Preface. Bodhidharma was an Indian Buddhist monk who went to China (East land) from
|
|
- Marcus Sanders
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Preface Bodhidharma was an Indian Buddhist monk who went to China (East land) from India (West land) in the first quarter of the sixth century. He brought Mahayana Buddhism to China. It is said that he was born as the third prince of a kingdom of south India. Coming to China, he stayed at the Shao-lin monastery (temple, 少林寺 ). Bodhi-dharma is well known in connection with a story expressed by the phrase Wall Contemplation Nine Years. (The period of nine years must be reconsidered under the new finding described in the section 1.4.) From the philosophy and practice represented by this phrase, the Chinese Zen Buddhism originated and further developed in ensuing generations. Bodhidharma is respected as the First Zu ( 初祖 First Master) of Chinese Zen Buddhism. The Zen Buddhism had been a new movement in China, which brought about revolutionary change and enlightenment in the culture and lives of not only practitioners but also ordinary people in East Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other countries. In our contemporary world, the influence of Zen Buddhism is not waning, but rather it is vigorously expanding worldwide, and importance is increasing even more. With this increasing importance, clarity is needed in regard to the philosophy and practice of Bodhidharma, a Mahaya Buddhist, and its significance in the modern world. Study of historical literature in China would serve to document and elucidate the times and events crucial to understanding Bodhidharma and the Buddhism he brought to the East. According to Chinese records, Bodhidharma was born in a kingdom 香至 of South India. In the documents published just after Tang dynasty (ending in 907), the name of the Kingdom is expressed by the two Chinese characters 香至. There are four states in India, called as South India. No historical record is found in which state the 香至 is located. At this time when interest in Zen Buddhism is increasing throughout the world, the birthplace of this pivotal master would be a great concern. Not only scholars but also those interested in Buddhism would welcome this missing piece of information. Where in India is the Kingdom 香至? 1
2 Standing Buddha (6 th -7 th AD) (Chennai Museum) [77]. The Chinese name 香至 means fragrance extreme. At the time of Tang dynasty, it is likely that 香至 is pronounced as Kang-zhi. In 2007 by examining various literatures, the author happened to come across the identification of 香至 to be Kanchipuram, an old capital town of the state Tamil-Nadu. Further investigation revealed that Kanchi means or, and puram means a town or a state in the sense of earlier times. Thus, it is understood that the 香至 -Kingdom in the Chinese literature corresponds to the old capital Kanchipuram, located at a distance about eighty kilometers from the city Chennai of Tamil Nadu. It was a capital of Kalabhara (or Pallava) at the time when Bodhidharma was living. Currently, it is a sacred town of Hinduism. Historical remains related to Buddhism found in the region are very limited in number. In the Chennai Museum, however, one can see an image of standing Buddha (above) more than 2m height, excavated in a Hindu temple of Kanchipuram in the early times of 20 th century. This image of dignity is reminiscent of the glorious times when Buddhism had flourished in the region where it was discovered. (The Institute of Asian Studies in Chennai possesses a land of about two acres in Kanchipuram and designates its use to commemorate Bodhidharma.) The author is grateful to Dr. John Samuel, the Director of the Institute of Asian Studies, who encouraged writing this book. This book is composed by rearranging author s five papers [K1] ~ [K5] listed in the References. Newly added 2
3 parts are Chapter 2 (Buddhist monks before Bodhidharma), 1.4 (Record of the second brother in Guang-zhou), and 3.4 (Shaolin Monastery). Main parts are collection of stories of Bodhidharma and Buddhist masters mainly from Chinese historical literatures, listed at the end. Most of them were published more than a thousand year ago. Chapter one describes Bodhidharma before leaving India. In particular the section 1.4 describes an evidence discovered very recently which implies that his second brother came to Guang-zhou of China to look for Bodhidharma. Before the time of Bodhidharma, there had been an active interchange of Buddhist monks between India and China. Chapter two describes five eminent monks among them. Chapter three is the stories of Bodhidharma in China. Hence this is a central chapter of Bodhidharma. His philosophy and Buddhist style stimulated Chinese Buddhists, and subsequently they developed Chan Buddhism in China (Chapter four). The Chan Buddhism was brought to Japan, which is called Zen Buddhism. This Buddhism gave enormous impact and big influence to later generations. Chapter five describes its legacy in Japan. Note that Bodhidharma s time was about a thousand and five hundred years ago. Chapter six is a special topic, describing past connection between South India and East Asia at much earlier time than that of Bodhudharma by the title Early presence of the people of South India in East Asia. Various evidences are taken from the literature of China, Korea and Japan. (Notes: Zen is a Japanese term corresponding to Dhyāna in Sanskrit, or to Jhana in Pali, or to Chán in Chinese. This refers to either meditation or meditative states, especially in Buddhist style. Equivalent terms are Seon in Korean, Thienin Vietnamese, and Samten in Tibetan.) January 2012 Namaste, Gassho Tsutomu Kambe, Musai Jakusin Upasaka, Soto Zen School Japan Former Professor (Physics, Univ. of Tokyo) Tokyo, Japan 3
