JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST SEMITIC LANGUAGES
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1 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST SEMITIC LANGUAGES VOLUME 36/ EDITORS: J COOK P A KRUGER I CORNELIUS C H J VAN DER MERWE VOLUME EDITOR: C H J VAN DER MERWE at the University of Stellenbosch South Africa Editorial Board: Jan Joosten (Strassbourg), Meir Malul (Haifa), Cynthia Miller-Naudé (Bloemfontein), Jackie Naudé (Bloemfontein), Herbert Niehr (Tübingen), Hermann-Josef Stipp (München), Ernst Wendland (Lusaka), Arie van der Kooij (Leiden) Department of Ancient Studies University of Stellenbosch
2 The Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages (ISSN ) is published half-yearly JNSL is an accredited South African journal. It publishes peer reviewed research articles on the Ancient Near East. As part of the peer review policy all contributions are refereed before publication by scholars who are recognised as experts in the particular field of study. Contributions and books for review should be sent to The Editor: JNSL Department of Ancient Studies University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1, Matieland, ZA-7602 SOUTH AFRICA Fax +27 (0) Subscriptions should be sent to the same address but marked as Subscription: JNSL Copyright Department of Ancient Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, SOUTH AFRICA House rules Articles submitted for publication must be according to the house rules on the homepage JNSL homepage (house rules, contents, subscription) ORDER FORM: Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages Enter me as a subscriber to the JNSL I enclose the correct amount due Per Invoice $ Booksellers - 30 % Name... Address Postal code... For further subscription information: to cyster@sun.ac.za or write to The Editor, JNSL, Department of Ancient Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa, 7602 or fax to +27 (0)
3 CONTENTS Editorial Dedication to Philip J Nel i-iii Articles Jacobus A Naudé, Linguistic Dating of Biblical Hebrew 1-22 Texts: The Chronology and Typology Debate Jaqueline S du Toit and Jason Kalman, Albright s Legacy? Homogeneity in the Introduction of the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Public א ז Yigal Bloch, The Prefixed Perfective in the Construction and its Later Replacement by the Long י ק ט ל Prefixed Verbal Form: A Syntactic and Text- Critical Analysis Gideon Kotzé, Short Notes on the Value of the Septuagint and Vulgate for the Interpretation of Lamentations 1:1 Michael B Shepherd, Hebrew Acrostic Poems and Their Vocabulary Stock Christo H J van der Merwe and Ernst R Wendland, Marked Word Order in the Book of Joel Book List 131 Addresses of Contributors 133
4 Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/2 (2010) Jacobus A Naudé (University of the Free State, Bloemfontein) LINGUISTIC DATING OF BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS: THE CHRONOLOGY AND TYPOLOGY DEBATE ABSTRACT Hurvitz (1997, 1999, 2000, 2006) argues that the language of Samuel-Kings represents a typologically older Hebrew than the language of Chronicles. To demonstrate that the typological difference reflects a genuine chronological difference, Hurvitz relies on externally dated evidence for the Hebrew language. Many scholars believe linguistic evidence precludes any attempt to date biblical literature to the Persian or later eras. In opposition, Young, et al. (2009) claim that data used to distinguish pre-exilic from post-exilic Hebrew are merely manifestations of synchronic styles available both to exilic and to post-exilic authors. This paper aims to further the debate in the light of functional and formal approaches to language change, e.g. Fischer (2007). Jaqueline S du Toit (University of the Free State) & Jason Kalman (Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati and University of the Free State) ALBRIGHT S LEGACY? HOMOGENEITY IN THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS TO THE PUBLIC ABSTRACT This article contextualizes the three introductions written by Cave 4 editorial team members in the 1950s in relation to two little known introductions by the Canadian scholar, R B Y Scott, and the South African, Charles Fensham. The purpose is to reflect on the homogeneity in how Dead Sea Scroll scholarship in the first twenty-five years, after discovery, was presented in popular introductions despite broad diversity in scholarly literature of the same period. The recent work by Ullmann-Margalit (2006) points to the insider / outsider status of scholars and the effect this had on the authoritative nature of the standard Essene Hypothesis. But, it is argued, Albright s influence, even more than any insider status awarded the Cave 4 editorial
5 team, dictated the alignment of introductions to the Dead Sea Scrolls and demanded the broader dissemination of scholarly research of this important twentieth century discovery for the public. Yigal Bloch (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) THE PREFIXED PERFECTIVE IN THE CONSTRUCTION א ז י ק ט ל AND ITS LATER REPLACEMENT BY THE LONG PREFIXED VERBAL FORM: A SYNTACTIC AND TEXT-CRITICAL ANALYSIS ABSTRACT This study argues that the construction א ז י ק ט ל signifying past situations in Biblical Hebrew had originally employed the short prefixed verbal form (*yaqṭul), which was replaced by the long prefixed verbal form (*yaqṭulu) during the transmission of the text of the biblical books in the Second Temple period. The origin of the prefixed form in the construction א ז י ק ט ל signifying past situations is established based on the argument that on contextual grounds, this construction must have had perfective meaning (which was originally expressed by the short prefixed form), as well as on אז,אז ישר in the Masoretic Text, and א ז י ר ד,א ז י ק ה ל the evidence of the constructions in the Samaritan Pentateuch. Finally, an explanation, based on the history of יבדל transmission of the biblical text, is offered for the prevalence of long prefixed forms in the construction א ז י ק ט ל in the Masoretic Text.
