11/22/15. Chapter 8, Part I
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1 Chapter 8, Part I
2 3 rd century Iran Established by Ardashir Last pre-islamic heir to Persian Empire Successful maintenance of empire Money and military Hired Arab nomads to help protect borders Frequently at war with Byzantines During times of peace, trade flourished Goods from Silk Road entered Byzantine/Mediterranean Trade Cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus trees, eggplant (Indian and Chinese origin) 4 2
3 Cities Small, walled community Military stronghold Local aristocracies Zoroastrian Comparable to Byzantine Christianity Religion used as political tool Paved the way for Islamic caliphates Intolerance of other religions Most people associated with religion first and foremost Schools, laws Rulers manipulated by wealthy aristocracy Muslim invasions 651: last ruler assassinated 3
4 Landscape was dry and inhospitable, although coastal regions had extensive agriculture. 4
5 Bedouin First civilizations on Arabian peninsula Nomadic Clans: kin related groups Tribes: groups of clans Wars over pasture land Matriarchal due to absence of men (trade) Caravan city Settled in 5 th century Ka ba Cubical shrine Idols inside Becomes Islamic symbol Zamzam: holy well Abraham, Isaac, Ishmael (Ibrahim, Ishaq, Isma il) 5
6 11/22/15 Monotheistic faiths of Middle Eastern origins that trace a common origin to Abraham. Judaism Christianity Islam 6
7 Born in 570 in Mecca Orphan Married a widow and became a trader 610: begins meditation and revelations/visions Gabriel Proclaim! In the name of your Lord created man from a clog of blood One god who created the universe and everything Paradise and Hellfire Demon possessed Submit to God (Allah) Muhammad is Allah s last messenger Muslim: one who makes Islam (submission) to the will of Allah Jews and Christians are negligent in preserving Allah s word Abraham = first Muslim Muhammad s revelations are purer and more perfect than the Bible No editing process 7
8 Threatened the power of Meccan leaders Hijra = beginning of Muslim calendar Umma: Muslim community Acceptance of Islam Muhammad is Allah s Messenger Attempt to convert Mecca and Jewish clans Charged Jews with disloyalty Ultimate expulsion or elimination Mecca convinced that Medina blessed/favored 630: surrender of Mecca Changed direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca and Ka ba Muhammad remained in Medina until death Gained unchallenged control of Islamic state on Arabian Peninsula 8
9 NO successor to Muhammad named Abu Bakr named khalifa (caliph) = successor Early believer Father of A isha (favorite wife of Muhammad) Reinforced Muhammad s teachings Expanded Muslim authority in Arabia Compilation of the Qu ran the Recitation (Koran) Compiled after Muhammad s death Collection of Muhammad s revelations in book form Unalterable word of Allah Jesus vs. Bible comparison 9
10 Shahada (The Creed) There is only one god Muhammad is his messenger Salat (Prayer) Pray 5x per day Face Mecca Sawm (Fasting) Ramadan Hajj (Pilgrimage) To Mecca at least once Zakat (Alms Giving) Alms giving Foundation of Islamic civilization Umma needed a legal system with death of Muhammad Same traditions, moral values, politics, across entire Islamic area Little variation in civilization from Morocco to India Hadith 1000s of reports with Muhammad s words, teachings, examples Ritual washings Legal matters Problems with Hadith Political motivation Non-Muslim tradition Shi ites vs. Sunnis Shi ites: 4 books Sunnis: 6 books 10
11 Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman Uthman assassinated by rebels Ali nominated to be new caliph Muhammad s son-in-law/1 st cousin Passed over 3x Prophet s natural heir Challenged by Muhammad s friends and A isha Battle of the Camel: Ali wins Mu awiya challenges Aliarbitration Ali is assassinated Yazid (Mu awiya s son) establishes the Umayyad Caliphate Orders the death of Ali s descendants in response to another rebellion Creates divisive split among Muslims Shi ites (Shia) 15% Party of Ali Hereditary line of Muhammad Sunni 85% People of Tradition and Community Caliphs should be chosen from umma 11
12 11/22/
13 11/22/15 13
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