4 Chapter 1 Departure of Bodhidharma from India 1,1 Introduction Life data of Bodhidharma (445? - 535?) are divergent. According to a legend, he left India late in his life. It was a year between 521 and 527 AD when he arrived at Guang-zhou of south China by taking a sea route. Although the course he took is not known, it is speculated (see section 1.3) that the way he took was a sea route crossing the Bay of Bengal, so-called the -. Recently a new surprising record has been found which implies that a second brother came to Guang-zhou two years later in order to find his younger brother ( 1.4). 1.2 Early times.. According to Chinese literature, Bodhidharma was born as the third prince of a kingdom in South-India [1]. Name of the country is expressed with two Chinese characters 香至. It is very likely that 香至 is pronounced as Kang- at the time of Tang dynasty (China, AD) established a hundred years later from the time of Bodhidharma. This is close to (- ), an old capital town in the state Tamil-Nadu of south India. The kingdom might be, and its capital city was Kanchipuram of Tamil Nadu. The haras were ousted by the Pallavas who rose to prominence again under Simhavishnu ( AD). [81, chap.2] and [82] In his childhood, he was named h. His Buddhist teacher was h, a Brahman origin from east India (the priestly class). There remains an interesting story [14] when he was a child. 4
5 Upon a time, the Reverend Prajnadhara chanced to itinerate to south India and arrived at Kanchipuram. The King there invited him to his court for a banquet and offered him a jewel stone. The King had three sons, Bodhidhara being the third. The reverend Monk asked a question to the three sons: This jewel is shining brightly. I wonder whether there is anything which is comparable to this. Answers of two elder princes were as follows: This jewel is the most precious one among the seven treasures, and there is no jewel superior to it. There is no person who deserves receiving this jewel besides the priest of high virtue like you. The third prince Bodhidhara replied as follows: "This is a treasure of a secular society, lacking the merit to be regarded as the best one. Among the treasures, the dharma treasure is the best. Shining of the jewel lacks the merit to be regarded as the best. Among all kinds of shining, the wisdom brightness is the best of all. Among all kinds of light, the mind illumination is the best. The lighting of a jewel is not of itself. The jewel is unable to illuminate by itself. Without wisdom light, the worldly light cannot be apprehended. The brightness of wisdom shines by itself. Owing to this observation, the secular treasure is not a treasure by itself." The reverend Prajnadhara was impressed by the response of the youngest prince, and recognized immediately that Bodhidhara was a person of great dharma talent. After the parinirvana (passing-away) of the King (his father), Bodhidhara renounced the secular life. He was given the dharma name, Bodhidharma. His dharma teacher was the reverend Prajnadhara. He was the twenty seventh Master of the lineage descending from the first Master Maha-Kassapa who had received the Dharma from Shakyamuni Buddha. According to Chinese literatures [13, 14], the Reverend Prajnadhara entered the parinirvana in 457 AD during the Liu Song Age ( ) of China. For a while, Bodhidharma traveled throughout the country India and turned the 5
6 wheel of dharma for its people... Once, at a banquet invited by the King, most guests except Venerable Prajnadhara were reading a sutra and turning it. Then, the king asked him: "Why you do not turn the sutra?" Ven. Prajnadhara: "At breathing out, this Poor Monk does not follow any connection in the world, nor stays in the mundane world at breathing in. I am always turning the sutra of thusness, millions of times, not only once or twice." [11, 12] 1.3 Departure of Bodhidharma Determination of departure to China After having received the Buddhist Dharma from the Master Prajnadhara, Bodhidharma (Fig.1-1) traveled throughout the country India as an itinerant monk. Thus he spent many years. According to Chinese literature [13, 14], it was more than sixty years since the parinirvana of his master, 457AD. Learning that there were almost none in China who understood the authentic Mahayana Buddhism (except certain monks), he realized now that the time matured at the East-land (China) for him to visit as a monk of Mahayana Buddhism. Fig.1-1 Bodhidharma [79] 6
7 A Chinese historical text [12] describes what it happened when he determined to leave India, which is as follows. First, he bade farewell at the stupa of Ven. Prajnadhara. Then he met the King and told him of his wish to go to China. The King tried to persuade him to stay in his home land, but Bodhidharma was determined to go. There was no longer anything for the King to do but to prepare a big boat with necessary items for a safe voyage. His hope was for future return of Bodhidharma (preferably with the same boat). On the day of departure, the King accompanied Bodhidharma up to the harbor (probabbly Mamallapuram), together with the families of his relatives and vassals. At this moment, there were none who were not in tears [14]. In order to get to China from India, what sea-route did Bodhidharma take? Its details are not known. A possible route he might have taken was the Oceanic Silk Road (see the next subsection). Already in the BC age, there were active trade routes across the Indian Ocean between India and China. It is very likely that Bodhidharma chose this course. South Indian kingdoms are known as maritime states, trading with Mediterranean countries to the west and with China, Siam, Fiji and others to the east. It is likely that Bodhidharma departed from Kanchipuram to the nearest port Mamallapuram along the coast of Bay of Bengal, and embarked to the east. Coast of Bay of Bengal close to Mamallapuram. 7
8 1.3.2 Sea Route of Bodhidharma Bodhi Dharma's ship departed Mamallapuram, which was a main port closest to Kanchipuram, and headed for Sri-Lanka. This is just a conjecture hinted by the trip of Fa-xian ( 2.2). In Fig.1-2, the route of Fa-xian s trip is shown by the solid line, on which a speculated route of Bodhidharma is superimposed by dotted line. It is likely that he stayed there a couple of months waiting for favorable monsoon wind, preparing for the great journey crossing the Indian Ocean. It might take another couple of months to get to a port in Sumatra or Java island. It may have taken a half or more of a year (depending on circumstances) since he departed his home country Fig.1-2 Route of Fa-Xian (thick solid line) and a speculated route of Bodhidharma (dotted line) Kanchipuram. It is likely that he might have been invited by a royal family at the place he was staying, or that he stayed at a temple for rain retreat in summer time according to the Buddhist tradition, or that he spent half a year by trading or by preparing his next journey, waiting for a favorable wind. Once everything was ready, he finally embarked for Guang-zhou, China. It 8
