History of Christianity in Poland. Part 1 From the earliest traces of Christianity to the Reformation

Transcription

1 History of Christianity in Poland. Part 1 From the earliest traces of Christianity to the Reformation

2 List of Contents 1. The earliest traces of Christianity among Slavs 2. Cyril, Methodius and the Byzantine Bible in Old Slavonic 3. The earliest traces of Christianity in Polish lands 4. Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism 5. Christian resistance against the papacy in the Dark Ages 6. Contacts of Poles and Czechs with Waldenses 7. John Pirnensis s preaching against Romanism in Silesia 8. The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles 9. Poland and the Teutonic Knights

3 The earliest traces of Christianity among Slavs the Sixth Synod of Constantinople, held in 680, numbers the Slavonians amongst the Christian nations, and an individual of that nation occupied the patriarchal see of Byzantium in 766 (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 7)

4 Cyril, Methodius and the Byzantine Bible in the Old Slavonic The conversion of great Moravia was completed by Cyrillus... and Methodius sent by the Greek emperor Michael the Third... at the request of the monarch of that country. Nestor... says... the inhabitants of Moravia had already been baptised before the arrival of Methodius and Cyrillus and... they were called to translate the Scriptures into the Slavonian tongue. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 8)

5 The earliest traces of Christianity in Polish lands. Part 1 when Methodius and Cyrillus were presiding over the churches of great Moravia... the province called little Poland, formed a part of that mighty empire. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 18)

6 The earliest traces of Christianity in Polish lands. Part 2 In the 9th or at the beginning of the 10th century a certain Christian clergyman wrote [in] Life of saint Methodius Methodius had a gift of prophecy, and a lot of his prophecies... came to pass. A very mighty, pagan prince... in Vistula, was deriding Christians and doing them harm. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy: Warszawa p. 38)

7 The earliest traces of Christianity in Polish lands. Part 3... [Methodius] ordered to tell him: It would be well, son, if you let yourself be baptized of your own will in your land, otherwise you will be taken into captivity and forced to accept baptism in somebody else s land, you will mark my words. And so it happened. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy: Warszawa p. 38)

8 The earliest traces of Christianity in Polish lands. Part 4 in the Moravians founded at Kleparz, in the environs of Cracow, the church of St. Cross, and... preserved at that time the liturgy in the national language. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 19)

9 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Part 1 Mieszko [the ruler of the Polans] was engaged in a fight against Slavonic tribes supported by German potentates. Endangered... Mieszko made an alliance with a German emperor Otto I, and a Czech prince, Bolesław I. Thanks to the latter alliance, he took his daughter, Dobrawa, as his wife. He pledged to embrace... [Catholic] faith In 966 Mieszko was baptized in Gniezno or in Poznań. (Source: Maria Koczewska, Ewa Wipszycka. Historia 5. Świat przed wiekami. Wydawnicwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p own translation)

10 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Part 2 No-one will ever tell us how many followers of the old order had their heads cut off at that time. We can only assume it as a certain fact that one did not make do without using the force. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 56. own translation Source:

11 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Part 3 The Papal States with its capital in Rome existed at that time in Italy. The newly baptized Poland found itself at the very edges of the catholic world. Therefore, its good was to be repeatedly sacrificed for the interests, considered there as more important ones. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa pp. 56,58. own translation. own emphasis)

12 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 1 In the 16th century a great Polish writer Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski [a Calvinist] noted down from old documents a speech of Arnulf, [a Roman Catholic] bishop of Orleans, given at the Synod of Reims in France in 991. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

13 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 2 Oh, pitiful Rome, which had shown our ancestors fathers shining in glory, you have filled our times with terrible darkness disgracing us for centuries!... We saw how John, nicknamed Octavian, was living in a swamp of debauchery; he also made a conspiracy against that Otto, whom he had crowned emperor. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

14 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 3 When John was expelled, pope Leo Neofit was elected. But when the emperor left Rome, Octavian returned to the city, forced Leo to escape, cut John Deacon s nose, fingers of the right hand and tongue, and having slaughtered a lot of illustrious men in the city, died soon. In his place the Romans elected Benedict Deacon, nicknamed Grammarian. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

15 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 4 Soon, Leo Neofit with his emperor struck him too, besieged, captured, deposed and sentenced to expulsion for life to Germany. After [that] in Rome, at the holy see, sat a horrible monster, Boniface, the vilest of all men, stained with the blood of the previous pope as well. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

16 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 5 However, he also, even though expelled and condemned at the great synod, returned to Rome after the death of the pious Otto. He removed Peter, a great apostolic man who had been a bishop of Pavia, from the Roman castle, deposed and killed, disgraced by the abomination of prison, having promised him safety. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

