Chapter 14. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transcription

1 Chapter 14 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 1

2 The Sui Dynasty ( C.E.) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui dynasty Massive building projects Military labor Conscripted labor 2

3 The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals 2000 kilometers (1240 miles) Roads on either bank 3

4 The Tang Dynasty ( C.E.) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618 C.E. Tang dynasty initiated 4

5 Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r C.E.) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler Built capital at Chang an Law and order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies 5

6 Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system 20% of land, hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until eighth century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries 6

7 Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations Confucian educational curriculum Most advance through merit Educational opportunity widely available Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early twentieth century 7

8 Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships Gifts China as Middle Kingdom The kowtow ritual 8

9 The Sui and Tang Dynasties, C.E. 9

10 Tang Decline Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 C.E. rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in ninth century, last emperor abdicates

11 Song Dynasty ( C.E.) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r C.E.) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy 11

12 The Song Dynasty, C.E. 12

13 Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) 13

14 Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Terrace farming 14

15 Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties 15

16 Urbanization Chang an world s most populous city: two million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over one million 16

17 Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Foot binding gains popularity Increased control by male family members Wu Zhao ( C.E.) 17

18 Foot Binding 18

19 Technology and Industry Porcelain ( chinaware ) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined Moveable type by mid-eleventh century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology 19

20 Emergence of a Market Economy Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in eleventh century 20

21 China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods 21

22 Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class 22

23 Dunhuang Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), C.E. Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor 23

24 Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety 24

25 Schools of Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle One son in monastery for ten generations of salvation Chan school; Zen Buddhism Pure Land school 25

26 Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings 26

27 Neo-Confucianism Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Philosopher Zhu Xi ( C.E.) 27

28 China and Korea Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal state, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive 28

29 China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in tenth century 29

30 China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence Nara Japan ( C.E.) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion 30

31 Heian Japan ( C.E.) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution 31

32 Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese The Tale of Genji 32

33 Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E. Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto 33

34 Medieval Japan Kamakura ( C.E.) and Muromachi ( C.E.) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors 34

35 Borderlands of postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan 35