9 might have taken two months or so to get to their destination. Two years should have been sufficient time for the whole journey. The "three years" written in the literature may imply that it was the third year since he departed his home country, rather than that it took full three years. 1.4 Record of the second brother in Guang-zhou According to commonly accepted history, Bodhidharma was alone in China. Surprisingly enough, a new historical description has been discovered very recently by a senior history-librarian in a historical document of the contemporary governor -family of Guang-zhou, which implies that a second brother of Bodhidharma came there in order to find him two years later. It appears that they stayed together in Guang-zhou for some time. This section attempts to describe the new story on the basis of the newly discovered document and the references [17], although detailed study must be done in future to confirm its historical fact. From the time of Bodhidharma, there had been a hermitage named Xi-lai- n (west-coming-hermitage) in Guang-zhou port city. In addition, there is a place called Xi-lai-gu- n (west coming old shore), from where many visitors and oversea monks landed from older times of the Former Han dynasty of BC age. At the time of early sixth century AD, Bodhidharma brothers came from India one after another, and founded the Xi-lai- n vihara, which is renamed later as Hua-lin-s (Flower-forest-temple). Both of them stayed there for three years. Bodhidharma was the first chief of the vihara and his elder brother the second. Around 521 AD, Bodhidharma left India and departed for China. In spring of 524 AD, he arrived at the needlework wharf (or embroidery quay) of Guang-zhou. Bodhidharma lived in a hermitage made at the east side of a house of an Indian resident Zhu-family. He lived there by following the Buddhist ways such as the Buddhist practices, meditation sitting, or teaching. He asked the patron Zhu-family not to disclose his noble origin. 9
10 Here, while learning Chinese language, culture and way of living, he visited Buddhist viharas in surrounding areas and directed local people and monks. At riversides, he planted trees widely, reinforced the river bank, and carried out maintenance works to prevent from welling up of sea-water. On the other hand, at the temple associated with the governor, he dug wells for drinking water. Local people called it as Damo Well (Fig.1-3 (b), Damo is the Chinese word corresponding to Dharma or Bodhihdarma.) The second elder brother of came to Guang-zhou from South India in order to find his younger brother by taking a big merchant ship. Upon landing at Guang-zhou, he paid a visit to the castle. At the gate, he offered to the Governor the tribute products brought from his south Indian Kingdom. By this tribute, the Guang-zhou governor got to know the real noble origins of Bodhidharma brothers. Then the Governor offered them a house in the castle area. But the brothers declined the offer politely, and they lived in the house of the Indian resident family around the needlework wharf. He was given a Chinese name analogous to. ( Da is that of Da-mo, i.e. Bodhidharam. Chinese also a special meaning, who? or why?. Xi is pronounced like si, but sounded strongly.) The local people and monks collaborated with the governor office to build the Xi-lai-an (west-cominghermitage) in April 527AD close to the wharf. was asked to be the first chief priest. - brothers were solicited to be teachers of Buddhism and translators of Buddhist texts at the temples associated with the Governors (Fig.1-3 (a)). The Guang-zhou local governor reported to the Emperor that - brothers came to Guang-zhou from India and were teaching Buddhism. The Emperor Wu ( - ) of the Liang Dynasty issued an Imperial ordinance to invite - brothers to the capital Jian-kang (now Nan-jing, a river port along the long Yang-zi River at a distance of travel of about a month). However, was not so good in health that it was not possible for him to travel a long distance. He stayed at the Xi-lai- n 10
11 and succeeded its second chief priest after Damo left there. He dug wells for drinking water around the needlework wharf, and planted medicinal herbs and fruit-trees of litchi (li-zhi in Chinese). He lectured on Buddhist texts and directed sorting-out of Buddhist texts. After his passing away, the Indian resident Zhu was appointed to be the third chief. (a) Fig.1-3 (a) Sketch of the Fa-xing-si ( 法性寺, 光孝寺 ), in 18 th AD; (b) (b) Damo Well ( 達摩井 Bodhidharma Well, 65th AD) at [83] The above is a story on the basis of the discovery of document materials and the bold reading of the records by an elder librarian Yi-xing-guan about ten years ago, supplemented with other references. He had been engaged in studying the history of the Hua-lin-s Temple (modern name of the Xi-lai- n Vihara). After having read through a large amount of historical documents, he proposed a bold hypothesis. The person (and statue) known as Da-xi Si-kong in Guang-zhou is not an Indian merchant, but the second brother of Bodhidharma, Da-xi. Yi-xing-guan said as follows. During the time when he had been editing 11
12 the chronicle of the temple Hua-lin-s, he found a document of family history of Xiao-ang and Xiao-li of the Guang-zhou governor, and discovered a historical description implying that - brothers had been staying in Guang-zhou. According to the commonly accepted views, there are two interpretations which do not approve the existence of - brothers in Guang-zhou. One is that the official history does not describe the. Second is that the time of construction of the South-sea Shrine connected to the statue Da-xi Si-kong was later than the time of - brothers. However, the senior librarian Yi-xing-guan argues that there existed the East-dragon Shrine, which was the former form of the South-sea Shrine, and that it appeared just at the age of Xiao-Liang. This coincides exactly with the time when came to Guang-zhou. Regarding to the first question, it may be said as follows. The fact that the description of - brothers does not exist in the official history, but exists in a private history of Xiao family, does make us more convinced of its reality. : It is to be emphasized that the presence of the brother Daxi in Guang-zhou cannot be denied by the official history. The fact does not contradict the official history, because it describes neither presence nor non-presence of the brother. So there exits no contradiction. On the contrary, it reinforces a weak point of the official history. So far there is no satisfactory explanation in the formal history how Bodhidharma could communicate with Chinese people when he visited northern countries in China (which is to be described in later chapters). If he stayed in Guang-zhou for three years together with Indian residents and with for a year or so, it is highly likely that he learned how to communicate with Chinese people during his stay in Guang-zhou. This is a favorable aspect of the hypothesis of presence of the Bodhidharma brother, Daxi, in Guag-zhou. 12
