John Knox. John Knox. Age of the Reformation V. John Knox. John Knox. Knox, the Catholic Reformation, and the Thirty Years War

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1 Age of the Reformation V Knox, the Catholic Reformation, and the Thirty Years War Was born between in Scotland Grew up with a standard Catholic education, though was considered liberal Studied at the University of Glasgow or St. Andrews Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but was not an exceptional scholar Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 when he broke with the Catholic church 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart came to Scotland and befriended Knox Knox followed Wishart learning from him and acting as his bodyguard 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal Beaton Knox preached his first sermon viciously defying Catholicism Returned to St. Andrews and taught until 1547 when it was conquered by the French Catholics Knox was captured by the French and rowed in the slave galleys for 18 months He refused to return to Catholicism Knox traveled between England and Europe spending much time in Geneva learning from Calvin 1558 published The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led the church into Reform Iconoclasm ensued, not technically inspired by Knox, but not discouraged 1560 Knox and others establish the Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Presbyterianism He led a prolonged struggle against the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots Wrote a History of the Reformation Died Nov. 24, 1572 without regret 1

2 Founded in 1537 by Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde aka Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius had been a Spanish soldier until he was wounded in defending Pampeluna During his long recovery he had nothing to read but Christ s s and saint s s lives He converted and immediately went to a monastery taking the three-fold vow He lived ascetically, formed and wrote down the Spiritual Exercises Ignatius traveled to Jerusalem with a desire to convert the Muslims, but was told not to so returned to Spain Began preaching and pursued religious studies over the next several years He and followers were suspected, investigated, and imprisoned by the Inquisition Was told not to preach without 4 more years of study 1540 the Society of Jesus applied and received status as an order of the church The were not organized for monastic life, rather for social interaction Deemphasized individual monastic growth rather endorsed preaching, changing society, hearing confessions and missions Placed great emphasis on education A VERY hierarchical order, obedience is everything Jesuit Hierarchy General Assistants, Admonisher, Confessor General Assembly Provincials Rectors of Colleges Superiors of houses of Professed also have a strict hierarchy of initiation, 2 years as a novice => Scholastic => Spiritual Coadjutor => Professed => Professed Fathers => Leadership of the Order attracted many recruits and were very popular by Loyola s s death in 1556 Attracted nobles because of education Performed many missionary journeys, notably Francis Xavier 2

3 Council of Trent Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25 sessions, under 3 different popes, from Was called largely as a result of Protestantism requiring Catholicism to more strictly define itself Emperor Charles V proposed many compromises in hopes of joining Protestant and Catholic Council of Trent Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic doctrine providing a more stable faith It also cleared out many of the abuses previously complained about They confirmed cup-less communion, the Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory capacity of the church They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, Image worship, absenteeism, and put age limits on clerical offices Council of Trent The Council wasn t t immediately accepted, but quickly became the universal rule. Overall Trent provided a stable theological platform that, when mingled with Jesuit missionary activity, helped Roman Catholicism to regain much territory France showed a decline in Protestants Belgium and Bavaria reconverted, Austria, Hungary and Poland initiated repression of Protestants and greatly limited them Thirty Years War The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules for German religious governance, but wasn t t enough France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were all interested in German territory Reform was mixing with Lutheranism creating a mixed Protestantism 1 st spark in Donauwörth where protestants attacked a Catholic procession A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed the Protestants Thirty Years War Duke of Bohemia appointed a Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected him 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale rebellion soon followed by much of Austria and Germany The Catholics created the Catholic League and allied with Spain The Protestants formed the Protestant Union with many factious allies 3

4 Thirty Years War Bohemia was pacified and Catholicised Danish Period Denmark invaded fearing threat to its protestant rule and was soundly defeated The king converted to Catholicism in order to save his territory The Catholics confiscated much property using the rules of Augsburg Thirty Years War Swedish Intervention The Swedes invade to protect their Protestantism They are semi-successful successful and make a treaty that favors the Hapsburgs Swedish/French Intervention France allied with Denmark and Sweden to fight for the Protestants Spain unsuccessfuly invaded France Peace of Westphalia The alliance fought well and confined the Hapsburgs to Austria resulting in Peace Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, cementing many physical boundaries between Protestant and Catholic nations Symbol of the end of the world wide reign of Roman Catholicism Gave general religious freedom except in Hapsburg territories 4

5 The Habsburg Chin 5