Indianization of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia. thalassocratic state. What is Indianization? review

Transcription

1 Indianization of Southeast Asia -2- Southeast Asia 大林太良編 東南アジアの民族と文化 < 民族の歴史 >6 山川出版社 1984 年 What is Indianization? review Hindouisation(Frence) Indianization(English) Sanskritization cf. Sinicization Vietnam, Japan, Korean peninsula Chronological table of SEA(BC 1st-12 th C) thalassocratic state Ocean once connected people afar Power is based on the control of maritime traffic Strategic points;strait, bay, river mouth No interest in territorial control Once popular in Malay world Srivijaya was the forerunner 1

2 Southeast Asia in the 7-8 C. Shrivijaya ( 室利仏逝 三仏斉 ) shi-li-fo-she, san-fo-ji (7-13AD) This map is too much exaggerated Current theory claims that Shrivijaya s control extended only in the Straits of Malacca and Sunda Palembang was the center of Srivijayan power religion market seafaring people port Jambi Palembang South Sumatra Characteristic of Srivijaya Control of major route of maritime traffic Center of economic activities Developed as the harbor to wait for favorable monsoon wind Center of religious activities:center of Mahayana Buddhism in the 7 th century High mobility in population Use of orang laut (seafaring people) The maritime trade zone of Shrivijaya; 7 th and 13 th centuries 2

3 Muara Takus Buddhist temple ruin Shrivijayan power left very few remains due perhaps to its commercial character Telaga Batu inscription 義浄 南海寄帰内法伝 Yi jing Nan-hai ji gui nei fa zhuan 斯乃咸遵仏法 多是小乗 唯末羅遊少有大乗耳 There everybody respects Buddhism. Most of them are of Hinayana school. In Melayu are found a few Mahayanists. Buddhist statue excavated in Palembang 8 th C.AD Grass beads found in Palembang Song porcelain excavated in Palembang 3

4 Reasons for Indianization So far, a number of scholars have proposed wide range of theories, however there is no any decisive evidence. There is no clear evidence that a largescale migration from Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia took place in the past Merely cultural diffusion Reasons for Indianization 1. Adventurous upper castes came in pursuit of gold and spice C. C. Berg 1. The insufficiency of the gold in India due to the embargo in Roman empire Dr. Nagazumi Akira 2. Discovery of trade wind and improvement of navigation technique Expansion of China market Diffusion of Buddhism N. J. Krom Reasons for Indianization 4. Local students went to India and invite intellectuals from India F. D. K. Bosch 5. Colonization of Indian immigrants. Establishment of the Greater India R. C. Majumdar (This theory was denied) Reasons for Indianization 6. The indigenous chief invites brahman priests for the authority and dignity J. C. Van Leur 7. The marriage of Indian man with the local woman 竺枝扶南記日: ( 頓孫国 ) 有 天竺婆羅門千余人 頓孫敬奉其道 嫁女与之 故多不去 太平御覧 巻七八八 (Taiping Yulan, vol. 788) Taiping Yulan Zhuzhi funanji records; (in the country of Tunsun),. there lived more than thousand Indian brahmans. People of Tunsun respect Brahmanism so much that they wanted to marry their daughters to the brahmans. So many of them did not want to go home. Phnom Da Holy hill in Angkor Borei 4

5 Cultural foundation Hindu Syncretism Unification Of kingdom Indian culture Javanese king, Raden Vijaya in the form of Harihara Spirits reside On the hill Ancestral worship acculturation King, priests Hindu gods Reside in Mt. Sumeru Royal legitimacy In Hinduism Harihara represents the combined body of Vishnu and Shiva. This unique deity cannot be found in India Clans, People Limits of Indianization Law of Manu Acculturation of caste system (varna, jâti) Juxtaposed with a clan. Varna-jati system and concepts still remain in Bali, Indonesia. Only brahman(priests) and sudra (populace) are found, but no other varnas can be found. The origin of four varnas Duty of four varnas 5

6 Evolution of Indianization in the 13 th century crisis Indianized states 13 th century crisis Crisis Insular SEA Islamization Except Bali Continental SEA Theravada Buddhism SEA dynasties after the 13 th century 11th century Asia 12th century Asia Bagan dynasty, Upper Myanmar Upper Myanmar Kyaukse Plain 6

7 Bagan dynasty ( ) Dynasty built by Burmese in the dry zone of Upper Myanmar The annual amount of rainfall is less than 800 mm. Agriculture cannot depend on natural rain fall The successive Bagan kings constructed irrigation in the Kyaukse plain. Islamization of Southeast Asia Islamic influence in Insular Southeast Asia and Evolution in continental SEA Southeast Asia changed dramatically after 13th century Islamic influence in insular part (not much in the Philippines) New races such as Thai and Burmese emerged in the scene. They chose Theravada Buddhism to replaces conventional Hinduism. Vietnam remained in the Chinese cultural sphere. Southeast Asia after the 13th century Continental SEA: Theravada Buddhism Vietnam:periphery of Chinese civilization Insular part:islamic world The Philippines and Eastern Indonesia:tribal society Theravada Buddhism Chinese sphere Islamic world Tribal society Tribal society Continent Theravada Buddhism SEA after the 13 th century crisis Vietnam Chinese culture Insular Islamic world Except Bali Philippine & Eastern Indonesia Tribal society Southeast Asia after 13 th century 7

8 Remnants of Indian Impact Use of Indian character: Thai, Laos, Cambodia, Burma Use or words originated in Sanskrit, Pali Kawi characters of Indonesia Lontar written in Kawi characters The book of fortune-telling written in the Javanese character Kodak advertisement (Thailand) The timetable of the Thai National Railway (North line) 8

9 Postbox in Laos Written in Lao and French Burmese advertisement in Mandalay Myanmar banknote 75 kyat Used in Not in use now. Cinema in Cambodia Phnom Penh Javanese textbook used in Indonesia hanacaraka Hanunoo-Mangyan tribal bamboo document and knives to curve letters 9

10 Mindoro Island A Man of Hanunoo- Mangyan tribe curving letters on the bamboo Mindoro, The Philippines Remnants of Indianization The prevalence of the classic India literary motif:two great epics ex. Wayang kulit, art, sculpture The use of Indian calendars, Shaka samvat, vikrama samvat, Concepts of black and white half of a month. Vikrama samvat still in use in Nepal Hindu calendars Vikrama samvat (BC 58) Shaka samvat (AD 78);Javanese calendar Gupta samvat (AD 320) Harsya samvat (AD606) Buddhist Era(BE) (BC 543) Buddhist Era (BE) Began in the legendary year of Sakyamuni Buddha s nirvana Currently Used in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos 2000 AD = 2543 BE 1957AD = 2500 BE, Buddha Jayanti 10

11 Bali Microcosmos of Hinduism Hindu temple in Bali island Pura Besakih, holiest temple of Bali Hinduism Garuda, or divine bird, appeared in Barong dance, Bali Garuda in Bali Hindu temple Garuda is supposed to be Vishnu s vehicle Karura ( 迦楼羅 ) or Garuda mask in Gigaku ( 伎楽 ) 8th century Horyuji 11

12 Kecak dance, Bali Prince Sita abducted by demon king Ravana The house shrine in Bali Beach Hotel Epilogue Javanese wayang kulit, shadow play If you have an opportunity to visit Southeast Asia, try to look for the the Indian cultural remnants for yourself. Surely you can find various kinds 12