first(?) = preposition + verb. Note three full vowels and strong dagesh in ל ה לּ ח ם root letter. לחם = Niphal fight, do battle.

Transcription

1 1 Judges 8 (8:1) Tribal name א פ ר י ם plural. Interesting that this is a singular construction but the verb is אישׁ אפרים Perhaps men of Ephraim. = preposition + noun + (? connecting vowel?). We saw this in 7:14. So as not ל ב ל תּ י to drive yourself crazy look under BDB 116b. Often in conjunction with infinitive construct. verbs? Especially 1 st or 3 rd weak? ת What verb form sometimes ends in ק ראוֹת Although text critical note mlt Mss,קר את 2 Mss. קר א 3 rd א verbs infinitive. ת construct does not always end calling. Literally so as not to call = not לבלתי קראות first(?) = preposition + verb. Note three full vowels and strong dagesh in ל ה לּ ח ם root letter. לחם = Niphal fight, do battle. strive, contend; criticize under BDB = ריב Form? PGN? That leaves ו י ר יבוּן 936a. We have seen several energic nun verbs in Judges a. strength, force, violence under BDB = ח ז ק ה noun. = preposition + בּ ח ז ק ה (8:2).ויריבון Serves as adverb describing but vowel changes before laryngeal with qamets. We see this מ ה Same as מ ה with definite article such as ה ה ר ים the mountains. suffix. = preposition + pronominal כּ כ ם

2 2 Rare. gleaning (of grapes and grain) under BDB 760a. = ע ל לוֹת vintage under BDB 131a. Rare. What is odd = ב צ יר noun. = preposition + מ ב צ יר?מ ן of ן What happened to the.מ בּ צ יר not מ ב צ יר is Literally good from = better than. This is how you express the טוב...מן comparative in Biblical Hebrew. the אבי העזרי Now this is interesting. Back in 6:11 Joash is described as א ב יע ז ר Abiezrite. That is the gentilic. Now we have the name of the people group. (8:3) suffix. = preposition + noun + possessive ב י ד כ ם be able, have power under BDB 407a. Note the Qal U vowel = יכל י כ ל תּ י pattern. 23a. at that time, then under BDB = א ז = רפה chart. principal parts ה Form? PGN? A little tricky look at your 3 rd ר פ ת ה sink, relax under BDB 951b. with כ or ב = preposition + verb + pronominal suffix. Form? Remember that בּ ד בּ רוֹ infinitive construct in a temporal clause. (8:4) 746a. faint, weary under BDB = ע י ף ע י פ ים pattern. vowel כוֹכ כ Although some of the vowels have reduced notice the ו ר ד פ ים (8:5)

3 3 = preposition + noun. Gender and number and state of noun? This is one of ל א נ שׁ י our irregular nouns and you just need to learn the different forms. man woman א שּׁ ה א ישׁ singular נ שׁ ים א נ שׁ ים plural name. Well on this occasion not a plural noun or a festival. Place ס כּוֹת 503a. round, round district, round loaf, round weight/talent under BDB = כּ כּ ר Not an easy word to find in BDB. 919b. foot, leg under BDB = ר ג ל suffix. = preposition + noun + possessive בּ ר ג ל י Literally to the people who are in my legs(?!?) = to the people לעם אשׁר ברגלי who are following me? Tough expression. name. Personal ז ב ח name. Personal צ ל מ נּ ע (8:6) Notice anything odd about this? What is the verb? What is the ויאמר שׂרי סכות subject? Note on grammar/syntax When the verb precedes the subject the verb is often 3ms even if the subject is feminine or plural. This is especially true is the subject is a thing or animal. noun. = interrogative + ה כ ף is נ Look at context. Who is speaking? The?נתן This threw me at first. Piel of נ תּ ן 1cp or Niphal or first root letter. Which is it? host army, war, warfare; = צ ב א suffix. = preposition + noun + possessive ל צ ב א ך under BDB 838b. You know how that expression Lord of hosts?

