INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 4, No 6, Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volum 4, No 6, 2014 Copyright by th authors - Licns IPA- Undr Crativ Commons licns 3.0 Rsarch articl ISSN Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour partmnt of Environmntal Scinc, Univrsity of Jammu, J&K kkour07@yahoo.com doi: /ijs ABSTRACT Th importanc of trs can b sn from many aspcts and in trms of srvics thy dlivr. Trs ar not just confind to forsts but xist outsid th forsts also. Trs outsid forsts (TOF) ar of significant importanc and prform a numbr of cological, conomic and sociocultural functions. Th prsnt study was conductd on tr divrsity in two villags i.. Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla of block Vijay pur of district Samba (J&K),Th various tr spcis growing as scattrd trs on agricultural lands, along th road sid and canal sid and in th sacrd groov wr takn into considration. Th study was ncssitatd by th nd to gnrat information about trs outsid forst i.. non- forstry sctor. ata wr collctd through sampl plot survys. A total of twnty sampl plots of on hctar siz wr slctd in agricultur filds with tn plots in ach villag. Similarly fiv blt transcts ach of 100m x 5m wr laid randomly along th link roads and canal in both th villags. Th sampls of 20m x 20m wr laid in thr sacrd grovs prsnt in both th villags. A total of 17 tr spcis blonging to 11 familis wr ncountrd during th study. In villag Chak Slarian th highst valu of in agricultur filds, along road sid and canal sid as wll as in sacrd grovs was found in cas of Mangifra indica (78.61),Mlia azadirachta (70.56), Mangifra indica (188.5), albrgia sissoo (75.06) rspctivly. Similarly in agricultur filds, along road sid and canal sid as wll as in sacrd grovs in villag Chak Bagla th highst was found in cas of Mangifra indica (82.22), Mangifra indica (97.12), Eucalyptus (300), Mangifra indica (78.86) rspctivly.on th avrag, th valu of Shannon winr indx of trs in th villags Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla ar found to b, 2.38 and 2.29 rspctivly. Rsults rvald that thr is lss numbr of trs outsid forst which can b attributd to th lss prfrnc to growing of trs in and around filds as thy cast shad in th filds and limits th growth of trs. Kywords: Trs outsid forsts, agricultural filds, sacrd groovs, sampl plots. 1. Introduction Among all biological rsourcs, trs appar to hav rcivd mor attntion in almost all intrnational convntions probably bcaus of adag that says whn th last tr dis, th last man also dis (Osi-Adu, 2000), which signifis strong dpndncy of humans on trs. Gnrally, xtnsiv tr walth xists outsid continuous forstd aras in vry country trmd as Trs outsid forsts (TOF), Ths ar in th form of small woodlots and block plantations, trs along linar fatur, such as road, canal, bunds, tc. and scattrd trs on farmlands, homstad, community lands and urban aras. Traditionally, ths wr not invntorid and littl quantitativ information xistd about TOF. Howvr, latly a lot of intrst has bn gnratd Rcivd on March 2014 Publishd on May

2 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K worldwid on Trs outsid forsts (TOF), Bsids providing support to rural conomy, ths trs ar now a sourc of substantial forst produc in vry country. In Jammu and Kashmir du to its dry tmpratur and cold arid conditions hug quantity of nrgy is rquird as ful for cooking of food as wll as kping houss warm during svr wintr. To mt th dmand of ful wood th housholds mainly dpnds on forsts or othr govrnmntal lands, community lands whras littl is obtaind from agricultural filds. Th two villags slctd for th prsnt study ar Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla. Ths villags fall in th plain blt of Vijay pur block of Samba district. Th ara bing irrigatd has th potntial for agro forstry but prfrnc is bing givn to th food crops.th tr population in th study ara is quit lss which promptd us to