6 Gideon Kotzé (University of Stellenbosch) SHORT NOTES ON THE VALUE OF THE SEPTUAGINT AND VULGATE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF LAMENTATIONS 1:1 ABSTRACT Modern-day commentaries and the ancient translations exhibit different interpretations of the two occurrences of the word רבתי in Lamentations 1:1. Although the principle of Biblia Hebraica Quinta is to include readings from the versions that are significant for exegesis, at Lamentations 1:1 the critical apparatus is silent on the interpretations of רבתי in the ancient translations. This raises the question whether the value of ancient translations for the interpretation of the Hebrew Bible can adequately be determined on the basis of variants that are selected for inclusion in critical apparatuses. The present contribution provides short notes on the Greek and Latin translations of Lamentations 1:1 and points to the unique contributions of both to the exegesis of the verse. ABSTRACT Michael B Shepherd (Louisiana College) HEBREW ACROSTIC POEMS AND THEIR VOCABULARY STOCK The present article offers a survey and exposition of the acrostic poems in the Hebrew Bible. It also draws attention to the limited vocabulary stock within these poems for the representation of the letters of the alphabet. Current explanations of the purpose for the Hebrew acrostic poem in antiquity do not account for this phenomenon.
7 Christo H J van der Merwe and Ernst R Wendland (University of Stellenbosch) MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL ABSTRACT The function of BH word order (or more specifically clause constituent order) patterns has received considerable attention during the last two decades. Recently, Lunn (2006) provided an innovative explanation of how the relative frequently occurring instances of fronting and double fronting in poetic texts could be explained. In this paper marked constituent order patterns in the book of Joel are analyzed in terms of the information structure of the strophes and stanzas in which they occur in order to determine whether Lunn s model also applies to the poetry of the book Joel. Using their own semantic-pragmatic model for explaining constituent order, the authors establish that, on the one hand their findings concur with those of Lunn, but on the other hand, they do not need to resort to the uniquely poetic principles formulated by Lunn.