Buddhism. Ancient India and China Section 3. Preview
Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Life of the Buddha The Teachings of Buddhism The Spread of Buddhism Map: Spread of Buddhism Buddhism Main Idea Buddhism Buddhism, which teaches people that they can
More informationThe main branches of Buddhism
The main branches of Buddhism Share Tweet Email Enlarge this image. Stele of the Buddha Maitreya, 687 C.E., China; Tang dynasty (618 906). Limestone. Courtesy of the Asian Art Museum, The Avery Brundage
More informationCHAN: Bodhidharma Coming from West
CHAN: Bodhidharma Coming from West IBDSCL, Jan. 13 th, 14 th, 2018, by Nancy Yu Good morning! The Buddha held the bright and wonderful lotus flower and Maha Kasyapa silently broke into a smile. The Chan
More informationCultural Diffusion and the image of the Buddha
Cultural Diffusion and the image of the Buddha 10-22-14 Directions: Using the map below and the attached images, explore how the image of the Buddha changed as Buddhism spread from India to other parts
More informationWelcome back Pre-AP! Monday, Sept. 12, 2016
Welcome back Pre-AP! Monday, Sept. 12, 2016 Today you will need: *Your notebook or a sheet of paper to put into your notes binder *Something to write with Warm-Up: In your notes, make a quick list of ALL
More informationChapter 14 Section 1-3 China Reunifies & Tang and Song Achievements
Chapter 14 Section 1-3 China Reunifies & Tang and Song Achievements A. Period of Disunion the period of disorder after the collapse of the Han Dynasty, which lasted from 220-589. China split into several
More informationWorld Religions. Section 3 - Hinduism and Buddhism. Welcome, Rob Reiter. My Account Feedback and Support Sign Out. Choose Another Program
Welcome, Rob Reiter My Account Feedback and Support Sign Out Choose Another Program Home Select a Lesson Program Resources My Classes 3 - World Religions This is what your students see when they are signed
More informationClick to read caption
3. Hinduism and Buddhism Ancient India gave birth to two major world religions, Hinduism and Buddhism. Both had common roots in the Vedas, a collection of religious hymns, poems, and prayers composed in
More informationOn Generating the Resolve To Become a Buddha
On Generating the Resolve To Become a Buddha Three Classic Texts on the Bodhisattva Vow: On Generating the Resolve to Become a Buddha Ārya Nāgārjuna s Ten Grounds Vibhāṣā Chapter Six Exhortation to Resolve
More informationAncient India and China
Ancient India and China The Subcontinent Huge peninsula Pushes out into the Indian Ocean India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka Himalaya Hindu Kush Eastern and Western Ghats Mountains Rivers
More informationChinese Pilgrims to Central Asia, India and SE Asia Maps and Text by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu
1 1 Chinese Pilgrims to Central Asia, India and SE Asia Maps and Text by Ānandajoti Bhikkhu The original transmission of Buddhism to China was by Indian and especially by Central Asian monks who travelled
More informationChapter 4 & 5. Ancient India & Ancient China
Chapter 4 & 5 Ancient India & Ancient China Section 2 - The Beginnings of Hinduism Where did Hinduism come from? Mixed with many cultures Became very complex World s oldest living religion Developed over
More informationThe spread of Buddhism In Central Asia
P2 CHINA The source: 3 rd century BCE, Emperor Asoka sent missionaries to the northwest of India (present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan). The missions achieved great success. Soon later, the region was
More informationSangha as Heroes. Wendy Ridley
Sangha as Heroes Clear Vision Buddhism Conference 23 November 2007 Wendy Ridley Jamyang Buddhist Centre Leeds Learning Objectives Students will: understand the history of Buddhist Sangha know about the
More informationSS7G12 The student will analyze the diverse cultures of the people who live in Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Explain the differences between an
SS7G12 The student will analyze the diverse cultures of the people who live in Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Explain the differences between an ethnic group and a religious group. b. Compare and contrast
More informationLesson 2 Student Handout 2.2 Confucius (Kong Fuzi), BCE
Lesson 2 Student Handout 2.2 Confucius (Kong Fuzi), 551-479 BCE Confucius was a sage, that is, a wise man. He was born in 551 BCE, during a period when China was divided into many small states, each with
More informationClassical Civilizations. World History Honors Unit 2
Classical Civilizations World History Honors Unit 2 Unit 2 India China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Hinduism One of the oldest religions on earth today Probably created by combining traditions from Vedic
More informationBuddhists Who Follow The Theravada Tradition Study A Large Collection Of Ancient Scriptures Called The
Buddhists Who Follow The Theravada Tradition Study A Large Collection Of Ancient Scriptures Called The What is the name for a Hindu spiritual teacher?. Question 27. Buddhists who follow the Theravada tradition
More informationIndias First Empires. Terms and Names
India and China Establish Empires Indias First Empires Terms and Names Mauryan Empire First empire in India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya Asoka Grandson of Chandragupta; leader who brought the Mauryan
More informationAPWH Chapters 4 & 9.notebook September 11, 2015
Chapters 4 & 9 South Asia The first agricultural civilization in India was located in the Indus River valley. Its two main cities were Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. Its writing, however, has never been deciphered,
More informationAIM: How does Buddhism influence the lives of its followers? DO NOW: How did The Buddha achieve enlightenment?
