Ancient Persia KIDS DOME SWEET DOME WHAT A ELIEF! FRUITS WITH PERSIAN ROOTS FARS, FAR AWAY DISCOVER IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Transcription

1 FRUITS WITH PERSIAN ROOTS FARS, FAR AWAY DOME SWEET DOME WHAT A ELIEF! KIDS DISCOVER Ancient Persia IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

2 2 r THE AREA WHERE the Persians lived was Fars, or Persis, a region in the south of present-day Iran. From Fars, the Persians built an empire (orange on the map) that stretched east to the borders of India and west to the Mediterranean Sea. The language of modern Iran is called Persian, or Farsi. The name Iran comes from the word Aryan, which is the name of the group from which the Persians descended. The First World Empire Thousands of years ago, the land now occupied by the countries of Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan was home to many different groups of people. The Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians ruled the area in turn. Around 3,300 years ago, a new group arrived. They were called Aryans, and they came from central Asia, l LEGEND HAS IT that the parents of Cyrus II were a Persian nobleman and the daughter of a king of the Medes. So when Cyrus conquered the Medes, he actually defeated his own grandfather. On his Persian side, Cyrus traced his ancestry back to Achaemenes (ak-uh-meen-eez). According to legend, Achaemenes had formed scattered groups of Persians into a small nation. The line of Persian kings that descended from Cyrus is called the Achaemenid dynasty. A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family. r MUCH OF IRAN IS a plateau a high flat area. It is encircled by the Zagros Mountains in the north and the Hindu Kush Mountains in the east. Deserts cover much of the plateau. Some fertile valleys exist in Fars and provinces farther east. Why does the year 585 BCE come before 584 BCE?

3 3 north of the Caspian Sea, an area that today is divided between Russia and Kazakhstan. The Aryans were made up of many tribes. One tribe, the Medes, settled in what is now northern and western Iran; their land was called Media. Another tribe, the Persians, made their home farther south, in an area called Fars. By 612 BCE, the Medes had conquered the Assyrians and become the dominant group in the area. But the Medes didn t rule for long. Around 550 BCE, they were defeated by Cyrus II, king of Persia. From this triumph, Cyrus went on to build the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen. He became known as Cyrus the Great. d THE ANCIENT Persians didn t write much about themselves. Some of what we know about them comes from sculptures and inscriptions on monuments. But most of our knowledge of ancient Persia comes from the writings of Greeks, particularly Herodotus (left). This Greek writer lived around the 5th century BCE and is sometimes called the first historian. Greeks and Persians were enemies for many centuries, and this may have affected some of the things Herodotus wrote about ancient Persia.

4 4 Kings of the Persian Empire From 550 BCE until 465 BCE, four kings built the Persian Empire. They also defended it against rebellions by people they had conquered. But the last two kings reached too far and failed to accomplish their goals. r CYRUS THE GREAT was a fair ruler. He allowed each group that he conquered to keep its own language, customs, and religion. The Cyrus Cylinder records his conquest of Babylonia, an area that lay between present-day Baghdad, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf. In the text on the cylinder, Cyrus vowed to allow people the Babylonians had enslaved to return to their homelands. True to his word, Cyrus allowed captive Jews to return to Palestine, which was also under his rule. WHEN CYRUS DIED OF battle wounds in 530 BCE, his son Cambyses II (cam-by-seez) became king. In 525 BCE, Cambyses easily conquered Egypt (where he is shown below, under umbrella). In 522 BCE, he left Egypt to return to Persia to stop a rebellion, but he died under mysterious circumstances along the way. The leader of the rebellion was killed by seven nobles. One of them was Darius (da-ryeus). He became king in 522 BCE. Darius was from another branch of the Achaemenid family.

