94 Week Twelve Mark Francois. Hebrew Grammar. Week 12 - Review
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1 94 Week Twelve Mark Francois Hebrew Grammar Week 12 - Review 12. Dagesh Forte vs. Dagesh Lene Dagesh Lene is not written when, כ, ד, ג, ב, פ and ת are preceded by a vowel sound, even if the vowel sound is found in the previous word. Dagesh forte may be written in any letter except for the gutturals,ח,ה,א) (ע and resh,(ר) which cannot be doubled., כ, ד, ג, ב, פ and ת are pronounced the same whether the dot in the middle is dagesh lene or dagesh forte. Dagesh forte can be distinguished from dagesh lene in these letters because dagesh lene never occurs after a vowel sound Vocal Shewa 1) A shewa is vocal when it comes under the first letter of a word. E.g. ש מ ע (š e maʿ). 2) A shewa is vocal when the previous vowel is a long vowel. E.g. ק ט ל ה (qōṭ e lâ). 3) A shewa is vocal when it comes under a letter with a dagesh. E.g. ד ב ר ו (dibb e rû). 4) When two shewas occur side-by-side in the middle of a word, the first one is silent and the second one is vocal. E.g. ת ק ט ל ו (tiqṭ e lû) Silent Shewa 1) A shewa is silent when the previous vowel is a short vowel. E.g. ח ר ב ו (ḥarbô). ק ט ל ת E.g. 2) When two shewas occur side-by-side at the end of a word, both shewas are silent. (qāṭalt). 3) When two shewas occur side-by-side in the middle of a word, the first one is silent and the second one is vocal. E.g. ת ק ט ל ו (tiqṭ e lû) Qamets vs. Qamets-Khatuf As you may have noticed, the sign for qamets ( ) is exactly the same as the sign for qametskhatuf ( ). The qamets occurs, by far, more frequently than the qamets khatuf so it is only necessary to learn the rules for recognizing a qamets-khatuf: 1. A qamets-khatuf occurs in a closed, unaccented syllable.
2 Review Mark Francois If the next vowel sign after is a shewa, is a qamets if is written with a meteg and it is a qamets-khatuf when it is not written with a meteg Inseparable Prepositions with the Definite Article When an inseparable preposition is added to a word with a definite article, the preposition simply takes the place of the definite article. The vowel under the preposition remains the same as the vowel that was under the definite article and the first letter of the word to which it is attached is ל ב ן ( the son ), it becomes ה ב ן is added to the word ל stilled doubled. E.g. when the preposition ( to the son ) Parsing Nouns Hebrew nouns are marked for gender (masculine, feminine), number (singular, dual, plural), and state (absolute, determined, construct, pronominal) Basic Pattern of Hebrew Nouns Masculine horse Feminine law, instruction ת ור ה ס וס Singular ת ור ת י ם ס וס י ם Dual ת ור ות ס וס ים Plural Segholate Noun Patterns Singular Plural Masculine king Feminine earth מ ל ך א ר ץ מ ל כ ים א ר צ ות Recognizing Nouns in the Construct State Nouns in the construct state may be recognized by vowel reduction ב ר ד ב ר),( ד the presence of a maqqef ל י ש ר א ל),( כ changes to noun-endings ל כ י מ ל כ ים,מ ח נ ה מ ח נ ה, ת ור ת ת ור ה),(מ and context. 1 This rule works most of the time. However, the meteg is often omitted in the Hebrew Bible in words that are easily recognizable.
3 96 Week Twelve Mark Francois 120. Adjective Formation Msg Fsg Mpl Fpl ג ד ול ג ד ול ה ג ד ול ים ג ד ל ות ט וב ות ט וב ים ט וב ה ט וב 121. Functions of the Adjective Attributive adjectives must agree in gender, number, and definiteness with the noun they are modifying. Predicate adjectives never take the definite article and must agree with the noun they are asserting something about in gender and number. Substantival adjectives are adjectives that have been made into nouns. 2 מ ן 122. Comparisons Using Hebrew Translation Trick Proper Translation ח כ מ ה ה מ ל כ ה מ ן ה מ ל ך ק ש ה ה ס פ ר מ ן ה מ ל ך the queen is wise more than the king the book is difficult way too much for the king the queen is wiser than the king the book is too difficult for the king 123. Recognizing Verbs in the Perfect Conjugation 3 Qal Nipʿal Piʿʿēl Puʿʿal Hitpaʿʿēl Hipîl Hopʿal Prefix x נ x x ה ת ה ה i-class i-class u-class R1 Vowel R2 Vowel ) י) Exceptions 3msg ( ) 3msg ( ) 3msg ) י) 3fsg ) י) 3cpl Doubling x x R2 R2 R2 x x 2 Ross includes a discussion of comparisons using the preposition. כ However, it is unnecessary to include a separate discussion for this preposition because the use of כ in comparisons requires little explanation if the meaning of the preposition is understood. 3 Note that it is best to read these charts vertically one column at a time rather than reading them horizontally.
