui wax)(phillips an Patricia, 2000).Th fmal plants prouc s from flowrs pollinat by th mal plants. Jojoba lavs hav an aroynamic shap, crating a spiral ffct, which brings win-born polln from th mal flowr to th fmal flowr. In th Northrn Hmisphr, pollination occurs uring Fbruary an March. In th Southrn Hmisphr, pollination occurs uring August an Sptmbr. Th haploi numbr of jojoba is 13. Somatic clls of jojoba ar ttraploi, th numbr of chromosoms is 2n = 4x = 52 (Hiroshi t al., 1992). Th prouct of primary intrst is th s oil, which is a uniqu liqui wax (commonly known as jojoba oil). Most of this oil consists of strs form from acis an alcohols with chain lngths of 20 or 22 carbon atoms (Wisniak, 1987). Jojoba oil is us as a natural bas for a wi rang of cosmtic proucts bcaus of its purity, lack of oor an stability. In aition, it also posssss hat rsistant lubricating proprtis an is potntially usful in th chmical inustry as a basic fstock (Nlson an Watson, 2001) such as pharmacuticals, lubricants, gar aitivs, xtnrs, anti-foaming agnts, an in th wax an polish inustris (US National Rsarch Council, 1985 an Wisniak, 1987). Slctiv bring is vloping plants that prouc mor ss with highr oil contnt (Phillips an Patricia, 2000). Each plant is singl-sx, ithr mal or fmal, with hrmaphroits bing xtrmly rar. As it occurs in othr crops, th jojoba inustry facs th challng of fining ways to improv prouctivity an quality of th proucts. In aition, th slings cannot b sx until th first flowr bus appar 9 to 24 months aftr sowing (Dunston an Bgg, 1983). Th polln of th mal trs is scattr for mils by th win. Only fmal trs prouc ss (Gntry, 1958). Although jojoba plants start proucing fruit in 3 yars, full maturity taks 10 to 12 yars, with th plant s lif stimat to b 100 yars (Vrbanic, 1986). Only a small proportion (lss than 1%) of th plant population originating from ss of nativ plants has th potntial of yiling conomically accptabl yils (Purcll an Purcll, 1988). This outbring has rsult in highly htrognous ss that provi a wi rang of hybri vigor an frtility. Ironically, th xtrm gntic variation that was a major caus of failur in th s-plant fils of th arly jojoba pionrs will also b a ky stp for vloping high yils in th futur (Purcll t al, 2000). Morovr, thr is a lack of practical mthos 146

3 for cultivar intification. Hnc, th bst mtho for jojoba improvmnt, in th short trm, is th slction of plants with sirabl charactristics an propagating thm asxually. DNA-bas gntic markrs, such as rstriction fragmnt lngth polymorphisms (RFLP) an ranom amplifi polymorphic DNA (RAPD), hav bcom mor fficint, rliabl an usful (Catano- Anolls t al, 1991 an Nybon, 1994). Amargr an Mrci (1996) hav appli ranom amplifi polymorphic DNA for th iscrimination btwn two jojoba gnotyps at th gnomic lvl. Ranom amplifi polymorphic DNA (RAPD) tchniqu was us to invstigat th pattrns an istribution of gntic variability in natural filgrown cuttings of jojoba plants (Gabr t al., 2007). Th objctiv of this stuy was to valuat jojoba plants for agronomic an yil charactrs to introuc jojoba as a commrcial crop with th purpos of slcting suprior jojoba gnotyps suitabl for EL-Bhira govrnorat, Egypt. Matrials an mthos During two succssful s ( an ) th analyzing an comparing btwn tn jojoba clons slct from suprior fmal plants wr conuct. Iniviual plants wr tagg in th privt farm an valuat on th basis of high s yil. Bas on this slction critrion, tn most promising mothr plants from iniviual plants wr propagat by stm cuttings an plant in th privt farm in EL-Bhira govrnorat, Egypt at th spring of On our xprimnt th valuation of th bst tn jojoba clons was carri out in two succssiv harvsting s 2013 an Plants of gnotyps wr plant in ranomiz complt block sign (RCBD) with fiv rplications pr gnotyp. Distancs btwn rows an within plants in rows wr 3 an 2.5 m, rspctivly. Mal plants wr rpat on row vry six fmal rows. Drip irrigation systm was appli in th orchar, w an pst control, an frtilization conuct following th stanar agro-managmnt practics. All th stui plants wr subjct to th sam conition incluing irrigation, farm practics an tc. Th orchar soil analysis ar givn in (Tabl 1) an watr irrigation analysis ar givn in (Tabl 2) accoring to procurs. 147

