Entry of Europeans into India

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Entry of Europeans into India"

Logan Wheeler
5 years ago
Views:

Entry of Europeans into India Handout This is not very important topic for CSE prelims. Occasionally a question will be asked from this topic. After reading this topic, you are expected 1.

1 Entry of Europeans into India Handout This is not very important topic for CSE prelims. Occasionally a question will be asked from this topic. After reading this topic, you are expected 1. To understand the reasons for Europeans to find all sea route to India 2. to know the entry and establishment of Portuguese in India 3. to know how the Dutch entered into India 4. to understand how the British East India company has settled in India 5. To understand about the Danish entry into India 6. to understand the French settlements in India Let us discuss the following concepts one by one. 1. Introduction 2. The Portuguese in India 3. The Dutch in India 4. The British in India 5. The Danish in India 6. The French in India 1. Introduction Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered new and all sea route from Europe to India in (Don t think that, he is the first European to come to India. India was doing trade with Greeks and Romans from Ancient time). 1

There were three ancient routes connecting India and Europe.

these European traders to pass through the routes, which falls under ottoman territory.

Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Eastern Roman Empire.

2 There were three ancient routes connecting India and Europe. The Ottoman empire, which has occupied Turkey and Northern parts of Africa did not allow these European traders to pass through the routes, which falls under ottoman territory. Mehmud II: This problem was aggravated, when Mehmud II (7 th Ottoman Sultan) conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Eastern Roman Empire. The title of Mehmud II was Mehmud, the conqueror. Then the Europeans started searching for new and all sea route by passing Africa. 2

Imp. Personalities: (Useful for state exams but not very important for IAS) Henry, the Navigator: Henry (Prince of Portugal) has started Naval academy and encouraged to

(Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar). The title of Henry is the navigator.

3 Imp. Personalities: (Useful for state exams but not very important for IAS) Henry, the Navigator: Henry (Prince of Portugal) has started Naval academy and encouraged to find sea route to India. He crossed the Gibraltar strait and reached north Africa. (Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar). The title of Henry is the navigator. Bartolomeu Dias: Bartolomeu Dias (a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household), sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so. He named it the "Cape of Storms" 3

Columbus: In 1492, Spain navigator Columbus set out to

4 John II: In 1488, John II (Prince of Portugal) reached the southernmost tip of Africa, named Cape of Good Hope Columbus: In 1492, Spain navigator Columbus set out to reach India but instead discovered America. (reached Caribbean islands). 4

in 1498. He started from Lisbon, Sailed Via the Cape of Good hope and reached Calicut.

5 Maneul I: Portuguese king Maneul I encouraged Vasco da gama to reach India 2. The Portuguese in India Early navigators: Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered new and all sea route from Europe to India in He started from Lisbon, Sailed Via the Cape of Good hope and reached Calicut. (Actually followed an Indian (Gujarati)/ Arab trader named Ahmad Ibn Majid from Zanzibar) He Persuaded the king of Calicut Zamorin and the cargo that was carried by him in return was sold for 60 times to the cost of his voyage. 5

empire). Early factories: In India, they established their first factory at Cochin in 1503.

6 In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral was appointed commander-in-chief of a fleet sailing for India. Instead of reaching India, first they reached present day Brazil (From 1500 till 1822, Brazil was a colony under Portuguese empire). Early factories: In India, they established their first factory at Cochin in Other early factories include Quilon (Kollam), Cannanore (Kannur) Important Portuguese India Governors : Francisco de Almeida: Francisco de Almeida ( ) was the first Portuguese governor (viceroy) in India. 6

Fort St. Angelo (also known as Kannur Fort (Kerala) was built by him in 1505.

founder): Alfonso-de-Albuquerque (1509-1515) was the second Portuguese governor in India.

7 Fort St. Angelo (also known as Kannur Fort (Kerala) was built by him in He introduced Blue water Policy (No involvement of local politics) Alfonso-de-Albuquerque - Second Governor (Real founder): Alfonso-de-Albuquerque ( ) was the second Portuguese governor in India. He cancelled Blue water policy He captured Goa in 1510 by defeating the king of Bijapur and established their base in Goa. (Krishna devaraya (Vijayanagar king) helped him) 7

Nuno da Cunha: He conquered northern province (Bassein, Bombay, Diu, Daman from Bahadur shah (Muslim ruler of Gujarat) Other important forts of Portuguese are St.

