Chapter 15. India and the Indian Ocean Basin. 1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transcription

1 Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin 1

2 India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty n Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C.E. n Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century n Chaos in northern India q Local power struggles q Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society 2

3 King Harsha (r C.E.) n Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India n Religiously tolerant q Buddhist by faith n Generous support for poor n Patron of the arts q Wrote three plays n Assassinated, no successor able to retain control 3

4 Introduction of Islam to Northern India n Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E. n Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world n Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 C.E. 4

5 Merchants and Islam n Arabic trade with India predates Islam n Dominated trade between India and the west to fifteenth century n Established local communities in India q Port city of Cambay 5

6 Mahmud of Ghazni n Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan n Raids into India, n Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples q Often builds mosques atop ruins 6

7 The Sultanate of Delhi n Consolidation of Mahmud s raiding territory n Capital: Delhi n Ruled northern India n Weak administrative structure q Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings n Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated 7

8 Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India n Chola kingdom, C.E. q Maritime power q Not highly centralized n Kingdom of Vijayanagar q Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 q Northern Deccan q Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi q Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 q Yet maintain relations with sultanate 8

9 Major States of Postclassical India, C.E. 9

10 Agriculture in the Monsoon World n Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest n Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast n Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine q Especially southern India n Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels 10

11 The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, C.E. 11

12 Population Growth in India 12

13 Trade and Economic Development in Southern India n Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient n Certain products traded throughout subcontinent q Iron, copper, salt, pepper n Southern India profits from political instability in north 13

14 Temples and Indian Society n More than religious centers n Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work q Some temples had large landholdings n Education providers n Banking services 14

15 Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin n Trade increases in postclassical period n Larger ships q Dhows, junks n Improved organization of agricultural efforts n Establishment of emporia q Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade n Specialized products developed (cotton, highcarbon steel) 15

16 The Kingdom of Axum n Example of trade-driven development n Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about first century C.E. q Adopted Christianity n Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south q Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C.E. q Major territorial expansion to late sixth century 16

17 Obelisk at Axum 17

18 Challenges to Caste and Society n Migrations n Growth of Islam n Urbanization n Economic development q Development of jati (subcastes) q Similar to workers guilds n Caste system expands from north to south n Promoted by temples, educational system 18

19 Decline of Buddhism n Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples n 1196, Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda q Thousands of monks exiled 19

20 Development of Hinduism n Growth of devotional cults q Especially Vishnu, Shiva n Promise of salvation n Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north 20

21 Devotional Philosophers n Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century C.E. q Devotee of Shiva q Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form q Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion n Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century q Challenges Shankara s emphasis on logic q Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism 21

22 Conversion to Islam n Twenty-five million converts by 1500 (quarter of total population) n Possibilities of social advancement for lowercaste Hindus q Rarely achieved: whole castes or jati convert, social status remains consistent 22

23 Sufis n Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam n Important missionaries of Islam to India n Some flexibility regarding local customs 23

24 The Bhakti Movement n Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together n Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north n Guru Kabir ( ) q Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one deity q Largely unsuccessful 24

25 Indian Influence in Southeast Asia n Influence dates from 500 B.C.E. n Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions q Kingship q Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) q Literature n Caste system not as influential 25

26 Early States of Southeast Asia n Funan q Lower Mekong River, first to sixth century C.E. n Kingdom of Srivijaya q Centered in Sumatra, C.E. n Kingdom of Angkor q Cambodia, C.E. q Magnificent religious city complexes 26

27 Early States of Southeast Asia: Funan and Srivijaya, C.E. 27

28 Later States of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, C.E. 28

29 Islam in Southeast Asia n Early populations of Muslim traders n Increasing popularity with Sufi activity n Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions 29

30 State of Melaka n Founded late fourteenth century C.E. by rebellious prince of Sumatra n Dominated maritime trade routes n Mid-fifteenth century converts to Islam 30