4 Review Mark Francois Recognizing Verbs in the Imperfect/Preterite Conjugations Prefix Vowel Qal Nipʿal Piʿʿēl Puʿʿal Hitpaʿʿēl Hipîl Hopʿal i-class i-class shewa shewa i-class + ת a-class u-class R1 Vowel shewa Shewa shewa י R2 Vowel (3fpl/2fpl) Doubling x R1 R2 R2 R2 x x ל 125. Possession Using the Preposition Hebrew Literal Translation Proper Translation a house is belonging to me I have a house ב י ת ל י there is a house belonging to me I have a house י ש ל י ב י ת there was a house belonging to me I had a house ה י ה ל י ב י ת ה 126. Directive Directive ה is attached to the end of a word to indicate motion toward what that word signifies city ) to the,ה ע יר ה city the,ה ע יר) 127. Standard Word Order of Main Clauses in Hebrew Narrative 1. Verb 2. (Preposition with pronominal suffix) 3. Subject 4. Object 5. Modifier (Prepositional phrase, adverb)
5 98 Week Twelve Mark Francois 128. Steps for Translation 1. Do an initial translation for each word you cannot immediately recognize. 2. Analyze each word you do not immediately recognize. 3. Translate one clause at a time. 4. If the clause is verbless, find the subject and then add the appropriate form of the verb to be. 5. If the clause is verbal, determine whether the subject is internal or external. 7. Translate the remainder of the clause Vocabulary Verbs (Qal) Perf. Impf. Pret. English (Qal) Card א מ ר י אמ ר ו י אמ ר to say, speak, reply, think, promise, command 11 to go, proceed, move, walk, depart, go away 29 ו י ל ך י ל ך ה ל ך 2..3 ז כ ר י ז כ ר ו י ז כ ר to remember, recall י ד ע י ד ע ו י ד ע to know, learn, perceive, distinguish, consider, sleep with י ש ב י ש ב ו י ש ב to sit, sit down, dwell, settle, remain 38.6 כ ב ד י כ ב ד ו י כ ב ד to be heavy, burdensome, grievous, insensible, dull, be honoured כ ר ת י כ ר ת ו י כ ר ת to cut off, cut down, hew, (+ covenant = make a covenant) כ ת ב י כ ת ב ו י כ ת ב to write, inscribe, write down, describe in writing, enrol 199 to take, grasp, capture, seize 46 ו י ק ח י ק ח ל ק ח.9 to be king, become king, reign 138 ו י מ ל ך י מ ל ך מ ל ך 0 to give, put, set 26 ו י ת ן י ת ן נ ת ן 1 to gather, assemble, collect 319 ו י ק ב ץ י ק ב ץ ק ב ץ 2 to bury 313 ו י ק ב ר י ק ב ר ק ב ר 3 to visit, appoint 155 ו י פ ק ד י פ ק ד פ ק ד 4 36 (ל +) obey hear, listen to, ו י ש מ ע י ש מ ע ש מ ע 5 to burn 347 ו י ש ר ף י ש ר ף ש ר ף 6 to break, maul (of a lion), break in 280 ו י ש ב ר י ש ב ר ש ב ר 17. keep, watch, guard, observe, celebrate, preserve 109 ו י ש מ ר י ש מ ר ש מ ר 8