AIM: How does Buddhism influence the lives of its followers? DO NOW: How did The Buddha achieve enlightenment? Moral Action The Eight-Fold Path Wisdom Right Understanding: Seeing the world as it is, not
More informationHomepage Literacy Zone Maths Zone Science Zone Homework Help The Six Main Religions. Christianity Islam Judaism. Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism.
Buddhism Religion by Mandy Barrow Homepage Literacy Zone Maths Zone Science Zone Homework Help The Six Main Religions Christianity Islam Judaism Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism Buddhism Buddhist Festivals around
More informationAPHG CHAPTER 7: RELIGION
APHG CHAPTER 7: RELIGION KQ #1: WHAT IS RELIGION, AND WHAT ROLE DOES IT PLAY IN CULTURE? (5 slides) KQ #1: WHAT IS RELIGION, AND WHAT ROLE DOES IT PLAY IN CULTURE? Religion & language are the foundations
More informationBodhidharma (around 440? - 528?)
Bodhidharma (around 440? - 528?) A collection of stories from Chinese literature Preface: Bodhidharma was an Indian Buddhist monk who came to China (East land) from India (West land) in the first quarter
More informationUNIT TWO In this unit we will analyze Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Indian, and Chinese culture.
UNIT TWO In this unit we will analyze Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Indian, and Chinese culture. UNIT TWO In this unit we will analyze Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Indian, and Chinese culture.
More informationBuddhism. enlightenment) Wisdom will emerge if your mind is clear and pure. SLMS/08
Buddhism SLMS/08 By about 600 BCE, many people in India had become dissatisfied with Brahmin power and privilege. Many began to question the rigid caste system of Hinduism, and began looking for other
More informationKey Concept 2.1. Define DIASPORIC COMMUNITY.
Key Concept 2.1 As states and empires increased in size and contacts between regions intensified, human communities transformed their religious and ideological beliefs and practices. I. Codifications and
More informationAbout Living Buddha Lian-sheng
About Living Buddha Lian-sheng Living Buddha Lian-sheng, also revered as Grand Master, is the root lineage guru of True Buddha School. His emanation is from Mahavairocana to Locana to Padmakumara. Grand
More informationBentley Chapter 14 Study Guide: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Name Date Period Bentley Chapter 14 Study Guide: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Eyewitness: Xuanzang: A Young Monk Hits the Road (p. 281-282) 1. Who was Xuanzang, what was the purpose of his travels,
More informationPhysical Geography of China
Physical Geography of China China is large & has varied geographic features Mountain Ranges: Qinling Shandi Runs East & West Separates Huang & Chang Rivers Himalayas mark south western border China Proper
More informationBuddhism. Webster s New Collegiate Dictionary defines religion as the service and adoration of God or a god expressed in forms of worship.
Buddhism Webster s New Collegiate Dictionary defines religion as the service and adoration of God or a god expressed in forms of worship. Most people make the relationship between religion and god. There
More informationChapter 18: China s Contacts with the Outside World
Chapter 18: China s Contacts with the Outside World Guiding Question: How did the foreign-contact policies of three medieval Chinese dynasties affect China? Name: Due Date: Period: A Royal Decree by Ms.
More information84 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is
84 Religion: What It Has Been and What It Is tion with music and dance and sometimes wild celebration. All those features of prehistoric religion find a place in the Hindu tradition but so too do sophisticated
More informationAPWH chapter 10.notebook October 10, 2013
Chapter 10 Postclassical East Asia Chinese civilization and Confucianism survived in the Chinese states established after the fall of the Han Dynasty. Buddhism entered China after the fall of the Han,
More informationCHAPTER TWELVE Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties
CHAPTER TWELVE Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
More informationHinduism. Hinduism is a religion as well as a social system (the caste system).
Hinduism Practiced by the various cultures of the Indian subcontinent since 1500 BCE. Began in India with the Aryan invaders. Believe in one supreme force called Brahma, the creator, who is in all things.