4 4 (with result כי Note on grammar/syntax This is the result כי נתן לצבא ך לחם that). כי can begin a result clause especially after rhetorical questions. Which is exactly what we have here. Do you understand the challenge? Gideon says we are chasing these guys and are hungry so please give us food. The princes of Succoth reply why should we? do you actually have them? What is going on here? The leaders of Succoth refuse to provide assistance. (8:7) 486b. that being so, therefore under BDB = ל כ ן adverb. = preposition + ל כ ן = preposition + verb. Not much to go on. This is one of the most common ב ת ת verbs in Biblical Hebrew and you just need to learn this form. Hint = this is a doubly weak verb. ת ת + ב = temporal clause. דישׁ / דושׁ be? so what kind of verb might this דשׁ Form? PGN? That leaves ו ד שׁ תּ י = tread, thresh under BDB 190a. flesh under BDB 142a. Very common = ב שׂ ר suffix. = noun + possessive ב שׂ ר כ ם noun. Learn it now. 881a. thornbush, thorn under BDB = קוֹץ state? Gender and number and קוֹצ י 184b. wilderness under BDB = מ ד בּ ר Hapax? briers under BDB 140b. Very rare. = ב ר ק נ ים Remember that א ת can be a preposition as well as the Definite Direct Object (8:8) indicator! Note on grammar/syntax This is the א ת of assistance, the person or thing by whose help something happens.

5 5 form. Form? PGN? This is an apocopated ו יּ ע ל name. Place פ נוּא ל refer to something already זאת = preposition + demonstrative. Does כ זּ את mentioned or not yet mentioned? answer, respond under = ענה Qal? Form? PGN? Indication of other than ו יּ ע נוּ BDB 772b. Very common verb. You should know it by now. (8:9) = preposition + verb + suffix. Temporal clause. You should have the hang of ב שׁוּב י these by now. In/as x-ing of = when someone did/does x. you. Kittel neat verb trick #3 misses.ת Form? PGN? Note strong dagesh in א תּ ץ 683a. pull down, break down under BDB = נתץ 153b. tower under BDB = מ ג דּ ל (8:10) name. Place ק ר ק ר = preposition + ordinal number. Note syntax. Between 3 and 9 feminine כ ח מ שׁ ת numbers for masculine nouns and vice versa. Here in construct. = article + verb form. What form of verb takes definite article and this kind ה נּוֹת ר ים of ending? The 1 st נ could be 1cp or Niphal. Which is it? And what kind of verb sometimes shows a ו before the second(?) root letter in some conjugations? If no clear memory of this stem remains look under BDB 451a.

6 6 could be 1cp or Niphal or yeah also first נ + article + verb form. The 1 st ו = ו ה נּ פ ל ים.20 = ע שׂ ר ים root letter. Which is it? Note the כוֹככ pattern. draw out, off under BDB = שׁלף it? pattern. Got the hang of כוֹכ כ Note שׁ ל ף 1025a. Note the singular construction for what is surely a plural referent אישׁ שׁרף חרב (8:11).הנפלים מאה עשׂרים אלף This is a tough one. First recognize the article and the ending. Which tell ה שּׁ כוּנ י you this is what kind of verb? That leaves כוּן.שׁ We haven t spent much time on Qal passive participles but we ve seen a few and they re common enough that you need to learn this form. שׁכן = settle down, abide, dwell under BDB 1014b. 1 Notice anything odd about this? It breaks a very consistent rule in השׁכוני באהלים Biblical Hebrew. Note on grammar/syntax - Words in construct do not take the definite article. There are a few construct chains in the Hebrew Bible that break this rule. Remember what Cyrus Gordon said. First you learn the rules. Then you learn the exceptions. name. Place נ ב ח Place name. Yeah I hate place names too because you spend time trying to י ג בּ ה ה figure them out as nouns or verbs. 1 a prp נ י.שׁוֹכ Propose reading this שׁוֹנ נ י inhabitants of. Fine but no textual or manuscript evidence!