8 Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 36/2 (2010), pp C H J van der Merwe and E R Wendland (University of Stellenbosch) MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL. 135
9 136 VAN DER MERWE AND WENDLAND RV1 APPENDIX 1.1a דּ ב ר י הו ה ה י ה א שׁ ר א ל יוֹא ל בּ ן פּ תוּא ל 1.1aR PART ONE ( ) Oracle I (1.2-20) Stanza A (1.2-14) The prophet calls all Judeans to lament over a national disaster, and then summons the priests to initiate a collective public reaction V1 שׁ מ עוּ ז את ה זּ ק נ ים 1.2a V2 ו ה א ז ינוּ כּ ל יוֹשׁ ב י ה א ר ץ 1.2b V3 ה ה י ת ה זּ את בּ ימ יכ ם 1.2c Ve1 ו א ם בּ ימ י א ב ת יכ ם 1.2d V4 FF1 CF + CF ע ל יה ל ב נ יכ ם ס פּ רוּ 1.3a Ve2>CF וּב נ יכ ם ל ב נ יה ם 1.3b Ve3>CF וּב נ יה ם ל ד וֹר א ח ר 1.3c V5 F1 T 1 י ת ר ה גּ ז ם א כ ל ה א ר בּ ה 1.4a V6 F2 T 2 ו י ת ר ה א ר בּ ה א כ ל ה יּ ל ק 1.4b V7 F3 T 3 ו י ת ר ה יּ ל ק א כ ל ה ח ס יל 1.4c יוֹ V8 ה ק יצוּ שׁ כּוֹר י ם 1.5a V9 וּב כ וּ 1.5b V10 ו ה יל לוּ כּ ל שׁ ת י י י ן ע ל ע ס יס 1.5c V11 cv1 כּ י נ כ ר ת מ פּ יכ ם 1.5d V12 F4 SF cv2 כּ י ג ע ל ה ע ל א ר צ י ע צ וּם ו א ין מ ס פּ ר 1.6a N1 שׁ נּ יו שׁ נּ י א ר י ה 1.6b N2 וּ מ ת לּ ע וֹת ל ב יא לוֹ 1.6c V13 שׂ ם גּ פ נ י ל שׁ מּ ה 1.7a Ve5 וּת א נ ת י ל ק צ פ ה 1.7b V14 ח שׂ ף ח שׂ פ הּ 1.7c V15 ו ה שׁ ל י ך 1.7d V16 ה ל בּ ינוּ שׂ ר יג י ה 1.7e V17 V18 V19 א ל י כּ ב תוּל ה ח ג ר ת שׂ ק ע ל בּ ע ל נ עוּר י ה 1.8 ה כ ר ת מ נ ח ה ו נ ס ך מ בּ ית י הו ה 1.9a א ב לוּ ה כּ ה נ ים מ שׁ ר ת י י הו ה 1.9b
10 MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL 137 V20 שׁ דּ ד שׂ ד ה 1.10a V21 א ב ל ה א ד מ ה 1.10b V22 cv3 כּ י שׁ דּ ד דּ ג ן 1.10c V23 הוֹב ישׁ תּ יר וֹשׁ 1.10d V24 א מ ל ל י צ ה ר 1.10e V25 ה ב ישׁוּ א כּ ר ים 1.11a V26 ה יל ילוּ כּ ר מ ים ע ל ח טּ ה וע ל שׂ ע ר ה 1.11b V27 cv4 כּ י א ב ד ק צ יר שׂ ד ה 1.11c V28 F5 T 4 ה גּ פ ן הוֹב ישׁ ה 1.12a V29 F6 T 5 ו ה תּ א נ ה א מ ל ל ה 1.12b V30 F7 CF 1 ר מּ וֹן גּ ם תּ מ ר ו ת פּ וּח כּ ל ע צ י ה שּׂ ד ה י ב שׁוּ 1.12c V31 cv5 כּ י ה ב ישׁ שׂ שׂ וֹן מ ן בּ נ י א ד ם ס 1.12d V32 ח ג ר וּ 1.13a V33 ו ס פ ד וּ ה