More informationEast Asia. China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan
East Asia China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan China 600-1200 CE Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties During this period, Chinese dynasties brought about significant improvements in food production and distribution,
More informationIndia s First Empires
Section 1 India s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires, but neither unifies India permanently. 1 India s First Empires The Mauryan Empire Is Established Chandragupta Maurya Seizes
More informationGeography 3 rd Quarter Test Asia, North America, and South America
North and South America Geography 3 rd Quarter Test Asia, North America, and South America 1. Which of these civilizations came first? a. Olmecs b. Toltecs c. Aztecs d. Mayans 2. Which city is the capital
More informationChapter 8: Indian Empires New Arrivals in South Asia
Chapter 8: Indian Empires New Arrivals in South Asia The Spread of Aryan Settlement Aryans are named for their use of Sanskrit and other languages included in the Indo-Aryan family of languages Arrived
More informationCOPYRIGHT NOTICE Tilakaratne/Theravada Buddhism
COPYRIGHT NOTICE Tilakaratne/Theravada Buddhism is published by University of Hawai i Press and copyrighted, 2012, by University of Hawai i Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
More informationPart 1: Use each map to answer the multiple choice questions ( / 16) Map A:
SS8 PRACTICE TEST: China, South East Asia, the Mongols and Japan to 1500 1 Part 1: Use each map to answer the multiple choice questions ( / 16) Map A: 1. In which continent would you find the shaded country?
More informationCLASSICAL INDIA FROM THE MAURYANS TO THE GUPTAS
CLASSICAL INDIA FROM THE MAURYANS TO THE GUPTAS RISE OF MAURYAN EMPIRE Ganges Republics Prior to Alexander, kshatriyan republics dominated, vied for power Maghda was one of the most dominant Western Intrusions
More informationName per date. Warm Up: What is reality, what is the problem with discussing reality?
Name per date Buddhism Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known to his followers as the Buddha. There are more than 360 million Buddhists living all over the world, especially
More information3 Belief Systems. Silk Road Encounters Belief Systems 23. Buddhist Cave Temple Murals
3 Belief Systems The religious beliefs of people along the Silk Road at the beginning of the 1 st century BCE were very different from what they would later become. When China defeated the nomadic Xiongnu
More informationANCIENT INDIA. The land and the Climate
ANCIENT INDIA India is located in southern Asia. On a map, India looks like a huge triangle of land pushing into the Indian Ocean. Natural barriers separate India from the rest of Asia. The Bay of Bengal
More informationThe emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013
The emergence of South Asian Civilization. September 26, 2013 Review What was the relationship of Han China to Vietnam, and to Korea? Who were the Xiongnu? (What is a barbarian?) What was the Silk Road?
More informationBUDDHIST TOUR 7 DAYS. Day 01 : Mumbai Varanasi
Info@gayatobodhgaya.com BUDDHIST TOUR 7 DAYS Day 01 : Mumbai Varanasi Flight On arrival at Varanasi Airport you will be met and assisted by our company executive and transferred to your hotel for check
More informationBuddhism Notes. History
Copyright 2014, 2018 by Cory Baugher KnowingTheBible.net 1 Buddhism Notes Buddhism is based on the teachings of Buddha, widely practiced in Asia, based on a right behavior-oriented life (Dharma) that allows
More informationAsian Religions and Islam
Asian Religions and Islam RELIGIOUS STUDIES 199, FALL 2016, Meeting Time: WF 2-3:15 Professor Todd T. Lewis Office Hours: Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays 1-2; and by appointment SMITH 425 Office Phone:
More informationName: Document Packet Week 6 - Belief Systems: Polytheism Date:
Name: Document Packet Week 6 - Belief Systems: Polytheism Date: In this packet you will have all the documents for the week. This document packet must be in class with you every day. We will work with
More informationVocabulary (Pgs )
Vocabulary (Pgs 194-216) Himalayas Monsoons Sanskrit Raja Caste Guru Hinduism Brahman Reincarnation Dharma Karma Buddhism Nirvana Theocracy Dynasty Stupa Pilgrim First Civilizations The first Indian civilizations
More information1. Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass? A) Chinese B) Persian C) Indian D) Japanese 2.
1. Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass? A) Chinese B) Persian C) Indian D) Japanese 2. Which geographic factor directly influenced the early interactions
More informationEmptiness. Atman v Anatman. Interdependent Origination. Two Truths Theory. Nagarjuna, 2 nd c. Indian Philosopher
white Buddhism 3 Emptiness Atman v Anatman Interdependent Origination Two Truths Theory most famous of Buddhist philosophers, sometimes called the Second Buddha : Nagarjuna, 2 nd c. Indian Philosopher
More informationAsia. Cultural Geography
Asia Cultural Geography Religion v Some religions that are found in Asia are: A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Confucianism E. Shintoism F. Islam G. Christianity D. Taoism Hinduism v Hinduism is an ethnic religion
More informationWhich is true about the Ganges River?
ROUND 1 Which is true about the Ganges River? 1. The river is ignored by Indian religious rituals. 2. People do not drink the water because it is so polluted. 3. Many people use the river for transportation
More informationIndia s First Empires
CHAPTER 7 Section 1 (pages 189 192) India s First Empires BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the influence of ancient Rome. In this section, you will read about the Mauryan and Gupta Empires
More information1. Subcontinent - A large distinguishable part of a continent
I. India A. Geography - Located in southern Asia, India is a triangular shaped subcontinent. 1. Subcontinent - A large distinguishable part of a continent 2. Due to the geographic diversity of India, over
More informationMahayana Buddhism. Origins
Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana (Sanskrit: the greater vehicle) is one of two main branches of contemporary Buddhism, the other being the School of the Elders, which is often equated today with Theravada Buddhism.
More informationEL41 Mindfulness Meditation. What did the Buddha teach?
EL41 Mindfulness Meditation Lecture 2.2: Theravada Buddhism What did the Buddha teach? The Four Noble Truths: Right now.! To live is to suffer From our last lecture, what are the four noble truths of Buddhism?!