7 7 I love this verb because it is so many rules rolled into one. Form? PGN? That ו יּ ך leaves ך which isn t much to go on. Kitten neat verb trick #8 to the rescue. 645a. = Hiphil smite under BDB נכה 105a. security; safety under BDB = ב ט ח The sense of the verse together is more difficult than the words. Literally and Gideon went up the way/road (of) the ones settled in tents, from the east of Nobah and Yogboha, and he smote the camp and the camp was safety. (8:12) 539b. capture, seize, take under BDB = לכד terrified = Hiphil tremble, be חרד vowel. Note preformative and long i ה ח ר יד under BDB 353a. (8:13).י שׁוּב Pay attention to the accent and how you read this. Compare ו יּ שׁ ב 751a. ascent under BDB = מ ע ל ה name. Place ח ר ס 2 מלמעלה החרס (8:14) suffix. = verb + object ו יּ שׁ א ל הוּ 2 a-a prb crrp, * απο αναβασεως Αρες = מ מּ ח which means probably a?ה An extra?ל corruption, Septuagint has from the ascent of Ares. An extra

8 8 old; elder under BDB 278b. Notice the = ז ק ן suffix. = noun + possessive ז ק נ יה vowel changes from ז ק ן to ז ק נ י ה. Exactly what the short vowel chart describes. An important question is who is the subject of י כ תּ ב?ו Think about the significance of that. Who wrote? And who was supposed to be able to read what was written? Very important. This is a topic in which I have some interest. man. Note the syntax. Seventy and seven (fem!) שׁ ב ע ים ו שׁ ב ע ה א ישׁ (8:15) 357b. = Piel reproach under BDB חרף Pretty easy verse. Just go back to your notes for verses 4-6. (8:16) Form? PGN? Notice the o vowel after the prefix/preformative which ו יּ ד ע indicates what? Kittel verb trick #H3 except this is a final guttural verb and a wayyiqtol form so instead of i class we have an a class vowel. 3 Interesting phrase. Literally and he made them know, the וידע בהם את אנשׁי סכות (8:17) men of Sukkoth. Perhaps וידע similar to English and he showed them = taught them a lesson = punished them. Which is how many modern translations take this. Ouch. Harsh. (8:18) 3 a l ו יּ ד שׁ cf GSV et 7. Read and he threshed, compare Septuagint, Peshitta, Vulgate, and verse 7. What do you think? Some scribe misread ו ידשׁ as וידע and somehow came up with vowels that make some sense?

9 9 kind? where? under BDB 33a. Only here to express what = א יפ ה name. Place ת בוֹר before some suffixes כ = preposition + pronominal suffix. The preposition כ מוֹ ך shows a longer form מוֹ.כ Note next word מוֹה ם.כ Review pronominal suffixes at Isbell outline, form under BDB 1061a. We first met this word way back in = תּ א ר Genesis 41. Literally one/each like appearance (of) (the) sons (of) the אחד כתאר בני המל ך king. (8:19) number? so the noun is what י not י = noun + possessive suffix. Note א ח י Review Isbell 138. Memorize the suffixes of singular and plural nouns right now. Literally my brothers, sons of my mother, they. This is what we אחי בני אמי הם call a nominal clause. No verb necessary. 530a. (conjunction) if, oh that under BDB = לוּא or לוּ = חיה preformative. ה Note.ה ח י A little tricky. Form? PGN? That leaves ה ח י ת ם Hiphil preserve alive, let live; revive under BDB 311b. live. Literally if you let them לו החיתם אותם Very important. This is a contrary to fact לו החיתם אותם לא הרגתם אתכם conditional clause. In Ancient Greek and in English you use the past not present tense to express this. If you had let them live then I would not kill you.