8 He is regarded as the real founder of Portuguese power in India. He was most successful Portuguese governor. During his governorship Portuguese established their control over entire Asian coast from Hormuz in Persian Gulf to Malacca in Malaya and Spice Islands in Indonesia. Nuno da Cunha: He conquered northern province (Bassein, Bombay, Diu, Daman from Bahadur shah (Muslim ruler of Gujarat) Other important forts of Portuguese are St. Thomas Fort, kollam (1518) Other important factories include Diu, Daman etc. Martim Afonso de Sousa: When De sousa was Governor, Saint Francis Xavier came to India to propogate Christianity. Xavier dead body is in St. Xavier church (Goa) Early factories in Bengal: In 1536, Portuguese got permission from sultan Mahmud Shah to trade in Hoogly. In Emperor Akbar gave permission to a Portuguese captain Pedro Tavares to establish a city anywhere in Bengal province. They chose the Hoogly and thus Hoogly became the first European (Portuguese) settlement in Bengal. 8

Portugal had monopoly over this highly profitable Eastern trade

9 Monopoly over 100 years: The Portuguese dominated the entire Asian coast from Hormuz (Persia) to Spice islands in Indonesia. Portugal had monopoly over this highly profitable Eastern trade nearly for a century. They combined the use of force with trade. 9

10 They had very strong Naval force and consolidated trade using Feitorias system (Trading posts). What they introduced in India: Tobacco, Cashew nut, Pineapple and Chilies were introduced in India by Portuguese. Printing press in India: The art of printing first entered India through Goa. Portuguese introduced on 30 April

11 Decline: Conflict with Dutch (Beginning in 1602, the Dutch companies started invading Portuguese colonies) Focused on Brazil (Portuguese has manily had its focus on Brazil, which was their colony till War with Spain (Many wars were fought but the notable incident was, when Portuguese gave Bombay as dowry to England in 1669) Defeated by Marathas (Battle of Vasai) (Portuguese was propagating Christianity) 3. The Dutch in India United East India Company (Dutch East India Company) was established in It was first company to issue stocks Early factories: In India, they established the first factory in Masulipattanam in Opened a factory at Pulicat in 1610 and made it their capital. An other important factory in Coromandel was Nagapattanam Dutch Vs Portuguese: Beginning in 1602, the conflict primarily involved the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, India and the Far East. In 1661 Dutch occupied Kollam which was under Portuguese. In 1663, Dutch occupied Kochi from Portuguese and built there Fort Williams (Don t confuse it with Fort St. Williams which is British Fort at Calcutta) The Portuguese was confined to Goa, Diu Daman. Other important Dutch factories include: Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641, Cossimbazar in 1651, Chinsura in

Battle of Colachel: The young ruler of Travancore, Marthanda

The Travancore Dutch War that followed culminated in the Battle

The Battle of Colachel (or Battle of Kulachal) was fought on 10

12 Battle of Colachel: The young ruler of Travancore, Marthanda Varma, started to expand his kingdom. The Travancore Dutch War that followed culminated in the Battle of Colachel which proved disastrous for the Dutch. The Battle of Colachel (or Battle of Kulachal) was fought on 10 August The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to India. 12

Battle of Bedara (Chinsurah): The Battle of Bedara (also known as Battle of Chinsurah - Bengal) (25 November 1759) was fought between the British Army and the Dutch Army, in Bengal, India.

13 Battle of Bedara (Chinsurah): The Battle of Bedara (also known as Battle of Chinsurah - Bengal) (25 November 1759) was fought between the British Army and the Dutch Army, in Bengal, India. In this battle, the Dutch force was decisively defeated by the British forces. Dutch settlements in India were surrendered to British and Dutch was confined to Indonesia. 4. The British in India In 1600, East India Company got royal charter from the Queen Elizabeth First Voyage: The East India Company s first voyage ship named as Red Dragon. The command of the vessel was James Lancaster 13

Early factories: William Hawkins: William Hawkins was a representative of the

first company ship to anchor at Surat in India in 1608.

14 Early factories: William Hawkins: William Hawkins was a representative of the English East India Company notable for being the commander of Hector, the first company ship to anchor at Surat in India in In 1608, William Hawkins visited the court of Jahangir to seek permission to start a factory at Surat. He was received well but under the pressure of Portuguese viceroy, the grant was withdrawn. Jahangir gave the title 'English-Khan' to William Hawkins 14

Portuguese fleet at Swally (Surat) was defeated by British under

15 The English opened their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1611, which was not under the influence of Mughals. Portuguese fleet at Swally (Surat) was defeated by British under captain Thomas Best in 1612 and English built their first factory at Surat in

Sir Thomas Roe visited Mughal emperor Jahangir s court in 1615.