5 5 rial carved into a cliff at Behistun (BAY-his-TOON). In the inscription, Darius states his right to the throne and calls himself king of kings, a title adopted by later rulers of Persia. u DARIUS SPENT a year stopping revolts in different parts of the empire. He then had a large memou DARIUS WAS determined to extend the empire into Europe. He got as far as southern Russia but could not subdue the Scythians. At the same time, Persian scouts mapped the coasts of Greece and southern Italy. Darius conquered Thrace, an area north of Greece, but he failed to take over the Greek mainland. In 490 BCE, a large force of Persians attacked a smaller Greek force at Marathon. The Persians were defeated. Darius retreated to Persia, where he died in 486 BCE. What does a marathon race have to do with the Battle of Marathon? r THE PERSIANS borrowed from the people they conquered. The seafaring Phoenicians provided Persian kings with ships to use for trading. Imitating the Lydians, the Persians replaced a barter system with coins, making long-distance trade easier. Coins pictured the king and spread his image throughout the empire. Trade required record keeping, so the Persians hired Babylonian scribes. The scribes kept accounts in their language, Akkadian, which became an official language of the empire. r THE PERSIAN rulers divided their empire into 20 satrapies, or provinces. The king appointed a governor called a satrap to rule each one. A separate military commander for each satrapy also reported directly to the king. This way, neither the civilian nor the military leader could wield too much power. Under Cyrus, each satrapy sent gifts to the king. Darius made the arrangement more formal by establishing a system of taxation for the satrapies. u DARIUS WAS succeeded by his son Xerxes (ZURKseez), above. Advisers persuaded Xerxes to avenge his father s defeat in Greece, and in 480 BCE, Xerxes put together an army of hundreds of thousands of men from all over the empire. With these men and a naval fleet of hundreds of ships, he invaded Greece. The Persians defeated the Greeks at Thermopylae, and Xerxes then marched to Athens and burned down the city. However, after that, the Persians lost several battles and had to retreat to their homeland without having subdued the Greeks. Xerxes was assassinated in 465 BCE. He was the first Persian emperor who had failed to expand the empire. How did the troops of Darius and Xerxes walk on water?

6 Rich Folk l IN NOBLE FAMILIES, mothers cared for their sons until the age of five; then the boys were placed in their fathers care. Boys learned to ride horses and to shoot with a bow and arrow. Some sons of nobles learned Persian Society to read and write, while girls learned to spin thread, weave cloth, and play an instrument. Children were taught to always tell the truth. Lying was the greatest shame. l BOTH MEN AND women wore long robes gathered at the waist. Noble men dominated Persian society, but some wealthy women owned property and traveled far to manage it. To keep the Persian army large, men were encouraged to marry young, have more than one wife, and have many children. Families were rewarded for having sons. Persian society was strictly divided. At the top was an all-powerful king. Below the king were a few thousand wealthy nobles. Even nobles had to lie facedown in the presence of the king and avoid eye contact with him. Below nobles on the social scale were merchants, who traded purple dyes and textiles from Phoenicia, perfumes from Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia and lands north), timber from Crete, grains and glass from Egypt, and spices and gold dust from India. There was a small lower middle class of skilled workers bakers, butchers, carpenters, and artisans. At the bottom of society were millions of poor people. These farmhands, herders, servants, and laborers worked hard

7 Poor Folk 7 u THE HOMES OF THE poor were built of sun-dried bricks made from mud and straw, and they did not have much furniture. Families sat and slept on rugs that covered the floor. In contrast, the homes of the rich were made of limestone or bricks baked in ovens. There were beds, chairs, and tables, and some homes were built around a courtyard with pools. Many Persians couldn t read, but they enjoyed stories and poems recited from memory. Music was an important part of the culture, and harps, flutes, and tambourines were popular instruments. but made barely enough to keep themselves alive. Most Persians lived in the country. The king owned all the land, but he granted large estates to nobles, who had to supply the king with men and weapons for his army. l BARLEY WAS ONE of the main crops that Persian farmers grew. It was ground into flour to make flatbread. Other major crops were lentils, beans, peas, lettuce, figs, grapes, sesame seeds (for oil), cotton, and flax. Herders raised cattle, sheep, and goats. u EARLY PERSIANS prayed to many nature gods. Sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BCE, a prophet named Zarathustra (Zoroaster in Greek) introduced the idea of worshipping one god, Ahura Mazda (above right). The religion grew in popularity. King Darius made Zoroastrianism the state religion, but other religions still existed. Zoroaster preached that life was a struggle between good and evil, and each person could choose between the two. Some people follow Zoroaster today, particularly in India and Iran.

