As Europe emerges from the Middle Ages, exploration and overseas trade help spur large economic, political, and religious changes.

Transcription

1 Unit 2 The Growth of New Ideas As Europe emerges from the Middle Ages, exploration and overseas trade help spur large economic, political, and religious changes. Crusaders prepare to travel to the Holy Land.

2 The Growth of New Ideas SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Renaissance Connections Traders, Explorers, and Colonists The Age of Revolution The Russian Empire

3 Section 1 Renaissance Connections The rebirth of art, literature, and ideas during the Renaissance changes European society.

4 1 Renaissance Connections Europeans Encounter New Cultures The Crusades Crusades series of expeditions from 1000s 1200s - Western Europeans seek to capture Holy Lands from Muslims Open trade routes link Europe to southwest Asia, North Africa - Europeans rediscover ideas of ancient Greece, Rome Interest in ancient world sparks the Renaissance - cultural era of creativity, learning from 1300s 1500s

5 1 The Rebirth of Europe The Italian City-States Renaissance begins on Italian Peninsula in mid- 1300s Peninsula is divided into independent city-states - Florence is center of banking, trade, manufacturing New aristocrats live in cities; money comes from commerce not land A Changing View of the World Rich build large, luxurious homes; have best food, clothes, jewels - emphasize education, arts

6 1 Learning and the Arts Flourish The Role of Patrons Rich citizens become patrons; give artists, scholars money, housing - hire architects for churches, buildings, sculptures, fountains Pride in city-states makes patrons seek top artists, scholars, poets The Visual Arts: New Subjects and Methods Renaissance artists create religious works, but also other subjects - portraits of patrons; historical, mythological paintings Continued...

7 1 continued Learning and the Arts Flourish Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci famous artist and scientist - paints the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper Skilled engineer, scientist, inventor - fills notebooks with sketches of discoveries, inventions - has ideas for flying machines, parachutes,

8 1 The Northern Renaissance Erasmus and Shakespeare Renaissance s inspiration spreads to Northern Europe Dutch scholar, philosopher Desiderius Erasmus - criticizes church for its wealth, pokes fun at its officials William Shakespeare English playwright in late 1500s, early 1600s - popular plays include Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth

9 1 The Reformation Martin Luther Some Northern Renaissance views conflict with Roman Catholic Church - leads to Reformation 1500s movement to change church practices German monk Martin Luther disturbed by church s wealth, corruption - opposes selling of indulgences forgiving sins for money In 1517, he attacks church in 95 theses statements of belief Luther is excommunicated cast out of church, goes into hiding

10 1 A Conflict over Religious Beliefs The Spread of Protestant Ideas Luther s followers are called Protestants - their protest at a meeting ends church s tolerance of their beliefs Many still support church conflict causes religious wars Peace of Augsburg German states pick own official religions By 1600, Protestantism spreads to England, Scandinavia Continued...

11 1 continued A Conflict over Religious Beliefs The Counter Reformation Church movement of mid-1600s - stops selling indulgences - new Society of Jesus (Jesuits) spreads Catholicism worldwide

12 Section 2 Traders, Explorers, and Colonists European trade and exploration changes the lives of many people on both sides of the Atlantic.

13 2 Traders, Explorers, and Colonists Trade Between Europe and Asia The Spice Trade Europeans want Asian spices - pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves preserve food, improve flavor Spice trade controlled by Italian merchants from Genoa, Venice - sail to eastern Mediterranean ports to get Asian goods The Possibility of Great Wealth Transport of goods is costly, so spices are expensive in Europe - in 1400s, new direct trade route to Asia is sought

14 2 Leaders in Exploration Exploring the African Coast Portugal s Prince Henry the Navigator seeks shortcut to Asia - in early 1400s, sends explorers down coast of Africa Explorers return with gold dust, ivory, navigational knowledge The Race Around Africa Bartolomeu Dias rounds Africa s south tip (Cape of Good Hope) in 1488 A decade later, Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India Portugal puts trading posts on Indian Ocean coasts, rules the seas

15 2 Europe Enters a New Age Christopher Columbus Some believe shortest way to Asia is west across Atlantic Italian Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, leaves in when Columbus finds land in Caribbean, he thinks it is Asia Ferdinand Magellan In 1519, Spain funds Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan - killed in battle in Philippines after 18 months at sea - only 18 crewmen circumnavigate sail completely around the world Continued...

16 2 continued Europe Enters a New Age John Cabot England s Henry VII wants his share of new riches - funds voyage by Italian-born Giovanni Caboto, called John Cabot - Cabot thinks north route across Atlantic might be shortcut to Asia Cabot sails from England in 1497, thinks he finds Asia - it was most likely present-day Newfoundland, Canada

17 2 The Outcomes of Exploration A Clash of Cultures Europeans founded colonies on coasts of Africa, the Americas Imperialism one country controls government, economy of another Lands already home to self-ruling peoples with own traditions Religious Conversion Christian European monarchs send missionaries to colonies - want to convert conquered peoples to Christianity Hope new converts will help Christianity overcome powerful Islam Continued...