17 Enslavement of Poland by Roman Catholicism. Apostolic succession of popes? Part 6 Is there any command that the innumerable host of the priests of God, known in the whole world for their learning and life full of merits be subject to such human monsters, full of disgrace, devoid of the knowledge of divine and human things? (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

18 Christian resistance against the papacy in the Dark Ages. Testimony of Martin Luther We are not the first to declare the papacy to be the kingdom of Antichrist, since for many years before us so many and such great men (whose number is large and whose memory is eternal) have undertaken to express the same thing so clearly and plainly. (Source: Dave Hunt. A Woman Rides the Beast. Harvest House Publishers. Eugene, Oregon p own emphasis)

19 Christian resistance against the papacy in the Dark Ages. Testimony of Bible-believers. Part 1 [They] denied that the [Roman Catholic] Church was the Church of Christ; [declared that] St. Peter had never come to Rome, had never founded the papacy; [and that] the popes were successors to the emperors, not to the apostles. [They taught that] Christ had no place to lay his head, but the pope lived in a palace (Source: Dave Hunt. A Woman Rides the Beast. Harvest House Publishers. Eugene, Oregon p own emphasis)

20 Christian resistance against the papacy in the Dark Ages. Testimony of Bible-believers. Part 2 Christ was property-less and penniless, but... prelates were rich; Surely these lordly archbishops and bishops, these worldly priests, these fat monks, were the Pharisees of old returned to life! The Roman Church, they were sure, was the Whore of Babylon, the clergy were Synagogue of Satan, the pope was Antichrist. (Source: Dave Hunt. A Woman Rides the Beast. Harvest House Publishers. Eugene, Oregon pp own emphasis)

21 Christian resistance against the papacy in the Dark Ages. Testimony of Bible-believers. Part 3 They denounced the preachers of crusades as murderers laughed at indulgences and relics they called the churches dens of thieves and Catholic priests seemed to them traitors, liars, and hypocrites. (Source: Dave Hunt. A Woman Rides the Beast. Harvest House Publishers. Eugene, Oregon p. 256)

22 Contacts of Poles and Czechs with Waldenses. Part 1 [in] 1176, the disciples of Peter Valdo [Valdenses], persecuted in the west of Europe, transferred their doctrines to Bohemia.... Wengierski... who possessed many historical documents which afterwards were destroyed by time, accident, or the fanaticism of the Roman Catholic clergy,... asserts that the Valdenses spread their dogmas amongst the inhabitants of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Poland. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 53. own emphasis)

23 Contacts of Poles and Czechs with Waldenses. Part 2 those early reformers had established a settlement in the vicinity of Cracow... [in] 1330, the Holy Inquisition in Poland discovered that many Poles and Bohemians visited the Valdensian churches in Italy, and supported them with rich donations. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London pp )

24 John Pirnensis s preaching against Romanism in Silesia. Part 1 [In] Breslau in Silesia [in] 1341, a certain John Pirnensis began to preach publicly that the Pope was the Antichrist, Rome the great prostitute of Babylon and the church of Satan All Breslau seems to have embraced for a time this sect. The burgomaster himself declared against the Pope and the clergy, whilst the doctrines of Pirnensis were preached in the streets. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London pp )

25 John Pirnensis s preaching against Romanism in Silesia. Part 2 The tribunal of the the Holy Inquisition at Cracov commissioned the Inquisitor, John of Swidnica (Schweidnitz), to extirpate the heresy of Pirnensis, but the inhabitants of Breslau rose against the Inquisitor and murdered him. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 56)

26 John Pirnensis s preaching against Romanism in Silesia. Part 3 This sect, however, disappeared after the death of its founder, whose body was, by the orders of Rome, disinterred, burnt, and its ashes scattered to the winds. It is probable that the followers of Pirnensis were afterwards absorbed by the Hussites, who spread in great numbers over Silesia at the beginning of the fifteenth century. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 56)

27 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 1 Jędrzej Gałka of Dobszyn [a dean of Faculty of Liberal Arts] at the university of Cracow, expounded with some others the works of Wicliff at Cracow, about 1449, and wrote a hymn in honour of the English reformer. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 68 Source:

28 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 2 Ye Poles, Germans, and all nations! Wicliff speaks the truth! Heathendom and Christendom had never a greater man than he, and never will have one. Whoever wishes to know himself, let him approach Wicliff; whoever will enter the ways which he has pointed out will never leave them, and never will err. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 68)

29 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 3 He has unveiled divine wisdom, human knowledge, and things that were hidden to philosophers. He has written by inspiration about the ecclesiastical dignity, the sanctity of the church, the Italian antichrist, and the wickedness of the popes. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 68)