8 8 Royal Roads, Canals, and Palaces With the taxes they collected from people they ruled, the Persian kings financed massive building projects. These projects included palaces, royal roads, and canals. They brought workers, craftspeople, and materials from all over the empire to build their royal palaces. The palaces were decorated with brightly colored tiles and gem-studded reliefs.

9 9 l TO MAINTAIN CONtrol throughout their vast lands, the Persian kings needed to move troops and send messages rapidly. So they built a system of royal roads. The roads also encouraged trade between different parts of the empire. Most of the royal roads have disappeared, but we know about two of them from Persepolis to Susa, and from Susa to Sardis. The latter was 1,600 miles long, 20 feet wide, and made of hardpacked gravel. Stations every few miles had stables for donkeys and fresh horses for royal messengers. All along the roads were places for travelers to eat and sleep. An ordinary traveler could make the trip from Susa to Sardis in 90 days, but royal messengers, riding in relays and stopping for nothing, could make it in 15 days. u CYRUS THE GREAT located his capital at Pasargadae (puh-sar-guhdee), where he built two palaces. The buildings had huge halls supported by columns and were decorated with monumental reliefs (figures carved into a flat surface). The Persian kings were crowned at Pasargadae. A tomb there (above) is believed to be that of Cyrus. u DARIUS BUILT another palace at Susa. Like other Persian palaces, it was a blend of styles and building techniques from all over the empire. Materials included u WHEN DARIUS became king, he began building a new capital at Persepolis (pur-sep-uh-lis). Xerxes and his son Artaxerxes continued the construction of this new city. timber from Syria, gold from Sardis, and silver and ebony from Egypt. Stonecutters came from Ionia, goldsmiths from Media and Egypt, and woodworkers from Sardis. r THE PERSIANS built large canals. Darius had a canal built that joined the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, shortening travel from the Mediterranean to the Arabian Sea. The canal was 125 miles long and was used for more than 1,000 years. Xerxes, in planning his invasion of Greece, had a canal dug through part of a Greek peninsula. According to Herodotus, two warships, side by side, could pass through the canal at the same time.

10

11 STAIRWAY TO THE KING Darius s palace at Persepolis was built on top of a plateau. Two stairways led to it, and they were wide enough for 10 soldiers on horseback to ride side by side. The apadana, or audience hall, was big enough to hold 10,000 people. Pillars 60 feet high supported the gold-rimmed roof, and the palace complex included an elaborate water-pumping system.

12 12 Art of Ancient Persia The art of ancient Persia was a mixture of artistic traditions. The Persians borrowed from the various peoples they conquered. They combined Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, and Babylonian styles with their own to create something that was uniquely Persian. u THE PERSIANS decorated many of their monumental buildings with stone relief sculptures. They borrowed this idea from the Assyrians. However, while Assyrian reliefs showed mainly scenes of war and hunting, Persian reliefs often represented processions to the royal court. This relief at Persepolis shows many delegations (selected groups) bringing gifts to the king. Each delegation wears the customary clothing of its region. l FROM THE BABYLONIANS, THE PERSIANS learned to decorate with glazed bricks. These figures from Susa are made of bricks that were formed in molds, painted, and baked in a kiln (oven). l THE TOPS OF columns were often decorated with animal figures.

13 13 u WEALTHY Persians dined from plates and drank from vessels made of gold and silver. This distinctive horn-shaped drinking cup is called a rhyton. It has two openings. As the drinker held the cup in the air, someone poured a beverage into the large opening at the top. The drinker would catch the liquid in his mouth as it poured out of a small hole at the front of the animal. PERSIAN NOBLES LOVED to adorn themselves with gold. Bracelets and armlets were often decorated with animal heads where they joined, and necklaces and earrings had elaborate designs. Rings and clothing ornaments completed the welldressed Persian s costume. l THERE ARE FEW remaining ancient Persian carpets. The oldest is in a museum in Russia. It is thought to be 2,500 years old. However, since Persian rug makers continued to use the same techniques and designs for hundreds of years after the end of the empire, rugs made in the 15th and 16th centuries are believed to be very much like those made in ancient Persia. Fine carpets are still made in 12 rug-making centers scattered around Iran. Each center has its own distinctive designs. u SOME PERSIAN tales were passed down by word of mouth and later written down. The Shahnameh, or Book of Kings, is an epic poem about 100,000 lines long. The Persian poet Ferdowsi recorded it late in the 11th century CE. Its stories of kings, gods, and demons originated in ancient Persia.