16 Sir Thomas Roe visited Mughal emperor Jahangir s court in The purpose of his visit was to seek permission to trade and open factories in different parts of the empire. In Eastern India, the English opened their first factory in Odisha in Fort Saint George is the first fort constructed by British in India. It was built in 1644 at the coastal city of Chennai. 16

History of Madras (Chennai): In 1639, Francis Day secured the Grant by the Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, giving over to the East India Company a three-mile long strip of land, a fishing village called

17 History of Madras (Chennai): In 1639, Francis Day secured the Grant by the Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, giving over to the East India Company a three-mile long strip of land, a fishing village called Madraspatnam This place was supposedly named so by Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, Nayak of Vandavasi (Wandiwash) in remembrance of his father Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu. He was the local governor for the last Raja of Chandragiri, Sri Ranga Raya VI of Vijayanagar Empire Madras was the first municipal corporation set up in India in the year 1688, under a Royal Charter issued by King James II on 30 December 1687 as the Corporation of Madras. It is the oldest municipal body of the Commonwealth of Nations outside Great Britain British in Bengal: In 1651 English got permission to trade in Hoogly in Bengal and thus Hoogly became one of the main centers of English company. (Nawab of Bengal Shuja Ud din grants company the right to trade after paying duty) 17

Dowry from Portuguese: In 1661 Portugal was at

This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine

and gave Bombay as dowry to her daughter.

Bombay (de facto though not officially) and the

18 Dowry from Portuguese: In 1661 Portugal was at war with Spain and needed support from England. This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine Briganza of Portugal to Charles II of England and gave Bombay as dowry to her daughter. Child war: Sir John Child was a Governor of Bombay (de facto though not officially) and the first governor general of British settlements in India. 18

In 1689, a war broke out between the English and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

In 1690 company sent envoys to Aurangzeb to plead for pordon.

subsequently re-established Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta. Fort St.

19 In 1689, a war broke out between the English and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. In this war British were expelled by Aurangzeb. In 1690 company sent envoys to Aurangzeb to plead for pordon. Company paid a large indimity and promised better behaviour in future and subsequently re-established Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta. Fort St. David: Fort Saint David was a British fort near Cuddalore (a hundred miles South of Chennai) on the Coromandel Coast. Previously it was a Maratha Property but was sold by Maratha to the British in Exemption of Custom duty: In 1691, Through a Royal Farman issued by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, EIC was Exempted to pay custom duty in Bengal 19

Kolkata: Kolkata was formed by merging three villages (Sutanuti, kalikata and Gobindapur) In 1698, Charles Eyre acquired the zamindari (land-holding) rights from the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family, the

20 Kolkata: Kolkata was formed by merging three villages (Sutanuti, kalikata and Gobindapur) In 1698, Charles Eyre acquired the zamindari (land-holding) rights from the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family, the zamindars (landlords) of the area. Fort St. Williams: Fort Williams was built in 1700 by the British East India Company under the supervision of John Goldsborough. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the River Hooghly. 20

Right to issue passes: In 1717 East India Company had secured a valuable privilege under a royal Farman by the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar, which had granted the company the freedom to export and

21 Right to issue passes: In 1717 East India Company had secured a valuable privilege under a royal Farman by the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar, which had granted the company the freedom to export and import their goods in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes (Dastaks) for movement of such goods. The reason for giving this Farman was: William Hamilton, a surgeon associated with the company cured Farrukh Siyar of a disease. 21

22 It gave an undue advantage to the British and facilitated their trade in India 4. The Danish in India The First Danish East India company: The first Danish East India Company was chartered in 1616 under King Christian IV and focused on trade with India. 22

foundation laid of a settlement at Trincomalee on the island's east coast.

23 The first expedition, under Admiral Ove Gjedde, took two years to reach Ceylon, losing more than half their crew. The island had been claimed by Portugal by the time they arrived but on 10 May 1620, a treaty was concluded with the Kingdom of Kandy (an independent monarchy of the island of Lanka the foundation laid of a settlement at Trincomalee on the island's east coast. Early factories: After landing on the Indian mainland, a treaty was concluded with the ruler of the Tanjore Kingdom, Raghunatha Nayak, who gave the Danes possession of the town of Tranquebar (Tharangambadi), and permission to trade in the kingdom by treaty of In Tranquebar they established Fort Dansborg and installed Captain Crappe as the first governor of Danish India. 23