30 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 4 Ye priests of Christ, who were called in by Christ, follow Wicliff. The imperial popes are antichrists; their power is derived from the antichrist from imperial German grants. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 68)

31 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 5 Sylvester, the first pope, took his power from the dragon Constantine, and diffused his venom over all the churches. Led by Satan, Sylvester deceived the emperor, and got possession of Rome by fraud. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 68)

32 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 6 We wish for peace let us pray to God; let us sharpen the swords, and we shall conquer the antichrist. Let us strike the antichrist with the sword, but not with one made of iron, Saint Paul says: kill the antichrist with the sword of Christ. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 69)

33 The teachings of John Wicliffe among Poles. Part 7 Truth is the heritage of Christ. The priests have hidden the truth; they are afraid of it, and they deceive people with fables. O Christ! For the sake of thy wounds, send us such priests as may guide us towards the truth and may bury the antichrist. (Source: Valerian Krasiński. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. I. London p. 69)

34 Poland and the Teutonic Knights. Part 1 Bernard Clairvaux, afterwards a saint, began in his sermons to call for a crusade encompassing the whole Europe.... he... convinced pope Alexander III to use the crusaders... and persuaded him to issue in 1171 a bull promising knights fighting against pagan Slavs or Prussians... dispensations and indulgences (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p. 31. own translation)

35 Poland and the Teutonic Knights. Part 2 In the first years of the 13th century princes of Masovia were taking up military expeditions to Prussian lands... provoking the inhabitants to retaliatory invasions... Konrad of Masovia in 1226 called the Teutonic Knights to support his operations in the interest of conquering Prussian lands. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków pp own translation)

36 Poland and the Teutonic Knights. Part 3 During the expeditions the knights were raping women on a mass scale.... in Prussia they were murdering and sentencing men to death in order to... abduct their wives. They were not sparing children. A public house existed in Malbork [Marienburg] openly. (Source: Paweł Jasienica. Polska Piastów. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Warszawa p own translation)

37 Poland and the Teutonic Knights. Part 4 [In 1307] the Brandenburg troops. laid siege to Gdańsk. Bogusza [the governor of the castle] on the advice of the Dominican abbot Wilhelm called for the help of the Teutonic Knights. The Teutonic Knights were required to leave the city after receiving payment for their assistance (Source: Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat. History of Gdańsk. Translated by Bożenna Blaim and George M. Hyde. Zakłady Graficzne w Gdańsku. Gdańsk p. 44)

38 Poland and the Teutonic Knights. Part 5 On November 13th 1308 they gained control of the city-suburbium by underhand means and butchered the inhabitants. As well as murdering many burghers, they also killed the Pomeranian noblemen who were in Gdańsk. According to the recent research, scores of people over a hundred perished. (Source: Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat. History of Gdańsk. Translated by Bożenna Blaim and George M. Hyde. Zakłady Graficzne w Gdańsku. Gdańsk pp own emphasis)

39 History of Christianity in Poland. Part 2 The struggle between the Reformation and the Counter-reformation

40 List of Contents. Part 1 1. The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland 2. Byzantine Bibles in Old Polish 3. Blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age 4. The Counter-reformation and the coming of the Jesuits 5. Influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education 6. Polish nobles resistance against the Jesuits

41 List of Contents. Part 2 7. Jesuit inspired crusades in the 16th and in the 17th century 8. Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War Persecution of Polish Protestants 10. Victory of the Reformation in Prussia and in Gdańsk 11. Suppression of the Jesuit Order 12. The Jesuits, Catholicism and the first partition of Poland

42 The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. Lutheranism in Gdańsk. Part 1 [in] 1518 a monk... James Knade, a native of Dantzic, threw off his habit, took a wife, and began to preach... against Rome. accused by the bishop of Cujavia, tried, and imprisoned he was released but obliged to leave Dantzic. He retired to a nobleman... Krokow, living in the vicinity of Thorn, and... preached... sheltered by his privileges as a noble... from the persecution of the clergy. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. London Vol. I. pp )

43 The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. Lutheranism in Gdańsk. Part 2 The seeds sown by Knade were not lost at Dantzic;... his example was followed Several other clergymen commenced proclaiming similar opinions. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. London Vol. I. p. 112)

44 The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. Lutheranism in Gdańsk. Part 3 [in 1526] Sigismund I entered the city. ordering the arrest of a dozen secular and clerical leaders of the Reformation movement... On June 13th six people were beheaded in the Long Market, on July 19th another seven met the same fate, and another man was executed in Malbork on the same day. (Source: Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat. History of Gdańsk. Translated by Bożenna Blaim and George M. Hyde. Zakłady Graficzne w Gdańsku. Gdańsk p. 138)