18 2 continued The Outcomes of Exploration The Spread of Diseases Unknowingly, Europeans carry diseases to colonies - smallpox, malaria, measles kill millions in the Americas Slavery Portuguese buy West African people to work as slaves in Portugal In some colonies, Europeans make native peoples work land for them

19 Section 3 The Age of Revolution Scientific, industrial, and political revolutions transform European society.

20 3 The Age of Revolution Changes in Science and Industry The Scientific Revolution In 1500s, 1600s, discoveries lead to Scientific Revolution Italy s Galileo Galilei studies stars, planets with new telescope Holland s Antoni van Leeuwenhoek examines water with microscope Sweden s Carolus Linnaeus develops classification system - makes it possible to classify all living things on Earth Continued...

21 3 continued Changes in Science and Industry The Industrial Revolution New machines do jobs once done by humans, animals Industrial Revolution changes how goods are produced - machines are grouped into factories - placed near streams for power By late 1700s, steam engines allow factories to be built in cities - people move from countryside to cities for work

22 3 The Workshop of the World Hard Work for Low Pay Industrial Revolution begins in England in late 1700s - first factories make large amounts of textiles fast, cheap England is called The Workshop of the World Factories need labor force workers - earn more in cities, but work long hours for low pay In 1838, women, children make up 75% of textile workers Continued...

23 3 continued The Workshop of the World The Spread of Industrialization England s textile industry is step in the development of capitalism - factories, businesses are privately owned - owners decide what goods to produce, sell them at a profit Industrialization spreads to Germany, France, Belgium, U.S. Cities grow rapidly, become crowded and dirty - diseases spread, smoke fills skies, pollution fouls rivers

24 3 The French Revolution Ripe for Political Change By 1780s, French government is in debt from bad investments, wars Food shortages, heavy taxes make life hard for working people King Louis XVI, wife Marie Antoinette live in luxury Storming the Bastille Citizens demands for change are ignored French Revolution, July 1789 mobs storm Paris s Bastille prison By 1791, new constitution makes all citizens equal Continued...

25 3 continued The French Revolution The French Republic France becomes a republic in 1792 Louis, Marie beheaded in 1793 for treason betraying one s country Revolutionary leaders don t tolerate disagreement - Reign of Terror 17,000 people are executed in Napoleon In 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte takes over, ends the disorder New equality stirs French nationalism pride in, loyalty to, nation

26 Section 4 The Russian Empire Strong leaders build Russia into a large empire, but the country s citizens have few rights and struggle with poverty.

27 4 The Russian Empire Russia Rules Itself The First Czars of Russia Mongols rule Russia from 1200s 1400s Ivan the Terrible becomes the first czar emperor in 1547, at age 16 - known for cruelty, has Russia constantly at war Russia has unlimited government one ruler has all power Conflicts at Home First czars see rich nobles as threat Ivan has many murdered Laws make peasants into serfs, forced to stay on their farms

28 4 The Expansion of Russia A Window on the West Peter the Great intelligent, visionary ruler from Defeats Sweden in war, gains Baltic Sea coast; builds port city - new capital St. Petersburg window on the west Peter wants closer ties to Western Europe - seeks Scientific Revolution ideas, inventions to modernize Russia - reforms army, builds schools, makes Russia stronger Continued...

29 4 continued The Expansion of Russia A Great Empress Catherine the Great controls Russia from Adds vast new lands to empire, including Ukraine, Belarus Starts schools, encourages art, science, literature Builds towns, expands trade, creates powerful nation Catherine considers freeing peasants, but nobles won t let her - in 1770s, Catherine crushes peasant uprising

30 4 A Divided Russia The Nobles Have children educated in Germany, France; speak French at home Exposed to Western European ideas about government and its citizens Noble army officers, government officials support the czar attempt to replace the government by a group of nobles fails The Serfs In 1861, Alexander II ends serfdom - serfs have to pay a heavy tax; are given poor land; gain little Continued...

31 4 continued A Divided Russia Bloody Sunday Students, artists, writers are unhappy with treatment of serfs Workers complain about low pay, work conditions In 1905, workers march to St. Petersburg s palace with demands - many are shot by government troops - news of Bloody Sunday spreads across Russia People s anger with government, czar grows

32 4 The End of the Russian Empire The Russian Revolution Czar Nicholas II cannot keep Russia out of World War I in allies with France, Britain; suffers huge losses against Germany Cities have food shortages; workers go on strikes Revolutionaries organize workers against czar; army turns on him 1917 Russian Revolution removes Nicholas; czar and family killed - ends 300 years of Romanov rule, 400 years of czars rule