כּ ה נ ים 1.13b V34 ה יל ילוּ מ שׁ ר ת י מ ז בּ ח 1.13c V35 בּ אוּ 1.13d V36 ל ינוּ ב שּׂ קּ ים מ שׁ ר ת י א לה י 1.13e V37 cv6 כּ י נ מ נ ע מ בּ ית א לה יכ ם מ נ ח ה ו נ ס ך 1.13f V38 ק דּ שׁוּ צוֹ ם 1.14a V39 ק ר א וּ ע צ ר ה 1.14b V40 א ס פ וּ ז ק נ ים כּ ל י שׁ ב י ה א ר ץ בּ ית י הו ה א לה יכ ם 1.14c V41 ו ז ע ק וּ א ל י הו ה 1.14d Stanza B ( ) A prayer of lamentation to the Lord: please respond, O Lord! N3 א ה הּ ל יּ וֹם 1.15a N4 PF 1 cn1 כּ י ק רוֹ ב י וֹם י הו ה 1.15b V42 F8 CF 2 וּ כ שׁ ד מ שׁ דּ י י ב וֹא 1.15c V43FF2 ה ל וֹא נ ג ד ע ינ ינוּ א כ ל נ כ ר ת 1.16a Ve6 מ בּ ית א לה ינוּ שׂ מ ח ה ו ג יל 1.16b V44 V45 V46 ע ב שׁ וּ פ ר ד וֹת תּ ח ת מ ג ר פ ת יה ם 1.17a נ שׁ מּוּ א צ ר וֹת 1.17b נ ה ר ס וּ מ מּ ג ר וֹת 1.17c
11 138 VAN DER MERWE AND WENDLAND V47 cv7 כּ י ה ב ישׁ דּ ג ן 1.17d V48 F9 def 1 מ ה נּ א נ ח ה ב ה מ ה 1.18a V49 נ ב כוּ ע ד ר י ב ק ר 1.18b N5 cn2 כּ י א ין מ ר ע ה ל ה ם 1.18c V50 F10 CF 3 גּ ם ע ד ר י ה צּאן נ א שׁ מוּ 1.18d V51 F11 CF 4 א ל י ך י הו ה א ק ר א 1.19a V52 F12 CF 5 cv8 כּ י א שׁ א כ ל ה נ א וֹת מ ד בּ ר 1.19b V53 F13 CF 6 ו ל ה ב ה ל ה ט ה כּ ל ע צ י ה שּׂ ד ה 1.19c V54 F14 CF 7 גּ ם בּ ה מ וֹת שׂ ד ה תּ ע ר וֹג א ל י ך 1.20a V55 cv9 כּ י י ב שׁ וּ א פ יק י מ י ם 1.20b V56 F15 CF 8 ו א שׁ א כ ל ה נ א וֹת ה מּ ד בּ ר פ 1.20c Oracle II (2.1-17) Stanza C (2.1-11) A fearsome invading army announces the arrival of the awesome day of Yahweh V57 תּ ק ע וּ שׁוֹפ ר בּ צ יּ וֹן 2.1a V58 ו ה ר יעוּ בּ ה ר ק ד שׁ י 2.1b V59 י ר גּ ז וּ כּ ל י שׁ ב י ה א ר ץ 2.1c N6 PF 2 c12n3part כּ י ב א יוֹם י הו ה 2.1d Ne1 PF 3 cn4 כּ י ק ר וֹב 2.1e ן י וֹם ח שׁ ך ו א פ ל ה י וֹם ע נ ו ע ר פ ל 2.2 כּ שׁ ח ר פּ ר שׂ ע ל ה ה ר ים ע ם ר ב ו ע צ וּם 2.2a כּ מ הוּ לא נ ה י ה מ ן ה עוֹל ם 2.2b ו א ח ר יו לא יוֹס ף ע ד שׁ נ י דּ וֹר ו ד וֹר 2.2c N7 PF 4 V60 F16 T 6 V61 F17 T 7 V62 F18 T 8 V63 F19 T 9 N8 CF 1 Ne2 V64 F20 CF 9 ל פ נ יו א כ ל ה א שׁ 2.3a ו א ח ר יו תּ ל ה ט ל ה ב ה 2.3b כּ ג ן ע ד ן ה א ר ץ ל פ נ יו 2.3c ו א ח ר יו מ ד בּ ר שׁ מ מ ה 2.3d ו ג ם פּ ל יט ה ל א ה י ת ה לּוֹ 2.3e N9 PF 5 כּ מ ר א ה סוּס ים מ ר א הוּ 2.4a V65 FF 3 CF 10 וּכ פ ר שׁ ים כּ ן י רוּצ וּן 2.4b V66 F21 CF 11 כּ ק וֹל מ ר כּ ב וֹת ע ל ר אשׁ י ה ה ר ים י ר קּ ד וּן 2.5a Ne3>CF כּ קוֹל ל ה ב א שׁ א כ ל ה ק שׁ 2.5b