4 Tabl (1): Som physical an chmical analysis of th orchar soil: paramtrs ph EC(Sm- Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ HCO3- Cl- SO4= 1) valus Tabl (2): Chmical charactristics of watr wal us for th prsnt stuy: paramtrs ph EC(Sm- 1) Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ HCO3- Cl- SO4= valus Paramtrs Paramtrs wr rcor to achiv th objctivs of this xprimnt for masuring plant growth an yil charactrs of jojoba gnotyps. Ths paramtrs wr masur as follows: For ach gnotyp, fiv plants for vry clon by ranomly chosn (on plant pr block from th innr rows) wr tagg. Vgtativ an rprouctiv masurmnts: Data wr collct from tagg plants of ach clon for ach block. 1-Tr volum masurmnts wr takn for ach plant in August of vry accoring to th following quation (Nlson t al., 1997): Plant volum = [(lngth x with)/2] x hight. 2-Branch charactrs : Two branchs wr slct from th mi- lvl of th plants an th avrag of two branchs charactrs wr calculat for tail analysis. On ach branch th following ata wr collct: 2.1: branch lngth (cm) 2.2: branch iamtr (mm). 2.3: Numbr of no forming branchs nos 2.4: lngth of sconary branchs pr vry branch 2.5: laf ara (cm 2 ): This last charactr was calculat as mntion by Kollr (1972). On matur laf was sampl from th scon basal no on th main branch of ach plant at ach block in ach clon. Th lavs of ach tratmnt wr wigh. On squar was takn from ach laf with a known ara (1cm 2 ). Th squars of ach tratmnt wr wigh. Th total laf ara of ach plant was calculating accoring to th following quation: Laf ara (cm 2 ) = (Laf wights x Squar aras) / Squar wights This procur was rpat again using th lavs of th 4 r, 5 th, 6 th an 7 th basal nos on th main branch. Th avrag of laf ara was calculat. 3- Chlorophyll A, B wr assay in th commrcial harvst stag. Thy wr trmin accoring to Wintrmans an Mats (1965) as follows: half gram of frsh lavs was xtract by about 15 ml. of 85% acton with 0.5g. calcium carbonat, th mixtur was through a glass funnl an th rsiu was wash with a small volum of acton an complt to 25 ml. Th optical nsity of 148

5 a constant volum of filtrat was masur at a wav lngth of 622 nm. for chlorophyll A, 644 nm. an for chlorophyll B using spctrophotomtr. Th following quation was us:- Chl. A = E E.644 = mg/gm. Chl. B = E E. 662 = mg/gm. 4-flowring: thr Branchs pr plant from ach clon wr tagg in Dcmbr 2013 an 2014, an th numbr of floral bus was rcor. Evry 15 ays th numbr of opn bus (with a visibl stigma) was rcor, an th flowring prcntag was calculat. Th numbr of flowrs that raching matur fruits wr also rcor. 4.1-flowring at: Th numbrs of ays from first January until opn th flowrs was rcor. Whn 50% of th flowrs wr opn, th flowring at was calculat an rcor Flowring prcntag was fin as th ratio of th numbr of flowr bus to th numbr of nos in th shoots of th currnt an prvious yar s growth (Bnzioni t al., 1999) Fruit st prcntag was calculat as mntion by Wstwoo (1978). Th numbr of flowrs that st fruits on th branch rlat to th basic numbr of flowrs as givn in th following quation: Prcntag of fruit st = (No. of fruitlts x 100)/ Total No. of flowrs. 5- S yil: S wr harvst from th prvious tagg plants by han at full maturity. Harvst ss wr clan, ri an wight (g). Ss wr han-harvst vry yar in July an August from fiv plants pr clon an us for trmining s yil plant -1 (g) an analyz for main componnts. 6- Chmical analyss wr prform following th AOAC (1995) 6.1: Oil contnt: To trmin oil contnt, ss of ach gnotyp wr ranomly slct, wigh, an ri at 50 ºC. Th rying procss was continu until th iffrnc btwn th two succssiv wights was lss than 1 mg. Fiv rplications wr us for this charactristic. Th oil was xtract for 16 h with hxan with a Soxhlt apparatus. 6.2: Cru protin: Total organic nitrogn (N) was trmin accoring to th mtho of Kjlahl as inicat by (AOAC, 1995) for ry matrial. Cru protin contnt was obtain by multiplying th nitrogn (N) valu by Data rprsnt th mans of fiv rplications. 6.3: Minral contnt: To rmov carbon, approximatly 5 gm of ach ry sampl was ignit in a porclain containr an incinrat in th muffl furnac at about 550 o C. Minral contnt was xprss as a prcntag of ry mattr. 149