45 The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. Lutheranism in Prussia. Part 1 Lutheranism found a lot of followers among the population of the Teutonic state. A part of Teutonic dignitaries and the Grand Master Albrecht... were inclined towards the new creed. Albrecht proposed Sigismund [I] a secularization and conversion of the Teutonic state into a duchy under his hereditary reign and feudal supremacy of Poland. (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p. 36. own translation)

46 The beginnings of the Reformation in Poland. Lutheranism in Prussia. Part 2 In this way... Ducal [Prussia] was to become the first Protestant state in Europe. The capital of the new state was Królewiec [Königsberg]. in April 1525 it came to a conclusion of a treaty Albrecht Hohenzollern, as a fief of Poland, was obliged to military and financial support, receiving... a seat in [Polish] Senate, (to which he eventually was not permitted). (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa pp own translation. own emphasis)

47 Byzantine Bibles in Old Polish. Part 1 A Lutheran, Stanisław Murzynowski, translated the New Testament... issued in Królewiec (... Królewiec Bible, ). A Calvinist team, led by Jan Łaski, translated the whole Bible... It was issued at the expense of Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny in Brest Litovsk (1563) [as]... Radziwiłł (or Brest) Bible (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p. 86. own translation)

48 Byzantine Bibles in Old Polish. Part 2 In 1606 a New Testament [of Gdańsk Bible] appeared it was the reprint of the New Testament of the Bible of Brest, with several corrections. It was reprinted (1632) at Königsberg, with alterations of some expressions, and several additions taken from the Latin version of Beza. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Vol. II. London pp )

49 Byzantine Bibles in Old Polish. Part 3 In 1632 the whole Scriptures were published at Dantzic. This edition, according to the dedication, was the reprint only of the Bible of Brest (1563), but in comparing the two, great differences will be found the purity and correctness of the Polish style are frequently sacrificed in order to approach nearer to the original text. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Vol. II. London p. 321)

50 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Elevation of Polish language Mikołaj Rej ( ) A Calvinist, member of Sejm [a part of parliament] and the father of Polish literature: Let it by all and sundry nations be known that Poles speak not Anserine but a tongue of their own. (Source:

51 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Protestants in Polish Parliament. Part 1 In the fifth decade of the 16th century Protestants comprised the majority of members of Sejm. Yet, it did not reflect the religious situation in the society as a whole. In 1572 Senate presented itself similarly. 36 Protestants, 25 Catholics and 8 representatives of Orthodox Christianity sat in there... numerous magnates converted to Calvinism.... it was them who created conditions for the development of Poland. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu. Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p.87. own translation & emphasis)

52 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Protestants in Polish Parliament. Part 2 The cities lying in the north remained for Lutheranism. In the third decade of the 16th century, seeking refuge from persecution in Germany, Anabaptists appeared in various regions of Poland. In 1551 Dutch Mennonites founded their colony at the lower Vistula River. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu. Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p.87. own translation)

53 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Calvinists Plan to create a National Church. Part 1 Calvinists... in drew up a petition... to create a national church. the national church was supposed to unite all Christian denominations including Orthodox Christianity. Following the pattern of England, one intended to maintain the... church hierarchy and most of the rituals, however, the monarch would become the head of the church, and the national council the highest authority. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

54 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Calvinists Plan to create a National Church. Part 2 Calvinists made preparations for the unification of Protestant churches, which Jan Łaski... was working on. in 1555 the deputies came up with a proposal to convene a national council, which would bring the religious disruption to an end.... the king and the Catholic bishops agreed to that proposal. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

55 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Calvinists Plan to create a National Church. Part 3 Sigismund [II] Augustus sent the pope an envoy, who demanded a permission to convene a national council,... to celebrate mass in Polish, for Eucharist in two kinds, and for the abolition of celibacy Those demands were rejected, upon which the king resigned further endeavours. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 58. own translation)

56 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. King Sigismund II Augustus ( ) He never expressed any greater sympathy for the Protestant movement, although he was... interested in it, reading all dissident treatises and... accepting books with Calvin and Luther s dedication. When the king s subjects asked how they ought to behave in the face of religious disputes, he announced: I am not the king of your conscience. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu. Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków pp own translation)

57 The blessings of the Reformation Polish Golden Age. Religious tolerance for Polish nobles Warsaw Confederation 1573 an act of religious freedom for nobles in the Commonwealth the articles insured a perfect equality of rights and privileges to all the Christian professions in Poland. This... act was, however, disgraced by an article, which insured to the landowners a perfect authority over their subjects, even in matters of religion. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Volume II. London p. 112)