10 10 (8:20) As opposed to: If you have let them live then I will not kill you. Which leaves open the possibility. In this verse we see Biblical Hebrew use the perfect form to express contrary to fact conditional. If x then y but we know that x is not the case and y is not going to happen. Note on grammar/syntax This is called the conditional perfect used in protasis ( if clause) of an unreal conditional ל א לוּ clause or unfulfilled desire clause. Unreal clauses also can begin with.לוּא name. At first I thought rest, remainder but no this is a Personal י ת ר 114a. first-born under BDB = בּ כוֹר earlier. draw out, off under BDB 1025a. We saw this verb = שׁלף = noun + possessive suffix. A little tricky because of what happens to ח ר בּוֹ segholate nouns like ח ר ב with a suffix. The original form of the noun. = adverb + heavy pronominal suffix. Robert Hetzron explained and predicted עוֹד נּוּ this in his article. We should see heavy suffixes after words that originally ended in short u or i and never after words that ended in short a or nothing. Comparing to Arabic we can guess that adverbs in Biblical Hebrew originally ended in short i. boy. Literally because afraid because still he a כי ירא כי עודנו נער (8:21) 803a. meet, encounter, reach; fall upon under BDB = פגע

11 11 150a. strength, might under BDB = ג בוּר ה rare. moon, crescent (plural only) under BDB 962a. Very = שׂ ה רוֹן 848a. neck, back of neck under BDB = צ וּ אר (8:22) Hopefully you are starting to get the hang of spotting this form. Compare מ שׁ ל help? Does that.ת מ שׁ ל where we would expect ו preformative and ה = verb + object suffix. Note הוֹשׁ ע תּ נוּ first root letter. Very common stem but if you need help save yourself some grief and look under BDB 446a. (8:23) Very important verse in terms of the political theology of ancient Israel. (8:24) inquire ask, = שׁאל Qal? Form? Indication of other than.ה Note final א שׁ א ל ה under BDB 981a. 982b. request, thing asked for under BDB = שׁ א ל ה Rare. ring (always of gold) under BDB 633b. = נ ז ם 1021b. prey, spoil, plunder under BDB = שׁ ל ל = preposition + suffix. Remember in Biblical Hebrew you do not normally say ל ה ם someone has something. You say something (is) to that someone.

12 12 Plural gentilic. We met these people way back at the end of Genesis י שׁ מ ע אל ים 39. I don t entirely understand what Gideon is saying. Apparently these people were known for having such things. (8:25) We don t see this form very often. Note it is immediately followed by finite נ תוֹן.נ תּ ן verb 831a. spread out, spread under BDB = פרשׂ 971a. wrapper, mantle; garment under BDB = שׂ מ ל ה 1020b. = Hiphil throw, fling, cast under BDB שׁל ך suffix. appears with מ Note that an original geminate.ה = adverb + directional שׁ מּ ה (8:26) 1054a. weight under BDB = מ שׁ ק ל Literally 1000 and 7 hundred gold. One thousand seven אלף ושׁבע מאות זהב hundred what of gold? Given משׁקל we can assume shekels. Note the syntax. d. We are used to this meaning alone. Look carefully under BDB 94b. ל ב ד followed by מ ן it becomes a prep., apart from, besides. So what follows is in addition to the 1700 shekels of gold. rare. drop, pendant under BDB 643a. Very = נ ט יפ ה garment, covering under BDB 93b. Note the masculine plural construct of = ב ג ד.ב ג ד י Plural construct ב ג ד ים Plural ב ג ד a segholate noun. Singular