6 6.4: Total carbohyrats: Total carbohyrats wr stimat by th iffrnc in th man valus, i.., (sum of concntrations of protin, ash an lipi). 7: RAPD markrs Laf sampls wr submitt to RAPD analysis by PCR amplification in a total volum of 25µl containing 2.5µl 10 x buffr, 2.5 µl 50mM MgCl2, 2.5 µl 4mM NTPs,7 µl 50pmol primr,1 µl 10 ng of jojoba clons gnomic DNA an 0.2 µl (5 units/ µl) Taq DNA polymras (Promga Grmany). Th PCR program consist on was appli : an initial naturation cycl at 95 ºC for 5 min, 40 cycls at 95oC for 1 min, annaling at 30oC for 1 min an xtnsion at 72oC for 1 min an finally an xtra final xtnsion stp at 72oC for 10 min (Istock t al., 2001). Two µl of loaing y wr a prior to loaing of 10 µl sampl pr gl slot. Elctrophorsis was prform at 100 volt with 0.5 x TBE as running buffr in 1.5% agaros. Gl was stain in 0.5 µg/cm3 (w/v) thiium bromi solution an istain in ioniz watr. Finally th gl was visualiz an photograph using gl ocumntation systm. Data obtain by RAPD-PCR DNA ban pattrns wr scor for clustr analysis an nrogram was construct on th basis of th prsnc an absnc of th amplifi bans for ach primr. A ban prsnt in jojoba clons was signat (1) an whn bans, was us to gnrat similarity cofficints accoring to Jaccar (1980). Th similarity cofficints wr us to construct a nrogram by UPGMA (Unwight Pair-Group Mtho with Arithmtical Avrags). Tabl 3: List of primrs nam an thir nucloti squncs mploy in th RAPD-PCR analysis. Primr numbr Nucloti squnc(5 to 3 ) OPA-02 OPA-04 OPC-O5 OPC-09 OPO-12 TG CGAGCTG AATCGGGCTG GATGACCGCC CTCACCGTCC CAGTGCTGTG Protin profil by soium ocylsulphat polyacrylami gl lctrophorsis (SDS-PAGE): SDS-polyacrylami gl lctrophorsis (SDS- PAGE) was prform for total protins of th tn jojoba clons was carri out in 12% sparating gl with a 5% stacking gl accoring to th mtho of 150

7 Lammli, Th protins bans wr visualiz by staining with 0.1% Coomassi brilliant blu R-250. Aftrwars, th gls wr istain in a mthanol-actic aci-watr (3:1:6) mixtur until protin bans bcam clarly visibl. Statistical Analysis Fifty plants pr clon wr plant in compltly ranomiz block sign with fiv rplications. Analysis of varianc with SAS softwar (SAS Institut, 1988) was carri out on th tst clons ata. Clons mans wr compar using th LSD tst at 5% lvl of probability. Rsults an iscussion. 1-Tr volum: Bas on th analysis of varianc for growth analysis charactrs, th rsults rval th prsnc of highly significant iffrncs among gnotyps on tr volum at tn jojoba gnotyps (Tabl 4). Ths inicat that th bhavior of th gnotyps iffr from on to anothr unr th sam cultur conition so th gnotyps iffr in thir traits. Data in Tabl 4 show that tr volum rang from 2.73m 3 (EAI7 at first ) to 7.39 m 3 (EAI1 at th scon ). No significant iffrncs btwn th two clons EAI1 an EAI4 wr tct for tr volum in both s, rspctivly. 2-Branch traits: Tabl 4 rval significant iffrncs among tn gnotyps in branchs vgtativ traits (branch lngth, branch iamtr, numbr of no forming branchs an sconary branchs lngth) xcpt th iffrncs btwn th valus of branch iamtr in th first wr insignificant. 2.1: Branch lngth: Gnotyp EAI 1 showing th highst significant branch lngth (60.60 cm) compar with all othr stui clons in th first. Th sam situation was obsrv with gnotyps EAI 1 an EAI 4 in th scon as thy rcor th maximum significant branch lngth too (64.38 an63.58 cm, rspctivly). On th contrary, Gnotyps EAI 7 an EAI 9 show th lowst significantly branch lngth for th first (49.53 an cm, rspctivly) an scon (50.85 an cm, rspctivly). Insignificant iffrncs btwn gnotyps EAI 8 an EAI 9 wr notic. Incras in branch lngth is th rsult of cll ivision an longation. 2.2: For branch iamtr (mm), th rsults in th first show insignificant iffrncs btwn all stui gnotyps. From anothr si, th iffrncs btwn th stui gnotyps in th scon wr significant an EAI 1, EAI 3, EAI 4, EAI 6 an EAI 10 ha th most thick branchs (3.88, 3.52, 3.65, 3.29 an 3.87 mm, rspctivly) compar with th othr stui gnotyps. 2.3: Numbr of no forming branchs: Th rsults in th Tabl 4 show that, gnotyps EAI 1 an EAI 4 ha th highst numbr of no forming 151

