Observations on Tenses in Psalms. and SC in the Same Verse Referring to the Past
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1 Observations on Tenses in Psalms by David Steinberg Home page Edition September 2011 Return to Table of Contents See Tenses or Aspects in Biblical Hebrew A) At Least One PC 1 and Table E and SC in the Same Referring to the Past was as Distinguished from the PC PCimp in in */EBHP/ by the Placement of Stress 33:9 ˈʾiq - ויעמד iqraʾ (:ʾiqˈra raʾ PCimp) 37:36 36 ו יּ ע ב ר but note stress in ואבקשהו not distinctive For He spoke, and it was done; He commanded, and it stood fast. Then he passed away, and lo, he was no more; I sought for him, but he could not be found. כּ י הוּא אָמ ר ו יּ ה י הוּא צ וּ ה ו יּ ע מ ד ו יּ ע ב ר ו ה נּ ה א ינ נּוּ ו א ב ק שׁ הוּ ו לא נ מ צ א 38:3 ותנחת For your arrows have sunk into me, and your hand has come down on me. כּ י ח צּ י ך נ ח תוּ ב י ו תּ נ ח ת ע ל י י ד ך 40:2 ויט וישמע I waited patiently for the LORD; And He inclined to me and ק וּ ה ק וּ ית י י הו ה ו יּ ט א ל י ו יּ שׁ מ ע שׁ ו ע ת י 1
2 heard my cry. 40:3 ויקם but note stress in ויעלני not distinctive He brought me up out of the pit of destruction, out of the miry clay, And He set my feet upon a rock making my footsteps firm. יּ ע ל נ י מ בּ ור שׁ א ון מ טּ יט ה יּ ו ן ו יּ ק ם ע ל ס ל ע כּ ונ ן א שׁ ר י ר ג ל י 45: 8 ותשנא You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; Therefore God, Your God, has anointed You With the oil of joy above Your fellows. 50:16 ותשא says, But to the wicked God "What right have you to tell of My statutes And to take My covenant in your mouth? 73:13 וארחץ Surely in vain I have kept my heart pure And washed my hands in innocence 78:31 ויהרג The anger of God rose against them And killed some of their stoutest ones, And subdued the choice men אָה ב תּ צּ ד ק ו תּ שׂ נ א ר שׁ ע ע ל כּ ן מ שׁ ח ך א לה י ך שׁ מ ן שׂ שׂ ון מ ח ב ר י ך א לה ים ו ל ר שׁ ע אָמ ר א לה ים מ ה לּ ך ל ס פּ ר ח קּ י ו תּ שּׂ א ב ר ית י ע ל י פ י ך א ך ר יק ז כּ ית י ל ב ב י ו א ר ח ץ בּ נ קּ י ון כּ פּ י ו אַף א לה ים ע ל ה ב ה ם ו יּ ה ר ג בּ מ שׁ מ נּ יה ם וּב חוּר י י שׂ ר א ל ה כ ר י ע 2
3 of Israel. 78:59 וימאס When God heard, He was filled with wrath And greatly abhorred Israel 78:60 ויטש So that He abandoned the dwelling place at Shiloh, The tent which He had pitched among men, 78:62 ויסגר He also delivered His people to the sword, And was filled with wrath at His inheritance. 78:66 ויך He drove His adversaries backward; He put on them an everlasting reproach. 78:67 וימאס He also rejected the tent of Joseph, And did not choose the tribe of Ephraim, 78:68 ויבחר Judah, But chose the tribe of Mount Zion which He loved. 78:69 ויבן And He built His sanctuary like the heights, Like the earth which He has founded forever. שׁ מ ע א לה ים ו יּ ת ע בּ ר ו יּ מ אַס מ א ד בּ י שׂ ר א ל ו יּ טּ שׁ מ שׁ כּ ן שׁ לו א ה ל שׁ כּ ן בּ אָד ם ו יּ ס גּ ר ל ח ר ב ע מּ ו וּב נ ח ל ת ו ה ת ע בּ ר ו יּ ך צ ר יו אָח ור ח ר פּ ת ע ול ם נ ת ן ל מ ו ו יּ מ אַס בּ א ה ל י וס ף וּב שׁ ב ט א פ ר י ם לא ב ח ר ו יּ ב ח ר א ת שׁ ב ט י הוּד ה א ת ה ר צ יּ ון א שׁ ר אָה ב ו יּ ב ן כּ מ ו ר מ ים מ ק דּ שׁ ו כּ א ר ץ י ס ד הּ ל ע ול ם 3