12 MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL 139 Ne4>CF כּ ע ם ע צ וּם ע ר וּ ך מ ל ח מ ה 2.5c V67 F22 CF 12 V68 F23 CF 13 V69 F24 CF 14 V70 F25 CF 15 V71 FF4 CF + CF V72 V73 F26 + CF 16 V74 FF5 CF + CF V75 F27 CF 17 V76 V77 F28 T 10 V78 F29 T 11 V79 F30 T 12 V80 F31 T 13 מ פּ נ יו י ח ילוּ ע מּ ים 2.6a כּ ל פּ נ ים ק בּ צ וּ פ אר וּר 2.6b כּ ג בּוֹר ים י ר צ וּן 2.7a כּ א נ שׁ י מ ל ח מ ה י ע ל וּ חוֹמ ה 2.7b ו א ישׁ בּ ד ר כ י ו י ל כ וּן 2.7c ו לא י ע בּ ט וּן א ר חוֹת ם 2.7d ו א ישׁ א ח י ו לא י ד ח ק וּן 2.8a גּ ב ר בּ מ ס לּ תוֹ י ל כ וּן 2.8b וּ ב ע ד ה שּׁ ל ח י פּ לוּ 2.8c לא י ב צ עוּ 2.8d בּ ע יר י שׁ קּוּ 2.9a בּ חוֹמ ה י ר צוּן 2.9b בּ בּ תּ ים י ע לוּ 2.9c ע ד ה ח לּוֹנ ים י ב אוּ כּ גּ נּ ב בּ 2.9d ו V81 F32 T 14 ל פ נ יו ר ג ז ה א ר ץ 2.10a V82 ר ע שׁ וּ שׁ מ י ם 2.10b V83 F33 T 15 שׁ מ שׁ ו י ר ח ק ד רוּ 2.10c V84 F34 T 16 ו כוֹכ ב ים א ס פ וּ נ ג ה ם 2.10d V85 F35 CF 18 יהו ה נ ת ן קוֹלוֹ ל פ נ י ח יל וֹ 2.11a N10 PF 6 cn5 כּ י ר ב מ א ד מ ח נ הוּ 2.11b N11 PF 7 cn6 כּ י ע צ וּם ע שׂ ה ד ב ר וֹ 2.11c N12 PF 8 cn7 כּ י ג ד וֹל יוֹם י הו ה 2.11d Ne5>PF ו נוֹר א מ א ד 2.11e V86 F36 def 2 וּמ י י כ יל נּוּ 2.11f Stanza D ( ) The LORD summons his people to repentance V87 F37 CF 19 ו ג ם ע תּ ה נ א ם י הו ה שׁ בוּ ע ד י בּ כ ל ל ב ב כ ם וּב צ וֹם וּב ב כ י וּב מ ס פּ ד 2.12 V88 ו ק ר ע וּ ל ב ב כ ם 2.13a Ve7 ו א ל בּ ג ד יכ ם 2.13b V89 ו שׁ וּבוּ א ל י הו ה א ל ה יכ ם 2.13c N13 PF 9 cn8 כּ י ח נּ וּן ו ר חוּם ה וּא א ר ך א פּ י ם ו ר ב ח ס ד 2.13d Ne6>PF ו נ ח ם ע ל ה ר ע ה 2.13e N14 part1 מ י יוֹד ע 2.14a
13 140 VAN DER MERWE AND WENDLAND V90 י שׁ וּב 2.14b V91 ו נ ח ם 2.14bc V92 ו ה שׁ א יר א ח ר יו בּ ר כ ה מ נ ח ה ו נ ס ך ל יהו ה א לה יכ ם פ 2.14d ן V93 תּ ק ע וּ שׁוֹפ ר בּ צ יּ וֹן 2.15a V94 ק דּ שׁוּ צ וֹם 2.15b V95 ק ר א וּ ע צ ר ה 2.15c V96 א ס פוּ ע ם 2.16a V97 ק דּ שׁ וּ ק ה ל 2.16b V98 ק ב צ וּ ז ק נ ים 2.16c V99 א ס פוּ ע וֹל ל ים ו י נ ק י שׁ ד י ם 2.16d V100 י צ א ח ת מ ח ד ר וֹ 2.16e Ve8 ו כ לּ ה מ ח פּ ת הּ 2.16f V101 F38 CF 20 בּ ין ה אוּל ם ו ל מּ ז בּ ח י ב כּ וּ ה כּ ה נ ים מ שׁ ר ת י י הו ה 2.17a V102 ו י אמ ר וּ 2.17b V103 ח וּס ה י הו ה ע ל ע מּ ך 2.17c V104 ו א ל תּ תּ ן נ ח ל ת ך ל ח ר פּ ה ל מ שׁ ל בּ ם גּוֹי ם 2.17d V105 F39 def 3 ל מּ ה י אמ ר וּ ב ע מּ ים 2.17e N15 א יּ ה א לה יה ם 2.17f ו י ק נּ א י הו ה ל א ר צ וֹ 2.18a ו יּ ח מ ל ע ל ע מּ וֹ 2.18b ו יּ ע ן י הו ה 2.19a ו יּ אמ ר ל ע מּ וֹ 2.19b PART TWO ( ) THE LORD RESPONDED BY PITYING HIS PEOPLE Oracle I (2:18-32) Stanza A (2:18-27) The Lord promises to restore his people V106 V107 V108 V109 ן ה נ נ י שׁ ל ח ל כ ם א ת ה דּ ג ו ה תּ יר וֹשׁ ו ה יּ צ ה ר 2.19c וּשׂ ב ע תּ ם א ת וֹ 2.19d ו ל א א תּ ן א ת כ ם ע וֹד ח ר פּ ה בּ גּוֹי ם 2.19e ו א ת ה צּ פוֹנ י א ר ח יק מ ע ל יכ ם 2.20a ו ה דּ ח תּ יו א ל ה יּ ם ה א ח ר וֹן א ל א ר ץ צ יּ ה וּשׁ מ מ ה א ת פּ נ יו א ל ה יּ ם ה קּ ד מ נ י ו ס פ וֹ N16 part2 V110 V111 V112 F40 T 17 V113 V114 V b וֹ ו ע ל ה ב א שׁ וֹ 2.20c ו ת ע ל צ ח נ ת 2.20d
14 MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL 141 כּ י ה ג דּ יל ל ע שׂ וֹת V116 cv e V117 א ל תּ יר א י א ד מ ה 2.21a V118 גּ יל י 2.21b V119 וּשׂ מ ח י 2.21c V120 cv11 כּ י ה ג דּ יל י הו ה ל ע שׂ וֹת 2.21d V121 א ל תּ יר אוּ בּ ה מ וֹת שׂ ד י 2.22a V122 cv12 כּ י ד שׁ א וּ נ א וֹת מ ד בּ ר 2.22b V123 F41 T 18cV13 כּ י ע ץ נ שׂ א פ ר י וֹ 2.22c V124 F42 T 19 תּ א נ ה ו ג פ ן נ ת נ וּ ח יל ם 2.22d 2.23a וּב נ י צ יּ וֹן גּ ילוּ V125 F43 T 20 (voc) V126 ו שׂ מ חוּ בּ יהו ה א ל ה יכ ם 2.23b V127 cv14 כּ י נ ת ן ל כ ם א ת ה מּוֹר ה ל צ ד ק ה 2.23c V128 ו יּ וֹר ד ל כ ם גּ שׁ ם מוֹר ה וּמ ל ק וֹשׁ בּ ר אשׁ וֹן 2.23d וּמ ל א וּ ה גּ ר נ וֹת בּ ר 2.24a ו ה שׁ יקוּ ה י ק ב ים תּ יר וֹשׁ ו י צ ה ר 2.24b V129 V130 י V131 ו שׁ לּ מ תּ י ל כ ם א ת ה שּׁ נ ים 2.25a Rv2 א שׁ ר א כ ל ה א ר בּ ה ה יּ ל ק ו ה ח ס יל ו ה גּ ז ם ח יל ה גּ ד וֹל 2.25aR Rv3 א שׁ ר 2.25aRR שׁ לּ ח תּ י בּ כ ם V132 ו א כ ל תּ ם א כוֹל ו שׂ ב וֹ ע 2.26a V133 ו ה לּ ל תּ ם א ת שׁ ם י הו ה א ל ה יכ ם 2.26b Rv4 א שׁ ר ע שׂ ה ע מּ כ ם ל ה פ ל יא 2.26bR V134 ו ל א י ב שׁוּ ע מּ י ל עוֹל ם 2.26c V135 ו יד ע תּ ם 2.27a N17 PF 10 cn9 כּ י ב ק ר ב י שׂ ר א ל א נ י 2.27b N18 ו א נ י י הו ה א לה יכ ם 2.27c N19 ו א ין ע וֹד 2.27d V136 ו ל א י ב שׁוּ ע מּ י ל עוֹל ם ס 2.27e Stanza B (3:1-5) The Lord promises to renew his people V137 ו ה י ה א ח ר י כ ן 3.1a V138 א שׁ פּ וֹ ך א ת רוּח ע ל כּ ל בּ שׂ ר 3.1b V139 ו נ בּ א וּ בּ נ יכ ם וּב נ וֹת יכ ם 3.1c