8 branchs (4). No significant iffrncs wr foun btwn all stui gnotyps xcpt svnth on (EAI 7) which ha th lowst valu (2.2) in th first for this trait an significantly iffr with first an fourth clons. Morovr, gnotyp EAI 1, EAI 2, EAI 3 an EAI 4 in th scon gav th highst significant numbr of branch nos (5.2, 4.0, 4.4 an 5.0, rspctivly).whil th svnth clon gav th lowst numbr of branch no (2.8). Ths rsults inicat that ach gnotyp has a iffrnt gntic charactr an thir rsponss vary with climatic an soil conitions pning on gnotyp (Al-Soqr, 2014). 2.4: Sconary branchs lngth: Th longst sconary branchs wr obsrv in th gnotyps EAI 1, EAI 3 an EAI 4 (22.80, 21.0 an 21.4cm, rspctivly) in th first an EAI 1, EAI 2, EAI 3 an EAI 4 (25.0, 23.0, 23.4 an 24.4 cm, rspctivly) in th scon. Th shortst sconary branchs wr foun in th gnotyp EAI 7 (18.2 an 19.6 cm) in both s, rspctivly (Tabl 4). Ths rsults inicat that ach clon has a iffrnt gntic charactr an thir rsponss vary unr th sam conitions pning on its gnotyp. Gntic iffrncs among gnotyps in plant hight, numbr of branch nos an plant iamtrs hav prviously bn rport (Botti t al., 1998; Bnzioni t al., 1999; Tobars t al., 2004; Prat t al., 2008 an Al- Soqr 2014). Tabl 4. Th man of tr volum, branch lngth, branch iamtr, branch nos, sconary branchs lngth an laf ara for tn jojoba gnotyps. clon s EAI 1 EAI 2 EAI 3 EAI 4 EAI 5 EAI 6 EAI 7 Tr volum saso n Scon saso n branch lngth(cm) Scon branch iamtr (mm) saso n Scon branch nos saso n Scon sconary branchs lngth(cm) Scon 5.86a 7.39a 60.60a 64.38a 3.50a 3.88a 4a 5.2a 22.80a 25.0a 3.94b c 5.39c 55.10bc 4.33b 6.39b 55.94bc 62.34b 3.03a 5.78a 7.35a 57.00b 3.70c 4.92c bc 53.90c 60.03c 3.28a 3.03bc 3ab 63.58a b 58.68c ab c 4.0abc 20.6bc 23.0abc 3ab 4.4abc 21.0ab 23.4abc 3.36a 3.65ab 4a 5.0ab 21.4ab 24.4ab 3.27a 3.12bc 3ab 3.8bc 3.34a 3.29ab c 3ab 3.8bc 20.2bc 19.6bc 22.6bc 21.8c f g 53.67g 2.85a 2.89c 2.2b g 152

9 EAI8 EAI 9 EAI f fg f 54.57f g 3.17a 2.90c 3ab c 20.5fg 2.98a 2.93bc 2.8ab fg a 3.87a 3ab 3.4c 18.8c 21.2 fg Mans in columns follow by th sam lttr ar not statistically iffrnt at th 0.05 probability lvl. 2.5: Laf ara: It was foun from Tabl 5 that th iffrncs btwn plants laf ara wr significant. In aition, th largst lavs wr foun in gnotyps EAI4 (5.92 an 6.33for first an scon s, rspctivly). Th iffrncs btwn th stui clons from first to svnth clon wr insignificant in th first an th sam situation happn in th scon btwn th clons from first to sixth on. On th othr si, th smallst laf ara was obsrv in gnotyp EAI10 (3.66 an 4.35 for both s, rspctivly). Th iffrncs among gnotyps for vgtativ traits (branchs an laf masurmnts) coul b xplain by th natural growth habits an branching of gnotyps, concorant with th xprinc of Botti t al. (1998), Prat t al. (2008) an Al-Soqr, 2014). 3: Chlorophyll contnt 3.1: Chlorophyll(A) : Rgaring th both s, significant iffrncs wr obsrv among th stui clons in th chlorophyll a.th maximum valus of chlorophyll a contnt wr foun in th first clon (0.876 an mg/gm frsh wight) an scon clon (0.848 an mg/gm frsh wight) in th first an scon s, rspctivly. Convrsly, th minimum valu for chlorophyll a contnt was obsrv in th ninth clon (0.806 an mg/gm frsh wight for first an scon, rspctivly) (Tabl 5). 3.2: Chlorophyll (B): It was obsrv that th first clon ha th highst valus of chlorophyll b (0.450 an 0.464mg/gm frsh wight uring th first an scon s, rspctivly) comparing with th othr stui clons (Tabl 5). Whil th iffrncs btwn th clons from first to ninth wr insignificant in th first. Th sam situation was obsrv btwn th first, scon, thir, fourth, sixth an svnth clon in th scon on. Th avrag valu for chlorophyll a contnt of tn clons ( an mg/gm frsh wight for both, rspctivly) an thos of chlorophyll b ( an mg/gm frsh wight) wr similar to th valus rport by Ali t al., 2013 (0.800 an mg/gm frsh wight for chlorophyll a an b, rspctivly.) 153