More informationContents. Publisher s Note About the Writer/Illustrator
Publisher s Note Guan Yin must be one of the most prominent deities in Chinese mythology. Her gentle gaze and compassionate features are immediately obvious in any statues that depict this deity. Originally
More informationHinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism and Buddhism PURPOSE OF SECTION: Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism in India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism. Hinduism National religion of India ॐ Based on variety
More information1 st Buddhist Council led by the Buddha s cousin Ananda
1 st Buddhist Council led by the Buddha s cousin Ananda Sattapanni Cave Mahakashyapa exemplary Buddhist spoke for Siddhartha The Buddhist Creed I take refuge in the Buddha I take refuge in the Dharma I
More informationTRAD101 Languages & Cultures of East Asia. Buddhism III Peng
TRAD101 Languages & Cultures of East Asia Buddhism III Peng Buddhism Life of Buddha Schools of Buddhism: 1. Theravâda Buddhism (Teaching of the Elders, Hînayâna,, Lesser Vehicle) 2. Mahâyâna Buddhism (Great
More informationDecline of the Indus River Valley civilizations - -
Quick-Write: 8/30 Decline of the Indus River Valley civilizations - - Aryans - Aryans Aryans and Vedas Aryans and Vedas Aryans and Vedas Aryans and Social Order Aryans and Social Order - Caste System
More informationSungkyunkwan University Outstanding Research
Sungkyunkwan University Outstanding Research Volume 2 Series Editor S. Lee, Korea For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11431 Lee Seung-yeon On the Formation of the Upper Monastic Area of
More informationThese theories were developed to reinstate peace after the Period of the Warring States.
Chinese Philosophy Three major Chinese theories 1.Confucianism 2.Daoism 3.Legalism These theories were developed to reinstate peace after the Period of the Warring States. China was in a state of chaos
More informationBuddhism. Buddhism is the worlds 4 th largest religion, with 7.1% of the world s population following the teachings of the Buddha.
Buddhism Buddhism is the worlds 4 th largest religion, with 7.1% of the world s population following the teachings of the Buddha. Only an estimated 3% of India today is Buddhist. Buddhism spread east and
More informationTHE SUI AND TANG DYNASTY
THE SUI AND TANG DYNASTY Last class: Han Dynasty and Buddhism Remember! There is a quiz next class! OPENING QUESTION: How does education change society? 1. Write down your own answer (section I of your
More informationThe Bodhi Seal of the Patriarchs
The Bodhi Seal of the Patriarchs by the Venerable Master Yun and the Venerable Master Hua Dhyana Master Wen Yi ("Literary Benefit") of Fa Yen (' 'Dharma Eye'') THE MASTER WAS THE SON OF THE LU FAMILY OF
More information1. What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to
What Ottoman palace complex serves as a useful comparison with the Forbidden City? 2. Describe one way that the Hongwu emperor sought to centralize the Ming government. 3. Name the most highly centralized
More informationName Review Questions. WHII Voorhees
WHII Voorhees Name Review Questions WHII.2 Review #1 Name 2 empires of the Eastern hemisphere. Name 3 nations of Western Europe. What empire was located in Africa in 1500? What empire was located in India
More informationPilgrimage in China: A Trip to Jiu Hua Mountain
Pilgrimage in China: A Trip to Jiu Hua Mountain Editor s Note: In April of 2014, a group of monastics and laypeople from our Asian sangha visited root temples from our Chinese heritage at Jiu Hua Mountain
More informationPost-Classical East Asia 500 CE-1300 CE
Post-Classical East Asia 500 CE-1300 CE Opening Discussion Question What do you remember about our study of China so far? CHINA AFTER THE HAN DYNASTY The Han Dynasty had collapsed by 220 CE, followed
More informationBuddhism. By: Ella Hans, Lily Schutzenhofer, Yiyao Wang, and Dua Ansari
Buddhism By: Ella Hans, Lily Schutzenhofer, Yiyao Wang, and Dua Ansari Origins of the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 563 B.C.E Siddhartha was a warrior son of a king and
More informationEARLY WORLD RELIGIONS
EARLY WORLD RELIGIONS Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Legalism Daoism Judaism Christianity (Islam will be in the next unit) Religions of South Asia Religion in the Subcontinent Hinduism What is Hinduism?
More informationCivilizations of East Asia. The Influence of Neighboring Cultures on Japan
Civilizations of East Asia The Influence of Neighboring Cultures on Japan Table of Contents Introduction Japan s Culture China & Japan Korea & Japan Shotoku Taishi Changes Embraced Divine Right of Rule
More informationOrigin of Man in Southeast Asia
Origin of Man in Southeast Asia Volume 3 Indianization and the Temples of the Mainland Part 3: Pre-Modern Thailand, Laos and Burma Joachim Schliesinger Origin of Man in Southeast Asia Volume 3 Indianization
More informationLearning Zen History from John McRae
Learning Zen History from John McRae Dale S. Wright Occidental College John McRae occupies an important position in the early history of the modern study of Zen Buddhism. His groundbreaking book, The Northern
More informationChapter 14. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 14 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 1 The Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui dynasty
More informationChinese Philosophies. Daoism Buddhism Confucianism
Chinese Philosophies Daoism Buddhism Confucianism Confucianism Based on the teachings of Kong Fu Zi or Confucius a travelling bureaucrat for the Zhou dynasty. His practical philosophy of life and government
More informationAS I ENTER THINK ABOUT IT
AS I ENTER THINK ABOUT IT How did all these religions diffuse? What type of diffusion did the major Universalizing and Ethnic religions experience? What were each of the Cultural Hearths? Agenda Overview
More informationBuddhism. World Religions 101: Understanding Theirs So You Can Share Yours by Jenny Hale
Buddhism Buddhism: A Snapshot Purpose: To break the cycle of reincarnation by finding release from suffering through giving up desire How to earn salvation: Break the cycle of rebirth. Salvation is nirvana,
More informationSIRS Discoverer : Document : Buddhism. Home Page Back Dictionary Thesaurus Help Tips Cite. Share. The Four Noble Truths and the
Page 1 of 6 Home Page Back Dictionary Thesaurus Help Tips Cite Article may be transmitted to your email. Other transmissions are prohibited. Your email address: Include pictures? Share Compton's by Britannica
More informationComputer Translation of the Chinese Taisho Tripitaka
Computer Translation of the Chinese Taisho Tripitaka Buddhism has been propagating in Việt Nam for over 2000 years. Mahayana sutras and other sacred texts have often been taken from the Chinese Tripitaka
More informationThe only cure for suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self-denial.