58 The Counter-reformation and the coming of the Jesuits. Part 1 The testimony of Alberto Rivera, an ex-jesuit: The most dangerous of men are those who appear very religious, especially when they are organized and in a position of authority. These religious men, who pretend to love God, will resort to murder, incite revolution and wars if necessary to help their cause. (Source: Edmond Paris. The Secret History of the Jesuits. Chick Publications. Ontario, Calif. p. 7) Source:

59 The Counter-reformation and the coming of the Jesuits. Part 2 Polish bishops... made efforts to bring in the Jesuits [in 1564] completed by founding for them the first college in Braniewo [Braunsberg] by Hozjusz. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 63. own translation)

60 The Counter-reformation and the coming of the Jesuits. Part 3 When Sigismund [II] Augustus was inclined to expel Arians Hozjusz weaned him away from it, arguing that one should expel all sects or none. He thought that doctrinal disputes would lead to the fall of the Reformation in Poland; he used to say: the war among the heretics is the peace for the [Catholic] Church. (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p. 89. own translation)

61 The Counter-reformation and the coming of the Jesuits. Part 4 Hozjusz argued that the [Warsaw] Confederation was a criminal conspiracy against God, and therefore should be abolished by the king; (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 63. own translation)

62 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 1 The Jesuits quickly secured for themselves significant influence in the state, especially in the king s court. they could... incite townsmen against Protestant rich men as well as endear themselves to nobles and magnates. Jesuit preachers and writers like Piotr Skarga or a Bible translator Jakub Wujek had a big influence. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 63. own translation. own emphasis)

63 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 2 Sigismund III Vasa [ ] the king of the Jesuits His... policy... was not manifesting itself... in exacerbated reprisals, but... in giving Catholics a free hand,... supporting the Jesuits... and... omitting dissenters while giving out offices and dignities... Recatholization of Poland was supposed to make it easier to liquidate Protestantism in Sweden. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. own emphasis)

64 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 3 Sigismund III could find support for his plans in the Catholic Church, and... in a part of Catholic aristocracy. The Jesuits were also supporting the king. The most important one... a court preacher, Piotr Skarga, in his loud sermons was... agitating to extend the power of the king, which would allow to extirpate the heresy [Biblical Christianity] (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp own translation & emphasis)

65 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 4 The population of the Ukraine [incorporated with Lithuania to the Commonwealth in 1569] belonged to the Orthodox Church, whose hierarchy experienced a shock caused by the fall of Constantinople... and at the end of the 16th century it was still... in chaos. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation)

66 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 5 In 1588 the patriarch of Constantinople paid his co-religionists... in... the Commonwealth a pastoral visit... Chancellor Jan Zamoyski proposed... that patriarch Jeremiah settled in Kiev and turned that city into the centre of Orthodox Christianity. The Jesuits, however, used their influence to foil this project, and tzar Fyodor invited the patriarch to Moscow. In 1589 Jeremiah II created there an all-russian patriarchy (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków pp own translation & emphasis)

67 The influence of the Jesuits on religion, politics and education. Part 6 at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century... tumults, which led to the demolition of Protestant churches in Poznań, Kraków, Lublin, began to multiply, not without the inspiration of the Jesuits, I guess. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p. 64. own translation & emphasis)

68 Polish nobles resistance against the Jesuits. Part 1 A new Sejm was called for March The main struggle took place in connection with a constitution against perpetrators of religious tumults, demanded by dissidents [Protestants]. Encouraged by Skarga, Sigismund objected to its ratification, which opposition considered as an attempt on all nobles freedoms. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp own translation & emphasis)

69 Polish nobles resistance against the Jesuits. Part 2 tens of thousands of nobles entered into an anti-monarchical confederacy... with an arch-catholic Zebrzydowski and a Calvinist Janusz Radziwiłł. It was proposed, among other issues, that the Jesuits be expelled from the country. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. own emphasis)

70 Polish nobles resistance against the Jesuits. Part 3 Mikołaj Zebrzydowski ( ) and Janusz Radziwiłł ( ) (Source: (marsza%c5%82ek_wielki_koronny) Source: (kasztelan_wile%c5%84ski))

71 Polish nobles resistance against the Jesuits. Part 4 At Jędrzejów the nobility... came forward with an explicit demand of a dethronement of Sigismund Vasa. After withdrawing allegiance by the confederates, all that remained was only an open civil war. At Guzów on the 6th July [1607] the confederates suffered a defeat. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

72 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish Swedish War Part 1 Sigismund III took care of his succession in Sweden. His coronation as king of Sweden in 1594 took place in circumstances... not giving fair promise to the new reign. Swedish states declared themselves sharply against any propaganda of Catholicism (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