15 142 VAN DER MERWE AND WENDLAND י V140 FF6 T +? ז ק נ יכ ם ח למ וֹת י ח למ וּן 3.1d V141 FF7 T +? בּ ח וּר יכ ם ח ז י נ וֹת י ר א וּ 3.1e V142 FF8 CF ו ג ם ע ל ה ע ב ד ים ו ע ל ה שּׁ פ ח וֹת בּ יּ מ ים ה ה מּ ה א שׁ פּ וֹ ך א ת רוּח י Paren. V143 ו נ ת תּ מ וֹפ ת ים בּ שּׁ מ י ם וּב א ר ץ דּ ם ו א שׁ ו ת ימ ר וֹת ע שׁ ן 3.3 V144 F44 T 21 ה שּׁ מ שׁ י ה פ ך ל ח שׁ ך 3.4a Ve9 ו ה יּ ר ח ל ד ם 3.4b 3.4bI ו ה י ה 3.5a כּ ל 3.5b א שׁ ר י ק ר א 3.5bR י מּ ל ט 3.5b ל פ נ י בּ וֹא י וֹם בּ שׁ ם י הו ה י הו ה ה גּ ד וֹל ו ה נּוֹר א V145 V146 F45 CF 21 Rv5 V147 F46 CF c כּ י בּ ה ר צ יּ וֹן וּב ירוּשׁ ל ם תּ ה י ה פ ל יט ה cv15 Rv6 כּ א שׁ ר א מ ר י הו ה 3.5d Ne7 וּב שּׂ ר יד ים 3.5e RN part א שׁ ר י הו ה ק ר א 3.5f Oracle II (4:1-21) י Stanza C (4:1-12) The Lord will gather all nations for judgement cv16 כּ י ה נּ ה בּ יּ מ ים ה ה מּ ה וּב ע ת ה ה יא 4.1aP Rv7 א שׁ ר א שׁוּב א ת שׁ ב וּת י הוּד ה ו ירוּשׁ ל ם 4.1aPR V148 ו ק בּ צ תּ א ת כּ ל ה גּוֹי ם 4.2a V149 ו ה וֹר ד תּ ים א ל ע מ ק י ה וֹשׁ פ ט 4.2b V150 ו נ שׁ פּ ט תּ י ע מּ ם שׁ ם ע ל ע מּ י ו נ ח ל ת י י שׂ ר א ל 4.2c Rv8 א שׁ ר פּ זּ ר וּ ב גּוֹי ם 4.2cR V151 F47 T 22 ו א ת א ר צ י ח לּ קוּ 4.2d V152 F48 T 23 ו א ל ע מּ י י דּ וּ גוֹר ל 4.3a V153 ו יּ תּ נ וּ ה יּ ל ד בּ זּוֹנ ה 4.3b V154 F49 T 24 ו ה יּ ל דּ ה מ כ ר וּ ב יּ י ן 4.3c V155 ו יּ שׁ תּ וּ 4.3d N20 N21 part3 (with fronted י ו ג ם 4.4 מ ה א תּ ם ל צ ר ו צ יד וֹן ו כ ל גּ ל יל וֹת פּ ל שׁ ת 4.4a ה גּ מ וּל א תּ ם מ שׁ לּ מ ים ע ל י 4.4b
16 MARKED WORD ORDER IN THE BOOK OF JOEL 143 constituent) N22 part4 V156 F50 CF 23 Rv9 F51 T 25 Rv10 (syndetic) F52 T 26 V157 F53 T 27 ו א ם גּ מ ל ים א תּ ם ע ל י 4.4c ק ל מ ה ר ה א שׁ יב גּ מ ל כ ם בּ ר אשׁ כ ם 4.4d א שׁ ר כּ ס פּ י וּז ה ב י ל ק ח תּ ם 4.5vR1 4.5vR2 וּ מ ח מ דּ י ה טּ ב ים ה ב את ם ל ה יכ ל יכ ם וּב נ י י הוּד ה וּב נ י י רוּשׁ ל ם מ כ ר תּ ם ל ב נ י ה יּ ו נ ים 4.6a ל מ ע ן ה ר ח י ק ם מ ע ל גּ בוּל ם 4.6aI N23 part5 Rv11 V158 V159 V160 V161 F54 CF 24 cv17 ה נ נ י מ ע יר ם מ ן ה מּ ק וֹם 4.7a א שׁ ר מ כ ר תּ ם א ת ם שׁ מּ ה 4.7aR ו ה שׁ ב ת י ג מ ל כ ם בּ ר אשׁ כ ם 4.7b וּמ כ ר תּ י א ת בּ נ יכ ם ו א ת בּ נ וֹת יכ ם בּ י ד בּ נ י י הוּד ה 4.8a וּמ כ ר וּם ל שׁ ב אי ם א ל גּ וֹי ר ח וֹק 4.8b כּ י י הו ה דּ בּ ר ס 4.8c V162 ק ר אוּ ז את בּ גּוֹי ם 4.9a V163 