6 Review Mark Francois 99 9 ש פ ט י ש פ ט ו י ש פ ט to judge, act as law-giver, govern, decide controversy, execute judgment, vindicate ש פ ך י ש פ ך ו י ש פ ך blood) to pour out, pour, shed (i.e. 348 Verbs (Niphal) Root Perf. Impf. Pret. English (Niphal) Card ל ח ם נ ל ח ם י ל ח ם ו י ל ח ם [ע ל or ב +] attack to fight, do battle with, 249 to swear, take an oath 236 ו י ש ב ע י ש ב ע נ ש ב ע ש ב ע.2 Verbs (Piel/Pual) Root Perf. Impf. Pret. English (Piel) Card ד ב ר ד ב ר י ד ב ר ו י ד ב ר to speak 37 to seek, search for, demand 198 ו י ב ק ש י ב ק ש ב ק ש ב ק ש.2 Verbs (Hithpael) Root Perf. Impf. Pret. English (Hiphil) Card to pray, make intercession 428 ו י ת פ ל ל י ת פ ל ל ה ת פ ל ל פ ל ל Verbs (Hiphil/Hophal) Root Perf. Impf. Pret. English (Hiphil) Card כ ר ת ה כ ר ית י כ ר ית ו י כ ר ת to cut off, eliminate, destroy 161 to bring near, present, offer a sacrifice 169 ו י ק ר ב י ק ר יב ה ק ר יב ק ר ב.2 accusative] 36 to cause to hear, proclaim [takes double ו י ש מ ע י ש מ יע ה ש מ יע ש מ ע.3 Nouns Sg. Pl. English Card א ב א ב ות father 34 Lord] 62 א ד נ י lords, = my א ד נ י [ master, lord, א ד נ ים א ד ון.2 human, humankind, man, Adam 91 ב נ י ה א ד ם א ד ם.3 brother=one another) 76 brother, relative, (a man his א ח ים א ח 4. man, husband 23 א נ ש ים א יש.5 God, gods 18 א לה ים א ל וה.6 (f.) earth, land, country, territory 21 א ר צ ות א ר ץ 7. woman, wife 61 נ ש ים א ש ה.8
7 100 Week Twelve Mark Francois house, temple, dynasty 25 ב ת ים ב י ת ב ן ב נ ים son, child, member of a guild or order or class 13 1 ב ת ב נ ות daughter, young woman, woman, villages, inhabitant of ג וי ג וי ם nation, people 87 3 ד ב ר ד ב ר ים word, thing, matter 30 4 ד ר ך ד ר כ ים way, road, path, manner, journey, habit, toward (for direction) ה ר ה ר ים mountain, hill, mountain range, hill-country 89 (d.) (f.) hand 28 י ד י ם י ד 16. day 22 י מ ים י ום 7 heart, mind, will 54 ל ב ות ל ב 18. water) 84 water, waters, (living water=running/fresh מ י ם king 20 מ ל כ ים מ ל ך.20 (f) living being, life, person, inner being, self 65 נ פ ש ות נ פ ש 21. slave, servant 59 ע ב ד ים ע ב ד.22 (f.) eye, spring 48 ע י נ ות ע י ן 23. (.f) city 39 ע ר ים ע יר.24 people, nation 27 ע מ ים ע ם.25 face 24 פ נ ים sound, voice 97 ק ול ות ק ול 27. head, top, chief, leader, beginning, summit 80 ר אש ים ר אש 28. name, reputation 53 ש מ ות ש ם.29 (.f) year 51 ש נ ים ש נ ה.30 Adjectives Msg Fsg Mpl Fpl English Card ג ד ול ג ד ול ה ג ד ול ים ג ד ל ות large, big 93.2 ח י ח י ה ח י ים alive, living, flowing (water), fresh (water) ט וב ט וב ה ט וב ים ט וב ות good 92.4 ר ב ר ב ה ר ב ים ר ב ות much, many, great, enough, much (adv.), exceedingly (adv.) ר ע ר ע ה ר ע ים ר ע ות bad, evil, unpleasant, harmful, wicked wicked, criminal, guilty one 177 ר ש ע ים ר ש ע ה ר ש ע just, righteous 219 צ ד יק ים צ ד יק.7