Chapter 4 Empires of India and China (600 B.C. A.D. 550) In what ways is Hinduism a complex religion? What are the major teachings of the Buddha? How did Buddhism spread beyond India to become a major
More informationStation 1: Geography
Station 1: Geography DIRECTIONS: 1. Make sure to have your PINK Religions packet and stations workbook 2. Read the passage about the geography of Buddhism 3. Shade in Buddhism (with a different color than
More informationStupa 3, 1st c., Sanchi, India (photo: Nagarjun Kandukuru, CC: BY 2.0)
The stupa Stupa 3, 1st c., Sanchi, India (photo: Nagarjun Kandukuru, CC: BY 2.0) Can a mound of dirt represent the Buddha, the path to Enlightenment, a mountain and the universe all at the same time? It
More informationAssessment: The Influence of Neighboring Cultures on Japan
Name Date Assessment: The Influence of Neighboring Cultures on Japan Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. 1. Which sentence below describes cultural diffusion? A. Warships and
More informationWORLD RELIGIONS. Buddhism. Hinduism. Daoism * Yin-Yang * Cosmogony. Sikhism. * Eight Fold Path. Confucianism Shintoism
Sikhism Buddhism * Eight Fold Path Daoism * Yin-Yang * Cosmogony WORLD RELIGIONS Confucianism Shintoism Hinduism RELIGION set of beliefs for a group of people Soul or spirit; a deity or higher being; life
More informationFour Noble Truths. The Buddha observed that no one can escape death and unhappiness in their life- suffering is inevitable
Buddhism Four Noble Truths The Buddha observed that no one can escape death and unhappiness in their life- suffering is inevitable He studied the cause of unhappiness and it resulted in the Four Noble
More informationBuddhist Studies (BUDDSTD)
University of California, Berkeley 1 Buddhist Studies (BUDDSTD) Courses Expand all course descriptions [+]Collapse all course descriptions [-] BUDDSTD 39 Freshman/Sophomore Seminar 1.5-2 Units Terms offered:
More informationWhat were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China during the Classical Era?
WORD WALL #3: Aryans Emperor Asoka Confucius Hinduism Mauryan Empire Qin Dynasty Reincarnation Gupta Empire Shih Huang-ti Caste System Zhou Dynasty Great Wall of China Buddha Mandate of Heaven Han Dynasty
More information1. What is the term for what the Hindus believe is the single God in the universe?
IV. SOCIETY IN ANCIENT INDIA A. The Caste System 1. What did the caste system determine for a person in India? 2. List the five major castes AND the types of jobs they would do. B. The Family in Ancient
More informationProtochan 1. Bodhidharma and the Emperor Wu By Mary Jaksch
Protochan 1 Bodhidharma and the Emperor Wu By Mary Jaksch One of the most beautiful and profound legends in Zen is the meeting of Bodhidharma and the Emperor Wu. The Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty was
More informationDEPARTMENT OF INDO-TIBETAN STUDIES BHASHA-BHAVANA VISVA-BHARATI, SANTINIKETAN. Call for Papers:
8/#=-0}+ }0}0 }0-#({: #({:-"$ "$-k DEPARTMENT OF INDO-TIBETAN STUDIES BHASHA-BHAVANA VISVA-BHARATI, SANTINIKETAN Call for Papers: National Seminar on Significance of Indo-Tibetan Studies: A Cultural Heritage
More informationTOPIC: ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 3
This chapter covers the religion, art and architecture of the people of South and Southeast Asia prior to 1200 CE. We will discuss the Indus Valley culture, the Vedic, Maurya, Shugas, Andhras, Kushan,
More informationo Was born in 551 B.C. o Lost his father at an early age and was raised by his mother. o Was a master of the six arts of :
History of Confucius o Was born in 551 B.C. o Lost his father at an early age and was raised by his mother. o Was a master of the six arts of : o Ritual o Music o Archery o Charioteering o Calligraphy
More informationChapter 6. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6 3
Chapter 6 Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6 3 India s First Empires Chapter 6 Section 3 Objectives for this lesson Understand the place of historical events in the context of past, present, and future.
More informationUnit 4: Ancient River Valley Civilizations - China
Unit 4: Ancient River Valley Civilizations - China Standard(s) of Learning: WHI.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilization of Persia, India, and China in terms of chronology, geography,
More information