10 Tabl 5. Th man of laf ara, chlorophyll (A) an chlorophyll (B) for tn jojoba gnotyps. Clons laf ara(cm 2 ) Scon Chlorophyll(A) mg/gm Scon Chlorophyll(B) mg/gm Scon EAI ab 5.75ab 0.876a 0.898a 0.450a 0.464a EAI ab 5.19ab 0.848ab 0.876ab 0.446a 0.450ab EAI ab 5.07ab ab 0.856ab 0.426ab 0.438abc EAI a 6.33a ab 0.856ab 0.432ab 0.426abc EAI ab 4.96ab ab 0.854ab 0.408ab 0.398bc EAI ab 4.82ab 0.800b 0.772b 0.396ab 0.408abc EAI ab 4.59b 0.819ab 0.824ab 0.400ab 0.416abc EAI8 3.92b 4.72b 0.819b 0.822ab 0.416ab 0.390bc EAI b 4.68b 0.806b 0.784b 0.392ab 0.384c EAI b 4.35b 0.828b 0.802ab 0.374b Mans in columns follow by th sam lttr ar not statistically iffrnt at th 0.05 probability lvl 4: Rprouctiv paramtrs: Significant iffrncs wr prsnt among th clons in all rprouctiv paramtrs masur incluing flowring at, flowring prcntag, fruit st prcntag an plant s yil. 4.1: Flowring at: Flowring at vari among th clons. Clon EAI 1 rach fifty prcntag of flowring aftr an ays (for both, rspctivly) from th bginning of January, following that clon EAI 4, EAI 3 thn EAI 2 o that aftr 40.00, an ays, rspctivly in th first an th sam situation occurr in th scon aftr 38.80, an 44.00, rspctivly. Whil th clons EAI 9 ha th longst prio to rach fifty prcnt of flowring (67.40 an ay for first an scon, rspctivly) (Tabl 6). Ths rsults inicat that ach gnotyp has a iffrnt gntic charactr an thir rsponss vary with climatic an soil conitions pning on gnotyp (Al-Soqr, 2014). Dormancy of jojoba flowr bus is brokn by xposur to tmpraturs btwn 5 an 20 o C (Dunston, 1980). Clons iffr in th uration of low tmpratur rquir to brak ormancy. Flowr bus rlas from ormancy will complt morphognsis an proc to anthsis only if watr is availabl an plants hav accumulat a sufficint hat sum (Bnzioni an Dunston, 154

11 1985 an Frrir t al., 1989). Clons vary in thir chilling rquirmnt, which may affct tim of anthsis. Environmntal conitions known to affct th tim of anthsis inclu raiation lvl an availability of nutrints in th soil (Bnzioni an Nr, 1989 an Dunston 1988). Jojoba clons iffr gratly in thir chilling mans (Frrir t al., 1989 an Bnzioni t al., 1992). From that th clons such as EAI 1 its chilling rquirmnt was prsumably quit small so flowr arlir than th othrs. But on th contrary, som clons such as EAI 9 is ning vry high chilling rquirmnt so flowring lat. Bsi that, som clon such as EAI 5 ha a morat chilling rquirmnt so that its flowring at was morat btwn first an scon mntion groups an that was rflct on th othr rprouctiv charactrs as shown in Tabl : Flowring prcntag: In th first, th first an svnth clon rcor th highst an lowst prcnts of flowring (45.65 an %, rspctivly) compar with all stui clons but th iffrncs btwn th first, thir an fourth clons wr insignificant. Morovr, th first clons rcor th highst significant valus for flowring prcntag (49.24 %) in th scon. A to that, clon EAI 7 ha th minimum valu for flowring prcntag (42.38%) with insignificant iffrncs btwn it an EAI 8, EAI 9 an EAI 10 clons (Tabl 6). 4.3: Fruit st prcntag: Maximum fruit st prcntags (95.30 an %) wr obsrv in th first clon for both s, rspctivly. Th iffrncs among first an fourth clons for fruit st prcntag in th first an among first, thir an fourth clons in th scon wr insignificant (Tabl 6). Thr wr significant iffrncs btwn abovmntion clons on on si an th othr clons on th othr si in ach alon. Th smallst fruit st prcntag valus wr notic at svnth clon (89.74 an 84.11% for both s, rspctivly). 4.4: S yil plant -1 : Th highst significant s yil plant -1 ( an gm) was foun in th first clon uring th first an scon, rspctivly. From th othr han, th ninth clon ha th lowst valus rgaring plant s yil ( an gm/ plant for both s, rspctivly) compar with th othr stui clons in both, rspctivly. No significant iffrncs wr foun among th clons sixth, svnth, ighth, ninth an tnth in th first an btwn svnth, ighth, ninth an tnth clons in th scon on (Tabl 6). 155