8 Review Mark Francois 101 Prepositions Hebrew With Sf. English Card א ל א ל יו to, toward 8 with, beside 50 א ת ו א ת/א ת.2 in, with, by 4 ב ו ב 3. like, as, according to 16 כ כ 4. to, for 3 ל ו ל 5. from, out of, more than 6 מ מ נ ו מ ן 6. on, upon, over, against, by, concerning 7 ע ל יו ע ל 7. with 44 ע מ ו ע ם.8 Conjunctions 1. ו and, but, now 1 because, that 14 כ י 2. Independent Personal Pronouns 1. ה וא he, it 31 she, it 104 ה יא/ה וא 2. (msg) 67 you א ת ה 3. I 52,136 א נ י/א נ כ י.4 (mpl) 88 they ה ם/ה מ ה.5 (mpl) 166 you א ת ם 6. we 330 א נ ח נ ו.7 Demonstratives 1. ז ה this 35 this 79 ז את 2. these 68 א ל ה 3. that 31 ה ה א ו 4. that 104 ה ה יא.5
9 102 Week Twelve Mark Francois those 88 ה ה ם/ה ה מ ה.6 Adverbs 1. ל א no, not 12 again, still, as long as 105 ע וד 2. very, exceedingly 156 מ א ד 3. Miscellaneous 1. א י ן/א ין there is not, are not 60 who, which, that 9 א ש ר 2. suffix) 5 with א ות ו) [ddom] א ת, א ת 3. the 1 ה 4. there is, there are 297 י ש 5. Interrogatives what? 86 מ ה/מ ה/מ ה /מ ה who? 116 מ י 2. why? 242 ל מ ה 3. marker) 74 (interrogative ה /ה 4. Personal Nouns א ב ר ה ם Abraham 989 Baal, lord, owner, husband 264 ב ע ל 2..3 ד ו ד David י הו ה/י הו ה [1. (Pr.) Adonai, 2. (Pr.) Elohim] YHWH 4, LORD י ה וד ה Judah Jonathan י ה ונ ת ן.6 4 We usually do not pronounce this form out of respect for Jewish custom. For Christians there is precedent in the use of the word Lord as a substitute for this word in the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Peshitta, and the New Testament.
10 Review Mark Francois Joseph י וס ף 7. Jacob 987 י ע ק ב Isaac י צ ח ק.9 Jerusalem 986 י ר וש ל ם 0 Israel 981 י ש ר א ל 1 Egypt 985 מ צ ר י ם 2 Moses 984 מ ש ה Philistine פ ל ש ת י 4 Pharaoh 988 פ ר ע ה 5 - Rehoboam ר ח ב ע ם 6 - Saul ש א ול Shechem ש כ ם 8 - Solomon ש למ ה Samuel ש מ וא ל.20 1 ( ו י ב ק ש ש א ול ב ר כ ה מ ש מ וא ל א יש ה א לה ים כ י י הו ה א ת ו Practice Translation Helps: blessing ב ר כ ה 2 ( ה ש מ יע מ ש ה א ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל א ת ד ב ר י הו ה כ י ד ב ר י הו ה א ל יו 3 ( ש מ ר ו א נ ש י ה ע יר ה צ ד יק ים א ת נ ש יה ם כ י נ ל ח מ ו ה פ ל ש ת ים ב ה ם
11 104 Week Twelve Mark Francois 4 ( א ת פ ל ל א ל א לה י י ע ק ב כ י נ ש ב ע ל ת ת א ת ה א ר ץ ל ע מ ו י ש ר א ל Helps: give to ל ת ת 5( ו י כ ב ד ל ב ה מ ל ך כ י ש ר ף ה ע ם א ת ב י ת ו 6 ( ו י ק ב צ ו ש א ול וב נ יו א ת א נ ש י י ש ר א ל ו י ל ח ם ב פ ל ש ת ים כ י ר ש ע ה ע ם מ א ד 7 ( ג ד ול ד ו ד מ ש למ ה כ י ד ו ד ל א ה ת פ ל ל א לה ים א ח ר ים Helps: another other, א ח ר 8 ( ה ל ך ר ח ב ע ם א ת ה ע ירה ה ז את כ י י ש מ י ם ח י ים ל ה
12 Review Mark Francois ( ו י ק ר ב ה ע ם מ נ ח ה א ל ב ע ל ו י כ ר ת א תם י הו ה א לה ים ב ח ר ב Helps: offering gift, tribute, מ נ ח ה sword ח ר ב 10 ( ט וב י הו ה ל יש ר א ל כ י ל ה ם נ ת ן א ת ה א ר ץ ה ג ד ול ה ה ז את 11 ( ו י ד ב ר ש מ וא ל ל ד ו ד ו א מ ר ל מ ה ל א י ל ח ם ב ב ית ש א ול א ת ה מ ל ך י ש ר א ל ו יה וד ה ו ל ך ה א ר ץ ה ז את 12 ( ה א ל ה ה ד ב ר ים א ש ר ד ב ר ת א ת ם ל מ ל ך
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