H istory. Women and Literature During Vijayanagar Period in Karnataka

Transcription

1 H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Women and Literature During Vijayanagar Period in Karnataka Vijayanagar rule is a golden period in the history of Karnataka. There was equal status for women in family affairs. As such, women artists and writers were developed. The paper discussed a few writers, who were popular during the Vijayanagar rule. DR. CHAWAN PREMSING Introduction : When the armies of the Delhi Sultanate destroyed the four great kingdom of the south (the Sevunas, Kakatiyas of Warrangal, Hoysalas and of the Pandyas of Madhurai) it looked as if a political power following a religion quite alien to the South was going to dominate the peninsula. Many princes including heroic Kumara Rama, a feudatory from Kamapila (now Kampli) in Bellary dist. perished while resisting the onslaughts. When the Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded by the Sangama brothers, people wholeheartedly supported them. Tradition says that sage Vidyaranya had caused a shower of gold to finance the Sangama brothers. Perhaps the sage succeeded in securing financial help from various quarters for the founders of Vijayanagara. Harsha founded the Kingdom in about 1336, and he secured control over northern parts of Karnataka and Andhra iron coasts. After the death of Ballala III (1343) and his son Virupaksha Ballala (in 1346), the whole of the Hoysala dominion came under his control. His brother Bukka ( ) succeeded in destroying the Madhurai Sultanate. It is this prince who sponsored the writing of the monumental commentary on the Vedas: Vedarthaprakasha; the work was completed in the days of his son Harihara II. Krishnadevaraya was the greatest emperor during his time. He was also a great warrior, scholar and administrator. He secured Raichur Doab in 1512, and later marched victorious into the capitals of his enemies like Bidar (1512) Bijapur (1523) and in the East, Cuttack (1518), the capital of the Gajapatis. His rule saw the reign of peace and prosperity. In the days of Aravidu Ramaraya ( ), Krishnadevaraya's son-in-law, the four Shashi Sultans attacked the empire, and after killing Ramaraya at Rakkasathangadi (Rakkasagi-Tangadagi) in 1565, destroyed the capital Vijayanagara. During the Vijayanagar rule in Karnataka, it is highlighted that women who belonged to the higher strata of the society played an active role in politics and administration, whereas the women, belonging to the lower strata of the society played an active role in the - economic life. The depth survey of available sources fails to provide complete evidences about the role of women in industries and commerce. Rigidity was one of the important causes which were responsible for the less participation in political, administrative and economic life. Women are most interested in culture, literature and arts during the Vijayanagar period. Women and Literature during Vijayanagar Rule : In the field of social and cultural life, women during the said period have made an outstanding contribution. Abhirama Karnakshi (Atukuri Molla) : She is one of the famous poetesses of that period. Abhirama Kamakshi's brother Svayambhu was the son-inlaw of Arunagirinatha I. who compose in charming verses, the Abhinava-Ramabhyudaya. There are twenty four Cantos in it and then it narrates the Ramayana story. To distinguish it from another work called Remabhyudaya written in the same period. It has been called Abinava-Ramabhyudaya Molla was no a lady of royal rank. She was of humble origin, being the daughter of Keshava Shetti, a potter of Gopavaram (Modern Padugupadu), a few miles to the north of Nellore on the left bank of the Pennar river. Molla is the earliest and also perhaps the greatest of Telugu poetesses. Though her date is not definitely known' it is not at all unlikely that she flourished in the palmy days of emperor Krishnadevaraya or a little earlier. In the eulogy - on poets of her Ramayanam she refers to the famous poet Shrinatha, who lived in the closing years of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century. Nothing is known of the personal history of Molla except that she wrote her famous poem, the Ramayanam. Molla's Ramayanam though small in size, is a poem of considerable poetic excellence and literary merit. Molla is a vigorous writer. Molla's Rarnayana has a place of honour. Mohanangi : She was the daughter of Krishnadeva Raya. Her surname was Tirurnalamba, the wife of Ramaraya. She was a famous poetess of that period. She has written a poem called Mariciparinayam. It is a love poem and it is one of the famous poems of the period. (1) Tirumalamba (1531 A.D.,) : Varadambikaparinayam, a Sanskrit work, composed by Tirumalamba is devoted to princess Varadambika's marriage with Achyuta Raya. Tirumalamba was a poetess of considerable talent. This work is important for its value as a source book of social and political history, more so, as the uthorss appear to narrate the events, of which she herself was an eye witness. Guest Lecturer (Department of History), Gulbarga University, Gulbarga (Karnataka) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