14 14 Invasion of the Greeks After the Persians failed to conquer the Greek mainland in 479 BCE, the Persian Empire and its Achaemenid leaders began a slow decline. The kings who followed Xerxes were weak rulers. At the same time, the Greek city-states grew stronger after Philip II of Macedonia organized them into the Hellenic League. He named himself and his descendants leaders of the league. Philip was murdered in 336 BCE. Two years later, his son Alexander, later called Alexander the Great, invaded Persia. r BY ALL ACCOUNTS, Darius III (right) was a mild-mannered ruler who wanted the best for his country. After his family was captured at Issus, he wrote to Alexander, asking that his family be released. Alexander sent a haughty reply, claiming to be the king of all Asia. While Alexander was in Egypt, Darius III raised another army. When Alexander returned to Persia in 331 BCE, the Greeks and Persians again did battle and again, the Persians lost. l ALEXANDER WAS tutored by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who taught that Greeks had a right to rule over all barbarians (anyone not Greek). Alexander wanted to avenge the earlier Persian invasions of Greece led by Darius and Xerxes. After crossing into Asia, his army defeated the Persians at Issus. During the battle, the Greeks captured the wife, children, and mother of the Persian king, Darius III. Alexander then marched his army to Egypt and defeated the Persian troops there. AFTER THE PERSIANS lost to the Greeks in 331 BCE, Darius III escaped with his bodyguards. Meanwhile, Alexander burned Persepolis as revenge for the burning of Athens by Xerxes some 150 years earlier. Darius III was stabbed by one of his satraps and left to die in the desert. The Persian Empire and the Achaemenid dynasty had come to an end. r ALEXANDER LED his troops as far east as India, where he defeated a large Indian army (right). However, at his soldiers insistence, he turned back. Reaching Babylon (the capital of Babylonia) in 323 BCE, he died unexpectedly, possibly from malaria, at the age of 32. For 40 years after that, his generals waged a series of wars over who would take control of Alexander s empire. Finally, they divided up the lands into three large kingdoms. The largest, which included the Persian heartland, was ruled by Seleucus I. The Seleucid dynasty spread Greek culture throughout Persia.

15 u BY 141 BCE, the Seleucid rule in Persia had been replaced by the Parthians, nomadic tribesmen who had taken over the old Persian satrapy of Parthia. The Parthians tried to reduce the influence of the Greeks. They experimented with new kinds of buildings and invented the iwan, a three-sided brick hall with a high curved ceiling (shown here). The open end of an iwan faced a shaded courtyard. The iwan brought cooling air into the house during hot Persian summers. The Parthians traded as far east as China. They also periodically battled with the Roman Empire in the west. d IN 224 CE, THE Parthians were conquered by a leader from the old Persian heartland of Fars. This leader claimed to be descended from a nobleman named Sasan. Thus, the dynasty he founded is called the Sasanian dynasty. The Sasanians wanted to restore the glory of the old Persian Empire. They often waged war with Rome and Byzantium (present-day Istanbul), and they restored Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Sasanian kings liked to be portrayed hunting, as on this silver plate. u SKILLED PARTHIAN archers could shoot arrows over their shoulders while riding away from the enemy. Today, a Parthian shot (or parting shot ) is a sharp remark made while walking away from an argument.