ק דּ שׁ וּ מ ל ח מ ה 4.9b V164 ה ע ירוּ ה גּ בּוֹר ים 4.9c V165 י גּ שׁ וּ 4.9d V166 י ע ל וּ כּ ל א נ שׁ י ה מּ ל ח מ ה 4.9e V167 כּ תּוּ א תּ יכ ם ל ח ר ב וֹת 4.10a Ve10 וּמ ז מ ר ת יכ ם ל ר מ ח ים 4.10b V168 F55 CF 25 ה ח לּ שׁ י אמ ר 4.10c N24 PF 11 גּ בּ וֹר א נ י 4.10d V169 ע וּשׁוּ 4.11a V170 ו ב אוּ כ ל ה גּוֹי ם מ סּ ב יב 4.11b V171 ו נ ק בּ צוּ שׁ מּ ה 4.11c V172 ה נ ח ת י הו ה גּ בּוֹר י ך 4.11d V173 י ע וֹרוּ 4.12a V174 ו י ע ל וּ ה גּוֹי ם א ל ע מ ק י ה וֹשׁ פ ט 4.12b V175 F56 CF 26 cv18 כּ י שׁ ם א שׁ ב ל שׁ פּ ט א ת כּ ל ה גּוֹי ם מ סּ ב יב 4.12c Stanza D (4:13-21) The fate of the nations verses the fortune of the people of Zion V a שׁ ל ח וּ מ גּ ל V b כּ י ב שׁ ל ק צ יר cv19 V c בּ א וּ
17 144 VAN DER MERWE AND WENDLAND V179 ר דוּ 4.13d V e כּ י מ ל א ה גּ ת cv20 V181 ה שׁ יקוּ ה י ק ב ים 4.13f N25 PF 12 cn10 כּ י ר בּ ה ר ע ת ם 4.13g N26 ה מוֹנ ים ה מוֹנ ים בּ ע מ ק ה ח ר וּץ 4.14a N27 PF 13 cn11 כּ י ק רוֹ ב י וֹם י הו ה בּ ע מ ק ה ח ר וּץ 4.14b ו V182 F57 T 28 שׁ מ שׁ ו י ר ח ק ד רוּ 4.15a V183 F58 T 29 ו כוֹכ ב ים א ס פ וּ נ ג ה ם 4.15b V184 FF9 T + CF ו יהו ה מ צּ יּ וֹן י שׁ א ג 4.16a V185 F59 CF 27 וּ מ ירוּשׁ ל ם י תּ ן קוֹל וֹ 4.16b V186 ו ר ע שׁ וּ שׁ מ י ם ו א ר ץ 4.16c N28 יהו ה מ ח ס ה ל ע מּ וֹ 4.16d Ne8 וּמ ע וֹז ל ב נ י י שׂ ר א ל 4.16e V187 ו יד ע תּ ם 4.17a N29 cn12part כּ י א נ י י הו ה א ל ה יכ ם שׁ כ ן בּ צ יּ וֹן ה ר ק ד שׁ י 4.17b ו ה י ת ה י רוּשׁ ל ם ק ד שׁ 4.17c ו ז ר ים ל א י ע ב רוּ ב הּ ע וֹד ס 4.17d V188 V189 F60 T 30 V190 V191 V192 F61 T 31 V193 F62 T 32 V194 FF10 T + CF V195 ו ה י ה ב יּ וֹם ה ה וּא 4.18a י טּ פ וּ ה ה ר ים ע ס יס 4.18b ו ה גּ ב עוֹ ת תּ ל כ נ ה ח ל ב 4.18c ו כ ל א פ י ק י י הוּד ה י ל כוּ מ י ם 4.18d וּ מ ע י ן מ בּ ית י הו ה י צ א 4.18e ו ה שׁ ק ה א ת נ ח ל ה שּׁ טּ ים 4.18f י ו V196 FF11 T + CF מ צ ר י ם ל שׁ מ מ ה ת ה י ה 4.19a V197 FF12 T + CF ו א ד וֹם ל מ ד בּ ר שׁ מ מ ה תּ ה ה מ ח מ ס בּ נ י י הוּד ה 4.19b Rv12 א שׁ ר שׁ פ כ וּ 4.19bR ד ם נ ק יא בּ א ר צ ם V199 FF13 T + CF ו יהוּד ה ל עוֹל ם תּ שׁ ב 4.20a Ve10>T + CF ו ירוּשׁ ל ם ל ד וֹר ו ד וֹר 4.20b V200 ו נ קּ ית י דּ מ ם 4.21a Rv13 (asyndetic) לא נ קּ ית י 4.21aR N30 part6 יהו ה שׁ כ ן בּ צ יּוֹן 4.21b
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