conduct study in th two rprsntativ villags with objctivs to find out th tr divrsity and to carry out invntory of trs in th study ara. 2. Matrials and mthods 2.1 Study ara Jammu and Kashmir constituts northrn most xtrmity of India having gographical ara of 2, 22, 236 km 2. Th stat is situatd btwn / and / North latitud and / and / East longitud (igst of th Forst Statistics, J&K, 2000),Th stat has bn dividd into thr divisions i.., Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Thr ar 22 districts in th stat which includ 8 rcntly formd districts. Jammu division has 10 districts in all and Samba is on of ths districts. Samba,th hadquartr of Samba district is situatd in rang of Shivalik hills alongsid th National Highway 1-A/ on th bank of rivr Basantar at a distanc of 40 km. from Jammu city. Samba district is adjacnt to th Intrnational Bordr with Pakistan. About two third of th ara of th thsil Samba is Kandi and rain fd. Th southrn ara downsid of th national highway is irrigatd through Ravi Tawi Irrigation Canal Ntwork which contributs towards cultivation of major crals crops and vgtabls cultivation. Spcial focus has bn assignd to ths activitis by th Govrnmnt of India, Ministry of Watr Rsourcs through command ara dvlopmnt dpartmnt. Th climat of th district is sub-tropical bing hot and dry in summr and cold in wintr. Th tmpratur rangs btwn 6 0 C in wintr and 45 0 C in summr. Th agricultural filds ar charactrizd by th various tr spcis growing as scattrd trs on agricultural lands, along th road sid and canal sid and in th sacrd grovs. In th prsnt study, two rprsntativ villags i.. Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla wr randomly slctd from Vijaypur block of Samba district. Th information rgarding ara undr various land us in th villags is prsntd in th Tabl blow. Tabl 1: Land us/land covr of villag Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla. Landus/land covr Villag-I Chak SlarianAra (ha) Villag-II Chak Bagla Ara (ha) Total cultivatd land Total un-cultivatd land Total irrigatd ara Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,

3 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K Total non-irrigatd ara Mthodology Th study was conductd with an objctiv to find th tr divrsity in two villags i.. Chak Slarian and Chak Bagla of Vijaypur block of Samba district. Th sits slctd for th study in both th villags wr agricultur filds, strips along th roads and canal and sacrd grovs. Th agricultur filds blonging to farmrs in both th villags wr slctd randomly with th hlp of list procurd from patwari and sarpanch.a total of twnty sampl plots of on hactar ach for studying th tr divrsity in agricultur fild. Similarly fiv blt transcts ach of 100m x 5m wr laid randomly along th link roads and canal in both th villags. Th sampls of 20m x 20m wr laid in thr sacrd grovs prsnt in both th villags. Th information rgarding CBH (circumfrnc at brast hight), approximat hight, and spcis of th trs in ach plot was notd for carrying out of phyto-sociological analysis. Th quantitativ analysis of frquncy, dnsity and abundanc was don by using th standard xprssions. Th ratio was usd to intrprt th distribution pattrn of th spcis. This ratio has indicats rgular (<0.025), random ( ) and contagious (>0.05) distribution pattrns (Whitford, 1949),Th importanc valu indx () was dtrmind as th sum of rlativ frquncy, rlativ dnsity and rlativ dominanc. Th divrsity of th tr spcis in th ara was assssd by rcording all th tr spcis ncountrd during th fild survy. A list of trs along with thir family was mntiond. Tr divrsity in both th villags was calculatd using Shannon Winr Indx. 4. Rsult and conclusion Trs ar important in vry fact of lif, b it th rstoration of dgradd land or nhancing th immdiat surroundings. A total of 17 spcis blonging to 11 familis wr idntifid in th study ara. Th phyto-sociological paramtrs lik dnsity, rlativ dnsity, rlativ frquncy, basal ara, rlativ dominanc and