13 13 71a. purple, red-purple under BDB = א ר גּ מ ן This is not Standard.א שׁ ר alongside שׁ Notice again the relative particle שׁ ע ל Biblical Hebrew! neck; necklace, neck-pendant under BDB 778b. Are you getting tired of = ע נ ק these rare vocabulary words? They can be a little exhausting. (8:27) ephod under BDB 65a. Which isn t super helpful. Generally a garment = א פוֹד worn by priests. Perhaps also? sometimes? a kind of breast-plate. Form? PGN? Hard part is identifying root and conjugation. Note the a under ו יּ צּ ג prefix and i class vowel after second(?) root letter. That takes care of conjugation. Looks like נצג but apparently יצג.יצג = Hiphil set, place under BDB 426b. For some reason this stem the 1st י assimilates to second root letter. LaSor has a note just on this: Some יצכ verbs (i.e. verbs beginning with (יצ form a special class of יככ verbs. יצכ In this class yod is consonantal and assimilated as if it were a nun. Sometimes verbs are listed as נככ [1 st [נ with confusion in lexical arrangement. (Handbook of Biblical Hebrew, volume 2, section 29.34) There are apparently six such יצכ verbs in Biblical Hebrew יצא is an exception. Form? PGN? Where is the third root letter? Kittel neat verb trick #4 for the ו יּ ז נוּ win. זנה = commit fornication, be a harlot under BDB 275b. Wait what??? Your.מקשׁ = preposition + noun. A little tricky to find in BDB. First you try ל מוֹק שׁ next thought should be מ is a noun preformative so the first root letter must be מוֹק שׁ.י = bait, lure; snare under BDB 430b.

14 14 (8:28) letter. Form? PGN? Note three full vowels and strong dagesh in first(?) root ו יּ כּ נ ע 488a. = Niphal humble oneself under BDB כנע add under BDB 414b. Often used in conjunction with another verb to = יסף express do again. = preposition + verb. Tough one. Remember 1 st weak and 3 rd weak verbs ל שׂ את infinitive construct ends in. ת More specifically 3 rd weak end in. וֹת This is a very common verb and you want to learn this form now. Literally and they did not add to lift their head = they did ולא יספו לשׂאת ראשׁם not raise their head again. 1052b. be quiet, undisturbed under BDB = שׁקט tens. 40. Notice the plural ending for the = א ר בּ ע ים (8:29) name. Personal י ר בּ ע ל (8:30) pattern except written defectively and the tsere has כוֹכ כ Note the typical י צ א י reduced to shwa. 437b. thigh, loin, side, base under BDB = י ר ך 5. See verse נ שׁ ים what??? much, many, great under BDB 912b. Wait = ר ב

15 15 (8:31) concubine under BDB 811a. Quite possibly a Greek word. One of my = פ יל ג שׁ first papers in graduate school was on loanwords in Hebrew. If there are Greek loanwords in Hebrew it raises questions about when and how such words entered ancient Hebrew. name. Place שׁ כ ם here. Form? PGN? Kittel neat verb trick #2 works ו יּ שׂ ם that. Personal name. Almost don t need to tell you א ב ימ ל ך (8:32) 966b. hoary head, old age under BDB = שׂ יב ה 868a. = Niphal be buried under BDB קבר 868b. grave, sepulcher under BDB = ק ר ב (8:33) again. with another verb can mean do x שׁוב וישׁובו בני ישׂראל Apparently the name of the deity. Older translations and Septuagint ב ע ל ב ר ית treat this as a covenant (with) Baal. (8:34) 269b. remember under BDB = זכר preformative. מ and ה Great form to practice analyzing verbs. Note article ה מּ צּ יל Note also a and long i vowel. Where is the first(?) root letter? Participle with definite article ה by definition is being used substantively (as a noun).

16 16 be hostile to under = איב pattern. כוֹכ כ = noun + possessive suffix. Note א י ב יה ם BDB 33a. The participle is often translated like a noun enemy. = preposition + preposition. West Semitic languages often use compound מ סּ ב יב prepositions. Literally from around. (8:35) goodness, kindness under BDB 338b. That s a rather weak translation for = ח ס ד one of the most important words in the Hebrew Bible. More like committed, constant, faithful love.