16 16 The Legacy of Ancient Persia In the 7th century CE, in Arabia, the prophet Muhammad started a new religion, called Islam. The religion spread rapidly throughout western Asia. Around 642 CE, Islamic Arabs defeated the Sasanians and took control of Persia. Soon Islam THE MOSQUE OF Imam was built in Isfahan (now in Iran) during the rule of Shah Abbas ( ), a leader of the Safavid dynasty. Built over a period of 18 years, the mosque shows how Persian architecture and design were incorporated into Islamic worship. Mosques (Islamic places of worship) often have an iwan. During the earlier Sasanian period, the Persians had discovered how to make domes. They used these rounded structures to cover their most important buildings, such as palaces. Today, many monuments and mosques all over the world have domes. Persian Style replaced Zoroastrianism as the religion of Persia. However, while Islam changed Persia, contact with Persian culture had an effect on Islam, which was enriched by Persian art and poetry. Ancient Persia left a legacy for the whole world to enjoy.

17 l THE THOUSAND and One Nights (or The Arabian Nights) is a story collection that includes the tale of Aladdin and the magic lamp. The stories come from Egypt, Iraq, India, and other places. The earliest ones perhaps first written down in the 10th century CE are Persian tales with an Indian influence. l OMAR KHAYYAM (c CE) was a Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer. He was part of a movement to change the calendar to a 365-day year. He is best known for having written a book of poetry, The Rubáiyát, which people still read today. 17 Azadi Square, Tehran, Iran Taj Mahal, India u FROM 642 CE, Persia was ruled by: Arabs ( ), Seljuk Turks ( ), Mongols (1219 early 1500s), and Safavids ( ). Then came Nadir Shah ( ), the Qajar dynasty ( ), and the Pahlavi dynasty ( ). A revolution in 1979 brought in Islamic religious leaders, called ayatollahs. Today the government in the heart of the ancient Persian Empire is the Islamic Republic of Iran. The area was named Iran in 1935, in recognition of the Aryans, the original Persians. Badshahi Mosque, Pakistan r THE ANCIENT Persians loved to fill their gardens with fragrant flowers they found growing in the wild. One species the Persians cultivated was the damask rose. This type of rose was later taken to Europe, and from there to North America. Blue Mosque, Turkey l ENGLISH BORROWS from many languages. More than 150 English words have Persian roots, including lemon, orange, sherbet, paradise, magic, and bazaar.

18 18 Activities WRITE AN EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH Imagine you are Cyrus the Great. In an effort to help your son Cambyses II rule as you have, you decide to explain your method of ruling to him. Think about the ways Cyrus the Great ruled his empire. For example, how did he treat people the Babylonians had enslaved? Using details from this magazine, write a paragraph explaining Cyrus s methods of ruling. Include a description of how his methods helped him gain the respect of those he conquered. Research to find information that adds to what you have read in this magazine. MAKE A TABLE Creating a table can be helpful in keeping track of facts and details. Make a table similar to this one about the early Persian kings. Use the information you learned in this magazine to complete the table with facts about the four kings who built the ancient Persian Empire. The Kings Who Built the Persian Empire KING PERIOD OF RULE ACCOMPLISHMENTS

19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES 19 Mesopotamia Ever wonder when the first written records appeared, when the wheel was invented, or where our modern counting system came from? Believe it or not, these and many other innovations like glass, farming, complex legal systems, and basic astronomy came from one civilization, the very first: Mesopotamia. Indian Empires India s geography, with its steep mountain ranges and long distances, made it difficult for any one ruler to unite the country. But in 320 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya founded India s first true empire, the Maurya Empire. Learn about the rise and spread of Buddhism and Hinduism, the reign of Ashoka, and the emergence of the Gupta Empire. Ancient Egypt Pyramids, pharaohs, mummies, and gods: This once-powerful civilization left behind breathtaking monuments and priceless treasures. Discover the people and practices that make Ancient Egypt so alluring to the historians who have uncovered the mysteries of this long-ago civilization. CALIFORNIA STANDARDS LEARN MORE ONLINE! As shown in their sculptures, the Persians depicted themselves as noble. This matches their idea of themselves as the masters of a vast empire and a great civilization. The Persians got ships from the Phoenicians and the idea of coins from the Lydians. What else did these two influential cultures contribute to ancient commerce? Historians don t know exactly when Zarathustra lived, but most agree that he was a priest in the ancient Persian religion. As a young man, he had a mystical vision of Ahura Mazda ( wise lord ), who told him to preach the truth. HSS 6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece Outline the founding, expansion, and political organization of the Persian Empire. Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: Research, Evidence, and Point of View 2. Students distinguish fact from opinion in historical narratives and stories.