73 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish Swedish War Part 2 when Sigismund III returned to Poland, his uncle, Charles [IX] of Södermanland was able to win... stronger influence In 1598 Sigismund tried to break the opposition militarily. His... army suffered a defeat (near Linköping), Sigismund... was taken into captivity (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. Source:

74 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish Swedish War Part 3 In 1599 the Stockholm Parliament announced the dethronement of Sigismund... Charles of Södermanland subjugated Finland... and entered Estonia. in 1600 Sigismund III decided to perform an act of incorporation of Estonia to the Commonwealth. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

75 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish Swedish War Part 4 A swift offensive of Charles of Södermanland was crowned with a subjugation of nearly the whole Livonia Swedes met with a favourable attitude of the local German nobility, discouraged from Poland because of the Counter-reformation pressure Latvian peasants were also receiving the change of reign with satisfaction... hoping to get the rights similar to those Swedish peasants were entitled to. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

76 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 1 A dynastic crisis in Moscow after the death of Ivan IV and his son Fyodor connected itself with a heavy socio-economic crisis. In these circumstances one could revive the ideas of subjugating Moscow (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp own translation)

77 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 2 magnates used mysterious circumstances of the death of tsarevitch Dmitry, the younger brother of Fyodor, and the news about his alleged rescue. a pretender appeared claiming to be the tsarevitch whose surname was Grigorij Otriepjew. As a price for converting to Catholicism, the Usurper, through the Jesuits received support of Sigismund III (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation & emphasis)

78 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 3 An army... of... brawlers... was organized in spite of the objection of the majority of nobles and senators, False Dmitry I entered the Moscow State in took over Moscow and became tzar [in] The reign of False Dmitry was causing discontent.... it came to popular riots Dmitry... with... Polish advisors, suffered death,... Vasili IV was proclaimed a new tzar [in] (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

79 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 4 In July 1607 appeared... even more suspicious impostor. He claimed to be the Dmitry, who miraculously managed to save his life. Released Maryna Mniszchówna [the wife of False Dmitry I] recognized in him her husband, and her Jesuit confessor ordered them, just in case, to attend marriage-ceremony again. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation)

80 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 5 in 1609 tzar Vasili IV made a defensive alliance with the king of Sweden, who entered Livonia. Sejm sent against him an army but did not agree on a military intervention against Moscow. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation)

81 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 6 King Sigismund, ignoring... the parliament, applied to the pope for acknowledging the expedition against the Muscovites as a crusade. Paul V granted his request, every participant of such expedition received a full indulgence, and those who died in it, were supposed to go directly to heaven. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Trans. by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków pp own translation & emphasis)

82 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 7 Sigismund III... found a way to... Swedish throne with the combined forces of the Commonwealth and Russia.... The clergy and especially the Jesuits, who were expecting that they would succeed in subjugating Moscow to the pope, were also pushing for the intervention. Polish military commander, Stanisław Żółkiewski, inflicted a defeat on the combined Russian and Swedish forces at Klushino [in] (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation & emphasis)

83 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 8 Boyars [Russian nobles] made an agreement with Żółkiewski admitting Władysław [the son of king Sigismund III] to the throne for the price of peace without annexation, [and] Władysław s conversion to Orthodox Christianity The... idea of Żółkiewski was rejected... by Sigismund III, who following the voice of his advisors, especially clergymen, decided to demand the Russian throne for himself. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. own emphasis)

84 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 9 A national liberation and religious movement was engulfing... Russia. The high-ranking Orthodox clergymen, imprisoned by Poles, were venerated as martyrs. Rapes and pillage on the part of unpaid army of the Commonwealth aroused common hatred. Mikhail [I] the son of patriarch Philaret, imprisoned in Poland, was appointed tzar [in] (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. Source:

85 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 10 Michael I ( ), James I ( ) and Gustav II Adolf ( ) Russians made peace with Sweden in Stolbovo [in] 1617 [mediated by King James I of England]. (Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/michael_i_of_russia. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_vi_and_i. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gustavus_adolphus_of_sweden. Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

86 The Jesuit inspired crusades against Poland s neighbours. Polish-Russian War Part 11 a truce was signed in Deulino on 3rd January annexations and war waged with complete ruthlessness sharpened relations between Russians, Poles and Lithuanians. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp own translation & emphasis)

87 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War German Jesuits preaching. Part 1 For what object have we given to us money, soldiers, sabers and cannon, but to use them against the enemy? Why do we hesitate then, in commencing to eradicate and root out heresy, root and branch, and especially this Calvinistic abomination? (Source: Eric Jon Phelps. Vatican Assassins. Newmanstown, PA p. 138)