12 Tabl 6. Th man of flowring at, final fruit st, flowring prcntag an s yil /g/plant for tn jojoba gnotyps. Clons Flowring at scon Flowring prcntag scon Final Fruit St % scon EAI i 32.80h 45.65a 49.24a a 96.17a EAI f b 45.92bc 92.35c 94.42bc EAI g 42.00f 44.20ab 46.60bc 93.37b 95.05ab EAI h 38.80g 45.12a 47.50b 94.55a 95.82a EAI bc 45.60c 92.05c 94.12bc EAI c 42.10c c 93.98bc EAI b 62.80a 36.84f 42.38f f EAI b 60.00b f EAI a 64.40a f EAI c 58.40b f c S yil /g/plant a c b scon a c bc b f f f f Mans in columns follow by th sam lttr ar not statistically iffrnt at th 0.05 probability lvl Th bst vgtativ growth traits which obsrv in th first an fourth clons contribut to th incras of th final fruit st, flowring prcntag an th s yil plant -1. This rsults ar in harmony with Bnzioni t al. (1999) whr thy foun that som clons xhibit xcllnt vgtativ traits rlat to yil potntial, such as, rapi growth an xtnsiv branching.in prvious stuis, Mcklvi t al., (1994) rport that yils of th nw jojoba varitis, at an avrag nsity of 1250 plants pr hctar, wr yil at last 0.2 tons of s pr hctar in fourth yar, graually incras to 1.6 tons of s pr hctar by twlfth yar. Aftr twlfth yar, yils wr xpct to rmain fairly constant. Ulgr t al. (2002) foun that s yil of jojoba plants rang from 0.02 to 0.5 kg pr plant from th fourth yar in Alata, Mrsin, Turky. Dunston an Bgg (1983) inicat that th first significant harvst was possibl aftr four yars from planting with yils of about g pr fmal plant. Ayrza (1996) an Bnzioni t al. (1996) in Argntina an Isral, rspctivly, foun that yils fluctuat btwn 705 an 148 g Plant -1 in th thir yar of growth. Osman an Abo Hassan (2013) rport that avrag s 156

13 yil vari from 0.18 to 0.59 kg plant -1 at Hail rgion in th fourth an fifth yar, rspctivly. It was notworthy that s yil in our rsults xc th rang of s yil rcor in othr stuis. 5: Man s componnts (Lipis, Protins, Minrals an Carbohyrats): Th obtain ata inicat that, th stui clons show significant iffrncs among thm in lipis, protins, minrals an carbohyrats, in both s xcpt th iffrncs btwn th prcnts of minrals in th first wr insignificant (Tabl 6). 5.1: S oil contnt: Jojoba is mainly consir a bi-purpos matrial an is us for oil xtraction. Th rsults in Tabl 7 rval th prsnc of significant iffrncs among th stui clons consiring lipis an protins. Ths variations may b attribut to gntic variability (Ayrza, 2001).Th maximum man valu of lipis contnt was tct at th first clon (50.77 an 51.02%) uring th first an scon, rspctivly compar with th othr stui clons. Insignificant iffrncs obsrv btwn th first, scon, thir an fourth clons in th first an scon s. From th othr han, th minimum man valu of lipis was notic in th tnth clon (48.31 an 47.72%) in both s, rspctivly (Tabl 7).Th avrag valu for lipis contnt vari from 48.31% (for gnotyp EAI 10 in th first ) to51.02%( for gnotyp EAI 1 in th scon ). Ths valus wr in similar with th valus rport by Prz-Gil t al (1989) an Cappillino t al., (2003) (48.89% an 53.2%, rspctivly). As prviously mntion, th intrst in jojoba ss prouction is focus on th quantity an quality of thir oil. Each clon show a charactristic chmical composition pning on its particular gntic. Thrfor, it was xpct that iffrnt gnom xprssions wr obsrv in th chmical paramtrs analyz (Gayol t al, 2004). Tabl 7. Th man of carbohyrats, minrals, lipis an protins for tn jojoba gnotyps. Clons Lipis% Scon Protins% Scon Minrals% Scon Carbohyrats% Scon EAI a a 28.66bc 29.48bc 1.57a c EAI abc 49.34abc 28.10bc 29.20c 1.51a a 20.36abc EAI ab abc 26.97c a 1.73b 19.13c 20.98abc EAI ab 50.22ab 28.01bc a 1.66c 20.90ab 20.11bc EAI bc 49.10bc 29.50b 30.26b 1.62a 1.81a 16.11f 19.68bc 157