importanc valu indx () of th tr spcis wr also stimatd for th study ara.th rsults prtaining to quantitativ analysis of tr spcis in ach villag ar prsntd in th tabls 2, 3,4 and 5. Th rsults for th villag Chak Slarian prsntd in Tabl 2 and 3 which shows that in agricultur filds th highst frquncy (70%), dnsity (2.1 tr/hac), (78.61) valus wr rcordd for Mangifra indica,thrfor this spcis was rcordd to b dominant spcis followd by Acacia nilotica having frquncy, dnsity, and of 50%,1.3 tr/ha,and rspctivly. Th Shannon winr indx of trs in agricultural filds of this villag was found to b 2.22.Th analysis of th trs along th road sid shows that th highst frquncy, dnsity, and was rcordd for Mlia azadiracta with valu of 60%, 1.4 tr/hac, rspctivly followd by Mangifra indica having frquncy, dnsity, and of 40%, 1.2tr/ha, rspctivly. Along th canalsid th highst (188.5) was rcordd for Mangifra indica.th analysis conductd for sacrd groovs shows that a total of six spcis wr obsrvd and out of which albrgia sissoo was most dominant followd by Eugnia jambolana spcis.th Shannon Winr indx of trs in sacrd groov was found to b Tabl 4 and 5, shows th rsults prtaining to th quantitativ analysis conductd for villag Chak Bagla. In agricultur filds th highst frquncy (90%), (82.22) valus wr again Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,

4 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K rcordd for Mangifra indica, followd by Mlia azadiracta with valu of frquncy, dnsity, and as 80%, 3.6tr/hac, rspctivly. Th valu of Shannon winr indx of trs in agricultural filds of this villag was Along th roadsid th highst frquncy (80%), dnsity (1 tr/ha), was rcordd for maurtiana whras highst (97.12) was found in cas of Mangifra indica. Along th canal sid th highst (300) was rcordd for Eucalyptus. In sacrd groovs a total of twlv spcis wr obsrvd of which Mangifra indica was most dominant rcordd spcis with valu of (78.86),Th valu of Shannon Winr indx of trs in sacrd groov was found to b Tabl 2: Phyto-sociological paramtr of Agricultur filds and Sacrd Groovs of villag Chak Slarian Tr spcis Family Agricultur filds (tr/ha ) Sacrd Groovs Tabl 3: Phyto-sociological paramtr along Road Sid and Canal Sid of villag Chak Slarian Tr Spcis Family Road Sid Canal Sid (tr/400 m 2 ) Mangifra indica Anacardiac a Ficus rligiosa Moraca Eugnia jambolana Myrtaca Mlia azadirachta Mliaca albrgia sissoo Fabaca Morus alba Moraca Eucalyptus Myrtaca Rhamnaca Acacia nilotica Mimosaa Psidium guajava Myrtaca Albizzia lbbk Mimosaa Ficus bngalnsis Moraca Cordia dichotoma Boraginaca Emblica Euphorbia officianalis c Shannon Winr Indx (tr/ha) (tr/ha Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,

5 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K Mangifra indica Anacardiaca Ficus rligiosa Moraca Eugnia jambolana Myrtaca Mlia azadirachta Mliaca Eucalyptus Myrtaca Rhamnaca Cratava nurvala Cappridaca Shannon Winr Indx Tabl 4: Phyto-sociological paramtr of Agricultur filds and Sacrd Groovs of villag Chak Bagla Agricultur Filds Sacrd Groovs Tr Spcis Family (tr/400m (tr/ha) ) Mangifra indica Anacardiac a Ficus rligiosa Moraca Eugnia jambolana Myrtaca Mlia azadirachta Mliaca albrgia sissoo Fabaca Morus alba Moraca Eucalyptus Myrtaca Rhamnaca Acacia nilotica Mimosaa Psidium guajava Myrtaca Albizzia lbbk Mimosaa Ficus bngalnsis Moraca Cordia dichotoma Boraginaca Cratava nurvala Cappridaca Acacia modsta Mimosaa Emblica Euphorbia officianalis c P. acrifolium Malvaca ) Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,

6 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K Shannon Winr Indx Tabl 5: Phyto-sociological paramtr along Road sid and Canal sid of villag Chak Bagla Family Tr Spcis Road Sid Canal Sid (tr/ha) Th ara undr study was classifid into trs in th agricultural filds, sacrd groovs, trs along th canals and roads for th phyto-sociological study in th ara a total of 17 tr spcis wr ncountrd during th study. Ths 17 spcis blongs to 11 familis and moraca, myrtaca, and mimosaa wr th most dominant familis. With th human prssur on natural rsourcs growing at a phnomnal rat globally, thr is a nd to sarch for substitut grn covr outsid forst aras. Hrin crps th importanc of Trs outsid Forsts (TOFs) that also provid a numbr of goods and srvics as th forsts do. Th study rvald that thr is som variation in th tr divrsity in th agricultural filds, sacrd grovs, along th road sid and canal sid. In villag Chak Slarian th most dominant spcis in agricultur filds was Mangifra indica and in villag Chak Bagla again Mangifra indica was th most dominant spcis. Grand t al, (2010) rportd th divrsity indx valu of 2.8 for scattrd trs in pasturs (STP) in th Sirra Rgion of Tabasco, Mxico. Along th road sid th Shannon Winr indx valu was 1.72 in cas of villag Chak Slarian whras in cas of villag Chak Bagla it is Along th canal sid th Shannon Winr indx valu was 0.63 for villag Chak Slarian whras in cas of villag Chak Bagla thr was only Eucalyptus plantation. Th study shows that th cultural and rligious blifs of th popl of th ara spcially towards sacrd grovs ar diminishing. Thus, th sacrd grovs ar bcoming to b dgradd. In th study ara thr sacrd groovs wr studid, th valu of Shanon winr indx for ths trs was 2.13 in villag Chak Slarian and 2.36 in villag Chak Bagla. Th study rvald that main driving forc bhind th disturbanc and dgradation of th trs occurs du to human activitis. Th incrasing human intrfrnc has changd th structural and functional pattrn of th landscap and has influncd th biodivrsity significantly (Sinha and Sharma, 2006), Sharma t al, (2008) hav also rportd th impacts lik tr flling and lopping, grazing, fir, ncroachmnt tc. rsponsibl for landscap dgradation in Birhun Watrshd of Udhampur district of J&K. Th rducd divrsity in th ara can also b dvotd to th divrsion of (tr/ha) Mangifra indica Anacardiac a albrgia sissoo Fabaca Mlia azadirachta Mliaca Eucalyptus Myrtaca Rhamnaca Shannon Winr Indx Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,

7 Tr divrsity in rural ara of block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K agricultural land to build up. Th old growth trs ar bing rmovd for arning som mony from th rural mills. On th basis of th study various masurs can b adoptd to improv th status of trs in th study ara i.. by strngthning th agro forstry systm, agri-silvicultur practics and planting indignous trs in th wastland such as along th road, canals and community lands. Th protction of sacrd grovs of th ara is nd of th hour as ths ar th sits of high phyto-divrsity. 5. Rfrncs 1. Grand,., Lon d F., Nahd, J. and Gill, Prjz F,(2010), Importanc and function of scattrd trs in pasturs in th Sirra Rgion of Tabasco, Msxico. Rsarch Journal of Biological Scincs, 5(1), pp ITTO, (1998), Critria and Indicators for sustainabl Managmnt of Natural Tropical Forsts. 3. Kiran, H. S., Kapahi, B. K. and Srivastava, T. N. (1999), Taxo-thnobotanical obsrvation on th gymnosprms of Poonch district (J&K), India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botanical, 23 (1), pp Kumar, S. and Hamal, I. A, (2009),Wild dibls of Kishtwar High Altitud National Park in Northwst Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir (India), Ethnobotanical Laflts, 13 (1), pp Osi Adu, A, (2000), Saving our forsts. Rtrivd from th worldwid wb: http//. www. Ghanian chronicl.com / pag 5a. htm. 6. Sharma, S., Sharma, R. C. and Kant, S., (2008),Assssmnt of biotic intrfrnc and cological dgradation in Birhun Watrshd, Jammu and Kashmir. Environmnt and Ecology, 26 (4), pp Sinha, R. K. and Sharma, A., (2006), Landscap lvl disturbanc gradint analysis in altongang South forst division. Journal of Indian Socity of Rmot Snsing, 34, pp Whitford. P.B, (1949), istribution of woodland plants in rlation to succssion and clonal growth, Ecology, 30, pp Sanjay Sharma, Kulvindr Kour Intrnational Journal of Environmntal Scincs Volum4 No.6,