88 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War German Jesuits preaching. Part 2 Kill them, then, the hounds, strike them down, and hurl them to the ground, give them their finishing stroke, burn their houses over their heads, and overwhelm them with everything of the worst description that can be invented, so that the hateful brood may finally disappear from off the face of the earth. Tanner, Windeck, Eberman, 1610 German Jesuits preaching The Thirty Years War (Source: Eric Jon Phelps. Vatican Assassins. Newmanstown, PA p. 138)

89 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War Part 3 The majority of the society of the Commonwealth, agitated by the clergy, objected to supporting the Protestant camp. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

90 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War Part 4 The first year of the [Thirty Years ] war was marked by successes of the Protestant coalition Bethen s troops approached Vienna and started a siege in November A help of Polish king, Sigismund III Vasa, saved the Habsburgs from catastrophe. Due to an operation of Polish troops in Hungary, the insurgents desisted from the siege (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p own translation)

91 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War Part 5 a great battle was fought at Biała Góra on 8th November 1620, in which worse trained and weaker... Czech troops, suffered a devastating defeat. The leaders of the uprising over 600 people were executed their possessions were confiscated and were given... to... Spanish, Belgian and Irish mercenaries. The Catholic Church and Austrian aristocracy received enormous bestowals. (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p own translation)

92 Involvement of Poland in the First Thirty Years War Part 6 As a result of repressions and subsequent military operations, Czech nobility practically ceased to exist, and the towns were turned into ruin. The population of the kingdom dropped from 4 million to less than a million. Several hundred thousand Czech Protestants had to emigrate Hence, the uprising ended in a real national catastrophe. (Source: Tadeusz Cegielski, Katarzyna Zielińska. Historia 2. Dzieje Nowożytne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. Warszawa p own translation & emphasis)

93 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 1 the patriarch [of the Orthodox Church, Jeremiah II] appointed, bishop Cyryl Terlecki his representative in Poland. Terlecki started negotiations with his Catholic counterpart hoping... he would... win an official recognition for his hierarchy. The negotiations aroused the interests of the Jesuits, especially of Piotr Skarga [a court preacher]. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation. own emphasis)

94 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 2 After consultations with Rome an act of a union between the two Churches was signed in Brest in Orthodox bishops recognized the pope as their spiritual superior, but they gained the right to preserve the Old Slavonic liturgy and a consent to contract marriages by the priests. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation)

95 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 3 The Jesuits were fascinated by the fact that they managed to bring millions of lost sheep into... the [Catholic] Church.... numerous Orthodox priests and their faithful were outraged by the fact that nobody asked their opinion and... refused to comply (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation & emphasis)

96 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 4 Cossacks declared for Orthodox Christianity and they were found among... its most devoted defenders. Aggravating serfdom comprised the most important causes of joining the Cossack movement by masses of peasants. persecution... of Orthodox Christianity and imposing the Union [of Brest] weighed not a little. the Ukraine matured to an independent political life the uprising turned into a national-liberation struggle (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp. 139,220. own translation & emphasis)

97 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 5 John II Casimir - a Jesuit ( ) & king of Poland ( ) (Source:

98 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Khmelnytsky Uprising Part 6 The agreement of Zborowo [in 1649] secured Khmelnytsky... reign in the Ukraine upon the Dnieper River. the king gave Orthodox Christianity special privileges and bishop of Kiev was to be admitted to the Senate. Yet, the Jesuits and the Jews were to be removed (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation. own emphasis)

99 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Russian War Part 1 Khmelnytsky put forward an idea of a closer cooperation with Russia... and in January 1654 Cossack council decided to accept the supremacy of the tzar. Soon, mighty Russian armies entered Lithuania and the Ukraine. The Ukrainian-Polish conflict turned into a war between the Commonwealth and Russia. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

100 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 1 When the victorious Russian armies subdued the major part of... Lithuania a Swedish invasion fell on Poland. It was unexpected inasmuch as the truce with Sweden was expiring only in (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

101 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 2 John [II] Casimir entertained hope of recovering the throne of Sweden by means of negotiation with queen Christina [queen of Sweden , who in 1654 abdicated and converted to Catholicism] The claims of John Casimir, who assumed the title of king of Sweden, failed not to provoke the jealousy and ill-will of the court of Stockholm (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Volume II. London pp )

102 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 3 John Casimir became enamoured of the wife of Hieronymus Radziejowski, vice-chancellor of Poland He offered [him] the first dignities of the state if he would sacrifice his honour as a husband. Radziejowski rejected the shameful proposition; but his wife did not share the same honourable feelings Each party having committed violence in the residence of the monarch, had been guilty of a capital offence (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Volume II. London p. 274)