14 EAI c 49.04bc 31.52a 32.88a 1.70a c EAI c c 28.29bc 29.58bc 1.53a 1.75ab 20.04bc 22.94a EAI b 30.18b 1.47a 1.75ab 19.46bc 20.77abc EAI 9 EAI c 32.47a a 1.44a 1.46a bc 22.36a 17.11f 22.12ab Mans in columns follow by th sam lttr ar not statistically iffrnt at th 0.05 probability lvl 5.2: S protin contnt: Thr wr significant iffrncs among th analyz clons in protin contnt. Rgaring th first th maximum significant valus of protin contnt was obsrv in th tnth (32.47an 33.14a %) an sixth (31.52 an 32.88%) clons for both s, rspctivly with insignificant iffrncs btwn thm. On th othr si, th minimum valus wr obsrv in th thir clon (26.97 an 26.66%) compar with th othr stui clons in both s, rspctivly. As mntion abov th avrag protin contnt rang from to32.47% in th first an from to % in th scon on (for th thir an tnth clons, rspctivly) ths valus wr highr than th valus inform by Cappillino t al., 2003(15,2%) an by Wisniak 1987(14.9%). 5.3: Th minrals contnt was vari from 1.44% (clon EAI 9) to 1.72% (EAI 3) in th first. Whil in th scon on, vari from 1.57% (clon EAI 9) to 1.81% (clon EAI 5) (Tabl 7). Morovr, th minral contnt was similar to th rsults rport by Al-Soqr t al, (2012) whr thy foun that minral contnt rang from (1.61 to 1.93%) in thir stuy. 5.3: S carbohyrats contnt %: During th first, th ninth clon ha th highst prcntag of carbohyrat (22.36%) with insignificant iffrncs btwn scon, fourth an ninth clons. Th sam situation was notic at th svnth clon which rcor th maximum valu of carbohyrat contnt (22.94%) in th scon an no significant iffrncs wr tct btwn scon, thir, svnth, ighth an ninth clons in th sam too. From th othr han, th lowst valu of carbohyrat prcnt was foun in th fifth an sixth clons (16.11 an 17.8% uring first an scon s, rspctivly) (Tabl 7). Ths iffrncs in carbohyrat prcnt valu u to th iffrncs btwn clons ar in agrmnt with Al-Soqr t al, (2012). 6: Th phnotypic corrlation cofficints among iffrnt plant charactrs of tn jojoba gnotyps ar prsnt in Tabl 8. Thr was highly significant positiv corrlation of s yil btwn an ach of flowring at, final fruit 158

15 st %, flowring prcntag %, tr volum (m), branch lngth (cm), numbr of nos forming branchs an sconary branchs lngth (cm). Ths rsults rval that slction shoul b practic for flowring at, final fruit St %, flowring prcntag %, tr volum (m), branch lngth (cm), branch nos an sconary branch lngth (cm) gnotyps to slct high yiling jojoba gnotyps. Th sam rsults wr obsrv btwn s oil contnt an ach ofs yil, final fruit st %, flowring prcntag %, tr volum (m), branch lngth (cm), numbr of nos forming branchs an sconary branch lngth (cm). Ths rsults obvious that slction shoul b practic for s yil, final fruit st %, flowring prcntag %, tr volum (m), branch lngth (cm), numbr of nos forming branchs an sconary branchs lngth (cm) (Tabl 8). Tabl 8. Simpl corrlation cofficints of various charactrs among tn jojoba gnotyps. Paramtrs S yil Scon Oil contnt Scon 1 Tr volum (m) ** ** ** ** 2 Branch lngth(cm) ** ** ** ** 3 Branch iamtr(cm) Numbr of nos forming branchs ** ** ** 5 Sconary branchs lngth(cm) ** ** ** ** 6 Laf ara (cm 2 ) Flowring at ** ** ** ** 8 Flowring prcntag % ** ** ** ** 9 Final Fruit St % ** ** ** ** 10 S yil(g) ** ** 7: Fingrprinting of tn jojoba clons Using Ranom Amplifi Polymorphic DNA (RAPD): Using fiv primrs in RAPD-PCR show clar iffrnc among th tn stui tn jojoba clons on th basis of amplifi prouct ban pattrns obsrv with ach primr. Th amplification profils with th primrs an ar shown in Figur 1. All of ths primrs succ to giv polymorphic pattrns among jojoba clons. Also, high similarity was obsrv btwn 1 an 4 jojoba clons (Ths two jojoba clons wr moratly in protin contnt) an 2 an 3 jojoba clons (Ths two jojoba clons wr low in protin contnt) 159