24 Between , Danish trade extended, with factories in Masulipatam, Surat, Balasore. but the trade in India ceased entirely between , during which time all previous acquisitions were lost except Tranquebar, which held out until aid from Denmark arrived in 1669 The second Danish East India company: A new Danish East India Company was formed in 1670, and several new commercial outposts were established, governed from Tranquebar Dannemarksnagore at Gondalpara (Bengal), in Frederiksnagore in Serampore, (Bengal). In 1756, The Nicobar Islands declared Danish property under the name Frederick's Islands. Decline: During the Napoleonic Wars( ) (a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom), the British attacked Danish shipping, and devastated the Danish East India Company's India trade. 5. The French in India French East India Company was formed in 1664, Early factories: French reached Surat in 1668 and established the first French factory in India Abdullah Qutab Shah ( ) was seventh rular of kingdom of Golconda. In 1669, he permitted the French to open a factory at Masulipattam. In 1673, the French acquired the area of Pondicherry from the qiladar of Valikondapuram under the Sultan of Bijapur, and thus the foundation of Pondichérry was laid. Subsequent French settlements were Chandernagore in Bengal, in 1688, Yanam in Andhra Pradesh in 1723, Mahe in 1725, and Karaikal in

French Governor general Dupleix: Dupleix was the Governor General of French India from 1742 to 1754.

25 Dutch Vs French: The Dutch captured Puducherry in 1693 but returned it to France by the Treaty of Ryswick (a city in Dutch republic) in French Governor general Dupleix: Dupleix was the Governor General of French India from 1742 to His ambition was to acquire for France vast territories in India and for this purpose he entered into relations with the native Princes and initiated the policy of taking part in quarrels of Indian princes. 25

(Anglo-French Wars): First Carnatic war/ Anglo-French War (1746-1748) The first carnatic war was the result of Austrian succession war

26 Dupleix's ambition clashed with British interests in India. Robert Clive arrived to India in 1744, a British officer who dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French empire India Carnatic wars (Anglo-French Wars): First Carnatic war/ Anglo-French War ( ) The first carnatic war was the result of Austrian succession war ( ) between Austria and Prussia. French won this war. The French besieged Madras. When the Austrian Succession War was concluded with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, the first anglo-french war also came to an end. 26

Second Anglo-French War/ Carnatic War (1749-54) This war took place between French and British without the permission of their mother countries.

27 Second Anglo-French War/ Carnatic War ( ) This war took place between French and British without the permission of their mother countries. After the release of Chanda saheb from Maratha captivity conflict started between Chanda Saheb and Anwaruddin for the Nawab ship of carnatic. Consequently a war of succession broke out between Mujaffar Jung and Nasir Jung. Mujaffar Jung and Chanda Saheb requested the help of French. Battle of Ambur: Then Duplex, invaded on Arcot with Mujaffar Jung and Chanda Saheb. English started supporting Mohammad Ali, son of Anwaruddin and Nasir Jung. Later French installed Muzaffar Jung as Nizam of Hyderabad. Muzaffar Jung was killed in 1752 by his own people due to disagreement. (Nawab of Kurnool killed him) Then, Bussy installed salabat Jung as Nizam of Hyderabad. French got Northern circars from salabat Jung. 27

The French defeat at Arcot was beginning of French down fall in India Dupleix was replaced by

28 Battle of Arcot: English invaded Arcot Under Robert Clive. Chanda Saheb was killed and Mohammad Ali was installed as Nawab of Carnatic. The French defeat at Arcot was beginning of French down fall in India Dupleix was replaced by Comte de Lally Third Carnatic war/ Anglo-French War ( ): The outbreak of the Seven Years War ( ) in Europe led to third Carnatic War. 28

were under Comte de Lally. English captured and destroyed Pondicherry.

29 Battle of Wandiwsh: Battle of Wandiwash (part of third Carnatic war) was fought between English and French in 1760, English forces were led by Sir Eyre Coote and French forces were under Comte de Lally. English captured and destroyed Pondicherry. When Seven Year war came to an end in Europe by Treaty of Paris in 1763, the third Carnatic War also ended. 29

30 The French were restricted to Pondicherry, Karaikkal, Mahe and Yanam. And then onwards French lived under the British protection. Reason for French failure: The primary cause of French failure in India was that the French company was subject to excessive government control. De Lally was handicapped in execution of his plans for want of funds and support from French government. The Count de Lally army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds. So the naval superiority of English was also a major cause of defeat of French at the hands of British. Reason for the success of European trading companies in South India South was not under the grip of mighty Mughals as the North. Dis-integration of Vijayanagar Empire. Small and weak states of South were at constant conflict with each other and Europeans used this rivalry as a tool to control them. 30

ANGLO FRENCH STRUGGLE (CARNATIC WARS) Choose the correct answer: - 1. Carnatic wars were fought in

Choose the correct answer: - 1. Carnatic wars were fought in ANGLO FRENCH STRUGGLE (CARNATIC WARS) a) 1736 1744 b) 1740 1744 c) 1746 1763 Ans : c) 1746 1763 2. The battle of plassey was fought in a) 1764