4 80:10 ותשרש ותמלא it; You cleared the ground for it took deep root and filled the land. 89:20 ותאמר Then you spoke in a vision to your faithful one, and said: "I have set the crown on one who is mighty, I have exalted one chosen from the people. 89:44 תשיב Moreover, you have turned back the edge of his sword, and you have not supported him in battle. 92:11 ותרם But you have exalted my horn like that of the wild ox; you have poured over me fresh oil. פּ נּ ית ל פ נ יה ו תּ שׁ ר שׁ ר שׁ יה ו תּ מ לּ א אָר ץ אָז דּ בּ ר תּ ב ח ז ון ל ח ס יד י ך ו תּ אמ ר שׁ וּ ית י ע ז ר ע ל גּ בּ ור ה ר ימ ות י ב חוּר מע ם אַף תּ שׁ יב צוּר ח ר בּ ו ו לא ה ק ימ ת ו בּ מּ ל ח מ ה ו תּ ר ם כּ ר א ים ק ר נ י בּ לת י בּ שׁ מ ן ר ע נ ן 102:5-6 Table A SCpast - past - - hukˈkâ הכה - šaˈka שכחתי kaḥtῑ - ויבש - past - wayˈyîbaš (:wạyîˈ ba baš PCimp) SCstate - present daˈbạqâ. - דבקה - My heart has been smitten like grass and has withered away, Indeed, I forget to eat my bread. Because of the loudness of my groaning My bones cling to my flesh. הוּכּ ה כ ע שׂ ב ו יּ ב שׁ ל בּ י כּ י שׁ כ ח תּ י מ א כ ל ל ח מ י מ קּ וֹל א נ ח ת י דּ ב ק ה ע צ מ י ל ב שׂ ר י 106:33 ויבטא bitter, for they made his spirit and he spoke words that were rash. כּ י ה מ רוּ א ת רוּח ו ו י ב טּ א בּ שׂ פ ת יו 4
5 109:16 וירדף For he did not remember to show kindness, but pursued the poor and needy and the brokenhearted to their death. י ע ן א שׁ ר לא ז כ ר ע שׂ ות ח ס ד ו יּ ר דּ ף א ישׁ ע נ י ו א ב י ון ו נ כ א ה ל ב ב ל מ ות ת 109:17 ויאהב ותרחק but note stress in ותבואהו not distinctive He also loved cursing, so it came to him; And he did not delight in blessing, so it was far from him. ו יּ א ה ב ק ל ל ה ו תּ ב וא הוּ ו לא ח פ ץ בּ ב ר כ ה ו תּ ר ח ק מ מּ נּוּ 109:17 The LORD protects the simple; when I was brought low, he saved me. 119:52 ואתנחם I have remembered Your ordinances from of old, O LORD, And comfort myself. 119:90 90 ותעמד Your faithfulness endures to all generations; you have established the earth, and it stands fast. שׁ מ ר פּ ת אי ם י הוֹ ה דּ לּוֹת י ו ל י י הוֹשׁ יע ז כ ר תּ י מ שׁ פּ ט י ך מ ע ול ם י הו ה ו א ת נ ח ם ל ד ר ו ד ר א מוּנ ת ך כּ ונ נ תּ א ר ץ ו תּ ע מ ד 139:5 Table A SCpast - past - ṣarˈta צרתני tanῑ - ותשת - past - watˈtašit (:wạtaˈšiːt PCimp) You have enclosed me behind and before, And laid Your hand upon me. א ח וֹר ו ק ד ם צ ר תּ נ י ו תּ שׁ ת ע ל י כּ פּ כ ה B) PC WC Was not Distinguished from the PC PCimp in in */EBHP/ by the Placement of Stress 7.5 א ם גּ מ ל תּ י שׁ ול מ י ר ע ו א ח לּ צ ה צ ור ר י ר יק ם If I have rewarded evil to my ואחלצה 5
6 friend, Or have plundered him who without cause was my adversary, 7:13 Table A PCimp_prfu imp_prfut - present/future - ישב - yaˈšuːb (:ˈya - yilˈṭuš (:ˈyil ילטש SCpast - past daˈrak -דרכ yašub PCjus/ PCpret_sim) - ויכננה - past - yilṭuš PCjus/ PCpret_sim) wayyạkōnịˈni niha(ː). Stress not distinctive in this form. If one does not repent, God whets/will will whet his sword; he has bent and strung his bow; א ם ל א י שׁוּב ח ר בּ וֹ ד ר ך ו י כוֹנ נ ה י ל ט וֹשׁ ק שׁ תּ וֹ 30:12 You have turned for me my ותאזרני mourning into dancing; You have loosed my sackcloth and girded me with gladness, 37:40 The LORD helps them and ויעזרם ויפלטם ויושיעם delivers them; He delivers them from the wicked and saves them, Because they take refuge in Him. 41:13 ותציבני As for me, You uphold me in my integrity, And You set me in Your presence forever. ה פ כ תּ מ ס פּ ד י ל מ ח ול ל י פּ תּ ח תּ שׂ קּ י ו תּ א זּ ר נ י שׂ מ ח ה ו יּ ע ז ר ם י הו ה ו י פ לּ ט ם י פ לּ ט ם מ ר שׁ ע ים ו י ושׁ יע ם כּ י ח סוּ ב ו ו א נ י בּ ת מּ י תּ מ כ תּ בּ י ו תּ צּ יב נ י ל פ נ י ך ל ע ול ם 6
7 44:3 ו תּ טּ ע ם ו תּ שׁ לּ ח ם You with Your own hand drove out the nations; Then You planted them; You afflicted the peoples, Then You spread them abroad. 66:12 ותוציאנו net; You brought us into the You laid an oppressive burden upon our loins. 78:3 ונדעם Which we have heard and known, And our fathers have told us 78:11 וישכחו They forgot His deeds And His miracles that He had shown them. 78:13 ויעבירם He divided the sea and caused them to pass through, And He made the waters stand up like a heap. 78:19 וידברו Then they spoke against God; They said, "Can God prepare a table in the wilderness? 78:24 תקחני With Your counsel You will guide me, And afterward receive me to glory. א תּ ה י ד ך גּ וי ם ה ור שׁ תּ ו תּ טּ ע ם תּ ר ע ל א מּ ים ו תּ שׁ לּ ח ם ה ר כּ ב תּ א נ ושׁ ל ר אשׁ נוּ בּ אנוּ ב א שׁ וּב מּ י ם ו תּ וצ יא נוּ ל ר ו י ה א שׁ ר מ ע נוּ ו נּ ד ע ם ו א ב ות ינוּ ס פּ רוּ ל נוּ ו יּ שׁ כּ חוּ ע ל י לות יו ו נ פ ל א ות יו א שׁ ר ה ר אָם בּ ק ע י ם ו יּ ע ב יר ם ו יּ צּ ב מ י ם כּ מ ו נ ד ו י ד בּ רוּ בּ א לה ים אָמ רוּ ה יוּכ ל א ל ל ע ר ך ל ח ן בּ מּ ד בּ ר בּ ע צ ת ך ת נ ח נ י ו אַח ר כּ ב וד תּ קּ ח נ י 7
8 78:41 וישובו Again and again they tempted God, And pained the Holy One of Israel. 78:56 וינסו וימרו Yet they tempted and rebelled against the Most High God And did not keep His testimonies, 78:57 ויסגו ויבגדו But turned back and acted treacherously like their fathers; They turned aside like a treacherous bow. 80:6 You have fed them with the ותשקמו bread of tears, and given them tears to drink in full measure. 106:38 they poured out innocent וישפכו blood, the blood of their sons and daughters, whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan; and the land was polluted with blood. 109:3 They have also surrounded וילחמוני me with words of hatred, And fought against me without cause ו יּ שׁוּבוּ ו י נ סּוּ א ל וּק ד ושׁ י שׂ ר א ל ה ת ווּ ו י נ סּוּ ו יּ מ רוּ א ת א לה ים ע ל י ון ו ע ד ות יו לא שׁ מ רוּ ו יּ סּ גוּ ו יּ ב גּ דוּ כּ א ב ות ם נ ה פּ כוּ כּ ק שׁ ת ר מ יּ ה ה א כ ל תּ ם ל ח ם דּ מ ע ה ו תּ שׁ ק מ ו בּ ד מ ע ות שׁ ל ישׁ ו יּ שׁ פּ כוּ ד ם נ ק י דּ ם בּ נ יה ם וּב נ ות יה ם א שׁ ר ז בּ חוּ ל ע צ בּ י כ נ ע ן ו תּ ח נ ף ה אָר ץ בּ דּ מ ים ו ד ב ר י שׂ נ אָה ס ב בוּנ י ו יּ לּ ח מוּנ י ח נּ ם 8
9 109:17 17 When I told of my ways, you ותענני answered me; teach me your statutes. 119:55 I remember your name in the ואשמרה night, O LORD, and keep your law. 119:59 I considered my ways ואשיבה And turned my feet to Your testimonies. 119:73 Your hands have made and ויכוננוני fashioned me; give me understanding that I may learn your commandments. 119: I have sworn an oath and ואקימה confirmed it, to observe your righteous ordinances. 119:131 I opened my mouth wide and ואשאפה panted, For I longed for Your commandments :6 He established them forever ויעמידם and ever; he fixed their bounds, which cannot be passed. דּ ר כ י ס פּ ר תּ י ו תּ ע נ נ י ל מּ ד נ י ח קּ י ך ז כ ר תּ י ב לּ י ל ה שׁ מ ך י הו ה ו א שׁ מ ר ה תּ ור ת ך ח שּׁ ב תּ י ד ר כ י ו א שׁ יב ה ר ג ל י א ל ע ד ת י ך י ד י ך ע שׂוּנ י ו י כ ונ נוּנ י ה ב ינ נ י ו א ל מ ד ה מ צ וֹת י ך נ שׁ בּ ע תּ י ו א ק יּ מ ה ל שׁ מ ר מ שׁ פּ ט י צ ד ק ך פּ י פ ע ר תּ י ו א שׁ אָפ ה כּ י ל מ צ וֹת י ך י אָב תּ י ו יּ ע מ יד ם ל ע ד ל ע ול ם ח ק נ ת ן ו לא י ע ב ור 9
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