16 follow by 6 an 10 jojoba clons (Ths two jojoba clons wr high in protin contnt). Clustr analysis of RAPD rsults: Th RAPD ban pattrns wr analyz using UPGMA mtho to gnrat a nrogram inicating th rlationship btwn tn jojoba clons. Th prsnc or absnc of any particular DNA bans was th only factor consir in th computr analysis. Th gnrat nrogram show linkag istanc (Figur2) inicating that th tn jojoba clons wr classifi into two main clustrs. Clustr A inclus two sub-clustrs. Sub- clustr 1 was ivi into two groups. Group 1 inclus clon7, an 9. Group 2 inclus clon 8. Sub- clustr 2 inclus clons 6 an 10.Clustr B inclus two subclustrs, sub- clustr 1 was ivi into two groups, group 1 inclus clons 1an 4. Group 2 inclus clons 2 an 3, sub- clustr 2 inclus clon 5. Th iffrncs in total protin ban in th jojoba clons: Figur 3 show th iffrncs in total protin bans in tn jojoba clons. Nw bans wr appar; also intnsity was incras in som clons compar with ach othr. Jojoba clons1 an 2 incras th intnsity ban at 80 kda. 7 an 8 clons show nw ban at 90kDa, whil5, 6 an 10 clons ha nw ban at 65kDa. 160

17 A B C D E Figur 1 - RAPD-PCR using primr A (OPA- 02), B (OPA-04), C (OPA-05),D (OPA-09) an E (OPA-12), M: DNA markr. Lans1 (clon 1), Lans2 (clon 2), Lans3 (clon 3), Lans4 (clon 4), Lans5 (clon 5), Lans6 (clon 6), Lans7 (clon 7), Lans8 (clon 8), Lans9 (clon 9) an Lan10 (clon 10) ar jojoba clons 161

18 UPGMA Jaccar's Cofficint Figur 2 -Dnrogram obtain by clustring (UPGMA mtho) bas on th ban pattrn obtain by th RAPD-PCR analysis for tn jojoba clons accoring to Jaccar inx Figur 3 -Th SDS-PAGE of total protin profil of tn jojoba clons) protin molcular wight stanar, Lans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, an 10 ar jojoba clons 162

19 Conclusion Th variations obsrv in th stui charactrs wr principally u to clon iffrncs. It is conclu that jojoba shows goo stablishmnt unr El-Bhra rgion of Egypt. Gnotyps EAI 1 an EAI 4 rcor th highst valu for plant vgtativ an flowring growth, plant s yil, fruit st prcntag an s oil contnt. For protins contnt, gnotyp EAI 10 an EAI 6 ha th highst valus. For s carbohyrats contnt, clon EAI 9 an EAI 7 rcor th highst valu in th first an scon s, rspctivly. an scon gnotyp rcor th highst chlorophyll contnt. Morovr, th gnotyps EAI 1 an EAI 4 flowr arly. Th rsults obtain in this work inicat that thr is a larg gntic variability among jojoba clons stablish at El-Bhara Rgion, which coul prmit improvmnt by slction an bring. That was sn in th rsults of clustr analysis of RAPD rsults which inicat that thr is gntic rapprochmnt btwn first an fourth clons bcaus thy wr foun in th sam sub-clustr using RAPD primrs.th rsults of this stuy rval that clons EAI 1 an EAI 4 rcommn for commrcial prouction in El-Bhara Rgion. Rfrncs Ali, E.F.; S. Bazai an F.A.S. Hassan (2013). Salt Effcts on Growth an Laf Chmical Constitunts of Simmonsia chinnsis (Link) Schnir. Journal of Micinal Plants Stuis.Vol.1, Issu.3, pp ISSN: Al-Soqr, A. (2014) Evaluation of svn jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis) clons unr Qassim Rgion conitions in Saui. Intrnational Journal of Agricultural Scinc Rsarch Vol. 3(10), pp Al-Soqr, A, M. I. Motawi, M. Al-Dakhil, R. El-Mrgawi an N. Al-Khalifah (2012) Gntic Variation an Chmical Traits of Slct Nw Jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis (Link) Schnir) Gnotyps. J Am Oil Chm Soc (2012) 89: Amargr, V an L. Mrci (1996) Molcular analysis of RAPD DNA bas markrs: thir potntial us for th tction of gntic variability in jojoba (Simmonsia chinnsis L. Schnir). Biochimi 77(12): AOAC (1995) Official mthos of analysis, 15th n. Association Official Analytical chmist, Arlington. Ayrza, R. (1996). Evaluation of ight jojoba clons for rooting capacity, plant volum, s yil, an wax quality an quantity. In: Princn, L.H., Rossi, C. (Es.), Proc. of th Ninth Intrnational Conf. on Jojoba an Its Uss, an of th Thir Intrnational Conf. on Nw Inustrial Crops an Proucts, Sptmbr 1994, Catamarca, Argntina, pp Ayrza, R (2001). S wax str composition of tn jojoba clons growing in two ari cosystms of South Amrica. Trop Sci.41:1-4. Bnzioni, A. an A. Nr (1989). Effct of watr status, gntic backgroun an frtilizr on flowring in jojoba. Av. Hortscinc 2:

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