103 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 4 Radziejowski was condemned to the utmost penalty of the law and... to avenge his wrongs repaired to Stockholm where he persuaded the... king of Sweden that the discontent... in Poland against John Casimir would render the acquisition of that crown easy. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Volume II. London pp )

104 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 5 On 25th July [1655] Swedish troops under the command of field marshal Wittenberg crossed [the western] Polish border The levy in mass at Ujście [Greater Poland] after a short fight not only capitulated but also gave up its province under the protection of Charles X Gustav. Meanwhile, the army of Magnus de la Gardie, entering Lithuania, was announcing help in defense against Russians. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

105 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 6 a [Grand] hetman [of Lithuania], Janusz Radziwiłł and his cousin, equerry Bogusław Radziwiłł accepted the sovereignty of Charles [X] Gustav, and on 20th October [1655] signed a pact in Kiejdany by virtue whereof Lithuania was supposed to enter a state union with Sweden, breaking the union with Poland. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

106 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 7 Janusz Radziwiłł ( ) and Bogusław Radziwiłł ( ) (Source: Source:

107 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 8 This act is also unjustly attributed to the Protestants. Prince Janus Radziwiłł... was privy to the convention of Kieydany... but it was also signed by the Roman Catholic bishop of Samogitia, and by the castellan of Wenden, also a Roman Catholic;... this affair was... brought about for the separate interest of the Lithuanians, and not of the Protestants. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, Volume II. London p. 277)

108 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Swedish War Part 9 in 1657 Frederick Wilhelm received sovereignty in Ducal Prussia the treaty [of Oliva signed on 3rd May 1660]... secured religious freedoms of Protestants in Ducal Prussia (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa pp own translation)

109 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Russian War Part 2 [in 1663] Polish expeditions advanced to a place several miles away from Moscow, however, John [II] Casimir had to resign continuing the campaign, and fearing thaw which could put the army in a difficult situation, ordered a retreat. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

110 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Polish-Russian War Part 3 the Commonwealth and Russia decided to conclude a truce in Andrusovo in the Ukraine was divided.... the left bank of the River Dnieper with Kiev remained on Russian side. (Source: Józef Andrzej Gierowski. Historia Polski Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa p own translation)

111 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Plans to destroy the Protestant Prussia. Part 1 Sobieski signed in Jaworowo in 1675 a treaty with France, which... pledged to finance an expedition to Ducal Prussia, which was to be transferred into the hands of his son and become a hereditary, feudal principality. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków p own translation)

112 Jesuit inspired crusades th th in the 16 and in the 17 century. Plans to destroy the Protestant Prussia. Part 2 A powerful Polish army, which was to be used against Prussia, fought against Turks [in] 1676 before the military operations ended, Sweden had concluded peace with Brandenburg, hence the chances of carrying the resolutions... into effect, vanished irretrievably. (Source: Adam Zamoyski. Polska. Opowieść o dziejach niezwykłego narodu Translated by Michał Ronikier. Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków pp own translation & emphasis)

113 Persecution of Polish Protestants. Tumult of Thorn Part 1 In July, 1724 [in Thorn], a fight took place between some Jesuits and... Protestant boys. The [Protestant] authorities seized one of the Jesuits, who in their turn captured a Protestant boy, whom they refused to deliver up. a crowd liberated the boy but they were shot at, and then seized the furniture of the college and burnt it. (Source: Albert Frederick Pollard. The Jesuits in Poland. The Lothian Essay, London pp )

114 Persecution of Polish Protestants. Tumult of Thorn Part 2 The Jesuits... took every means to rouse the bigotry of the country A commission of ecclesiastics and laymen was appointed by the king to investigate the matter; This enquiry was managed by the Jesuits, and only witnesses presented by them were heard. (Source: Albert Frederick Pollard. The Jesuits in Poland. The Lothian Essay, London pp own emphasis)

115 Persecution of Polish Protestants. Tumult of Thorn Part 3 president, Roesner, vice-president, Zernicke, the burghers, Heider, Mohaupt, Christoph, Hertel, Becker, Mertz, and Wuntsch were condemned to be beheaded....karwisz, Schultz, Haft, and Gutbrod, were condemned to the same penalty, but they were further sentenced to have a hand cut off before execution and their bodies burnt. (Source: Valerian Krasinski. Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of the Reformation in Poland. Vol. II. London pp )

116 Persecution of Polish Protestants. Tumult of Thorn Part 4 The Jesuit inspired execution of 11 Lutherans in Thorn, 1724 (Source: