Overview of Imperial Nigeria. Chapter 27, Section 2

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1 Overview of Imperial Nigeria Chapter 27, Section 2

2 Forms of Control 1. Colony A country or a territory governed internally by foreign power 2. Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power 3. Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges 4. Economic Imperialism Controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

3 The British: Royal Niger Company Gained Control by both Diplomatic and Military Means Treaties Squashing Rebellions, ultimately successful at this Wanted to control the Niger River Delta for the natural resources!

4 They wanted Palm Oil!

5 Positive Effects of Colonial Rule Reduced Local Warfare Lifespans increased Literacy increased African products came to be valued on the international markets

6 Negative Effects Africans lost their land and independence Many died of diseases Lost food because farming changed to cash crop focus Lots of famine Breakdown of traditional cultures Men forced to leave home to find work Traditional authority figures were replaced Division of African Continent Families split by borders Rivals forced together

7 Imperialism in Muslim Lands Chapter 27: Section 3

9 What is geopolitics? An interest in, or taking of land, for its Strategic location or products

10 The Ottoman Empire s Decline

11 Crimea Had access to the Black Sea Russia wanted it for a warm weather port, but the Ottoman Empire controlled it THE CRIMEAN WAR

12 Crimean war = Russia and Ottomans (Supported by Britain and France) Ottomans Win However, Exposed military weaknesses of Ottomans

13 After the Crimean War The Russians came to the aid of Slavic people in the Balkans who rebelled against the Ottomans. The Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and an area that became Bulgaria. The Ottomans lost land in Africa too.

14 The Great Game the fight for India Britain and Russia fought over Muslim, Asian Lands (India) Russia sought to extend its empire and gain access to India s riches. Britain defended its colony and also attempted to spread its empire beyond India s borders. Afghanistan, which lay between the Russian and British empires, became the center of their struggle.

Afghanistan In the 1800s, it was an independent, Muslim kingdom After decades of fighting, Great Britain finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1881.

15 Afghanistan In the 1800s, it was an independent, Muslim kingdom After decades of fighting, Great Britain finally withdrew from Afghanistan in In 1921, Britain formally agreed that its empire would not extend into Afghanistan The newly formed Soviet Union, meanwhile, signed a nonaggression pact with Afghanistan. That agreement was honored until 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

16 Egypt Tried reforms in order to stop Imperialists from seeing them as weak Egypt s strategic location at the head of the Red Sea appeared valuable to France and Britain. Muhammad Ali became the leader of Egypt, after Napoleon lost when trying to invade Egypt

Muhammad Ali s Reforms in Egypt Personally directed the shift of agriculture to cash crops (cotton), without outside help Brought Egypt into the modern international

17 Muhammad Ali s Reforms in Egypt Personally directed the shift of agriculture to cash crops (cotton), without outside help Brought Egypt into the modern international marketplace Forced peasants to lose their lands for farming Muhammad s grandson: Isma il Continued efforts by constructing the Suez Canal It connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.

18 How did they pay for the canal construction? It was built mainly with French money from private interest groups, using Egyptian labor. The Suez Canal opened in 1869 with a huge international celebration. However,Isma il s modernization efforts, such as irrigation projects and communication networks, were enormously expensive. Egypt had $450 million dollars in debt The British oversaw financial control of the canal in 1882 the British occupied Egypt

19 Persia: British and Russian Spheres of Influence Russia was especially interested in gaining access to the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Britain was interested in using Afghanistan as a buffer between India and Russia. OIL DISCOVERED IN PERSIA IN 1908 EVERYONE BECOMES MORE INTERESTED

20 Tobacco and Oil Concessions in Persia A concession agreement is a negotiated contract between a company and a government that gives the company the right to operate a specific business within the government's jurisdiction, subject to certain conditions. Persia did not have the capital to develop its oil or tobacco resources In 1890, Persian ruler Nasir al-din sold a concession to a British company to export Persian tobacco. This action outraged Jamal al-din al-afghani, a leader who supported the modernization of Persia. He helped set up a tobacco boycott by the heavy-smoking Persians.

21 The Tobacco Riots As unrest continued in Persia, the government was unable to control the situation. In 1906, a group of revolutionaries forced the ruler to establish a constitution. In 1907, Russia and Britain took over the country and divided it into spheres of influence.

19, 2007 EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD

19, 2007 EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO THE MUSLIM WORLD Stresses in the Muslim World Empires in Decline - 1700s - Muslim empires in India, Middle East, and Iran had been weakened - central govts. had lost control over