20 KIDS DISCOVER hmhco.com EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank PROOFREADER: Paula Glatzer, Patricia Fogarty FACT-CHECKER: Patricia Fogarty AUTHOR: Lois Markham, Camille Cauti AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine GRADE 6 TITLES World s Early People Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt Archaeology Language Ancient Hebrews Early Greeks Greece s Golden Age Ancient Persia Ancient India Indian Empires Ancient China Early Romans Roman Empire Christianity and Rome s Legacies Olmec and Maya Civil Rights ON THE COVER: Shah Kaykaus Hawking, oil painting, 19th century, Persian, Mongol School: Getty Images: Burstein Collection. PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Lanmas: p.19 top left (Assyrian Palace); North Wind Picture Archives: p.18 top (Cyrus II the Great); Prisma Archivo: p.19 bottom (Zarathustra). Art Resource: British Library Board: Robana: pp bottom (Isfahan, the Shah Mosque); The Trustees of the British Museum: p.4 top right (Cyrus Cylinder); Erich Lessing: p.4 bottom (King Cambyses II), p.9 middle right (winged griffin), p.13 bottom left (Persian rug), p.14 middle left (Alexander mosaic), p.14 center middle (Darius); SEF: p.5 top right (Darius I the Great), p.12 top left (tribute bearers); Werner Forman: p.13 top left (rhyton). Bridgeman Images: Look and Learn: p.6 top (palace of Darius at Persepolis); Musée Rolin, Autun, France: p.5 middle right (Xerxes). Getty Images: Historical Picture Archive: p.6 middle left (Iranian prince); Bettmann: p.17 top center (Omar Khayyam); BornaMir: p.9 middle right (tomb of Cyrus); DEA Picture Library: G. Nimatallah: p.19 top center (Great Stupa); Art in All of Us: Eric Lafforgue: p.7 middle right (Ahura Mazda); Kazuyoshi Nomachi: pp (Persepolis steps); Print Collector: p.15 bottom center (Sassanian silver-gilt dish); Ugurhan: p.9 top right (Persepolis); Werner Forman: p.13 top right (armlet). Granger Collection: p.5 center middle (Persian gold coin); Sarin Images: p.2 bottom left (King Cyrus), p.16 top right (the genie appears to Aladdin). istock Images: AG-ChapelHill: p.3 bottom left (Borujerd, Iran); BornaMir: p.12 bottom left (Achaemenid soldiers); Fotolinchen: p.7 bottom center (barley); FrankvandenBergh: p.12 bottom right (two-headed bull); gaborbasch: p.17 center middle (Badshahi Mosque); kickimages: p.6 center middle (Persian soldier); Nikada: p.17 center middle (Taj Mahal); Vincent_St_Thomas: p.17 bottom center (Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey). National Geographic Creative: Tom Lovell: pp top (Persepolis in flames), p.14 bottom right (defeat of the Indian army). Shutterstock: Borna_Mirahmadian: p.17 top right (Azadi Square); JJ_SNIPER: p.19 top right (ancient Egyptian statue); M.Khebra: p.17 middle right (damask rose); Nicola Messana Photos: p.15 bottom left (iwan); Renata Sedmakova: p.3 bottom right (Herodotus); steve estvanik: p.13 bottom right (the Shahnameh); Subbotina Anna: p.17 bottom right (lemons). ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Acme Design Company: Maps, pp.2 3. Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, cover; The Year 585 BCE, p.2; Xerxes and Soldiers, p.5; Canals, p.9. Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Rob Wood: Behistun, p.5; Greg Harlin: Poor Folk, p.7; Royal Road, pp.8 9. Copyright by Kids Discover, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be submitted through our Permissions website at contactus/permissions.html or mailed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Intellectual Property Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando, Florida Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN XXXX A B C D E F G If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited. Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format