2 A few scholars are of the opinion that this kavya was composed during the reign of Krishnadevaraya. Further they say that the portions relating to the birth of a son to Achyuta Raya by name Venkatadri and the latter's anointment as Yuvaraja at the same time of his father's coronation might have been later additions by the same authoress (2). But in the case of a kavya this surmise appears strange, although it may hold good with regard to a chronicle kept in a court, for no kavya writer would keep his poem unfinished, wait for some more events to follow and then add an account of the same in the kavya later. Further, as the kavya ends with the installation of prince Venkatadri as yuvaraja which took place at the time of Achyuta Raya's coronation in 1529 A.D., after the death of Krishnadeva Raya, It is most probable that the poem was composed after Achyuta Raya's coronation. This is a well conceived poem written in a simple and chaste style. The authoress is evidently an accomplished lady of refined literary tastes. She has been identified with Oduva Tirumalamba who said to have composed the Sanskrit verse in the inscription at the Vitthala Temple at Hampi, commemorating the gift of Suvarnameru, performed by Achyuta Raya in 1533 A.D., a duplicate of which has been traced in another part of the same temple (3).This work commences with the description of the hero, Achyuta Raya's predecessors. It then recalls his exploits and his marriage with Varadamba and ends with his coronation and installation of their son, Cinna Venkatadri a Yuvaraja. The last verse in the kavya is a prayer for the weal of the poetess patron Achyuta Raya, his queen and their son. (4) Krishna Aiyangar, A.N., in his introduction to Achyuta rayabhuvudayam mentions the authoress of Varadambika Parinayam Tirumalamba as a queen of Achyuta Raya (5). A Sanskrit champykavya called the Varadambikaparinayam composed by Oduva Tirumalamba recalls in the long colophon at the end of the work, all the achievements and talents of this poetess. There it is said that she was the beloved of the king Achyuta Raya and that she learned the truths of the Puranas and Agamas and the beauties of new Kavyas and Natakas by listening to their exposition once only and that she had attained proficiency in many languages (6). As regards the two verses quoted in the Srirangarn inscription under review, which are concluded in the Sardulavikridita Metre, it may be mentioned here that more than a dozen copies of them exist in different scripts of the kingdom, viz., Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Grantha, and Nagari and in several places so far apart as Annigere and Srirangam, but in none other than the Srirangam Inscription information regarding the relationship between Tirumalamba and Achyuta Raya is given. While the Sanskrit verses glorify only the gift of Anandanidhi made by the king in 1539 A.D., the Tamil portion refers to the performance of Tulabhara on the same day. An inscription in 1533 A.D., in the reign of Achyutaraya, records the Sanskrit verse sung by Oduva Tirumalamba about the gift of Suvarna-Meru made by the king in the presence of god Vithalesvara : Bana - prana - payodhi - Sitakara - Sarnkyata - Saka - Vatsare. Vikhyate - Vijaye cha Masi Shasi - Svachchhe -cha pakshe Guroh! Vare Vishnu - dine Subha parisare Sri Vithaladhisituh dhirah Kamerianameru - danam - akarod - Virocyuta Kshmapatih (7) Thus, Tirumalamba whose identity hitherto was uncertain is now undoubtedly known from the Srirangam record. She is the second known lady of the Vijayangara period, gifted with poetic talents, the first being Gangadevi, the wife of Kampana II. Queen Tirumalamba appears to have issued grants on her own, as testified to by an inscription though it cannot be ascertained definitely whether it was done in the capacity of a queen. However, she appears to have been a pious lady. The inscription from the Raganathaswami temple at Srirangam dated Saka 1454, Nandana (Kanni) Sn. 13, Thursday Sadaiyam corresponding to Thursday, September 12, 1532 A.D., during the reign of king Achyuta Raya, registers a grant of land in the village Avilai by Tirumalaiamman for the recital of Bhaktasanjivi composed by herself (Bhaktasanjivi Sonna Tirumalaimman Ubhaiyamaga) for maintaining the Srivaishnavas who recited the Bhaktasanjivi before the God. (8) Tirumalamba appears to have been devoted and loyal to her patron Achyuta Raya, who raised her from the position of a mere court - poetess to that of Rajamahisi - a highly coveted position indeed. In the ancient times it is said that there were ladies in the palace, who kept accounts and who maintained records of events, along with a few who read holy works. The last have been Oduva - ladies who were women readers of holy works. Tirurularnba who was called Oduva Tirumalamba might have been one such, who caught the attention of Achyuta Raya by her literary ability and ultimately married him. Tirumalamba showed her deep regard and respect to Pattarnahishi Varadambika by recording her sincere prayers for the welfare and preservation of the queen - Regent and her son, the crown- prince Venkatadri (9). Thus, Tirumalamba appears to have earned the approbation of the emperor as Rajamahishi through her poetic talents, literary accomplishment, and the cordial attitude towards the royal couple, whom she held in great veneration. This definitely fetched her a deserving place in the royal palace at Vijayanagara. Tirumalamba was strangely enough, a reader of poetry to the ladies of the royal family. She was also an excellent musician, grammarian and rhetorician. Conclusion : Thus, the Vijayanagara period witnessed the glorious contribution made by famous women scholars like Gangadevi, Tirumalamba, Jaganmohini or Tukka, Mohanangi and Honnayi in the field of literature. Thus, women seem to have occupied a prominent place in the literary circles of the Vijayanagara times. References : (1) Sources of Vijayanagar History, p (2) Aiyangar, S.K. Sources of Vijayanagar History, p (3) Mysore Gazetteer, l Vol. II, Part Ill, pp (4) Q J. I.S. XXV, p. 66. (5) Achyuthabhudayam, p. 8. (6) Q.J.M.S. XXV, p. 66. (7) S II IX Pt. II No (8) A.R.I.E., for , pp (9) Q.J.M.S. XXV, p. 66 and E.l., XXIV, p Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

3 a H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No meulevelekeâeueerve heâejmeer DeefYeuesKe, ueesjhegj-decyes[keâj veiej (Gòej ØeosMe) Øemlegle MeesOehe$e meulevekeâeueerve heâejmeer DeefYeuesKe, ueesjhegj-decyes[keâj veiej (GòejØeosMe) hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ ueesjhegj ieebje kesâ meceerhe efmlele leeueeye kesâ ceoùe Skeâ ceoùekeâeueerve Jeemleg cew ueies DeefYeuesKe cew oes ueske nq~ henuee osjeveeiejer efueefhe cew SJeb mebmke=âle Yee<ee cew nw, otmeje ueske Dejyeer efueefhe SJeb heâejmeer Yee<ee cew nw~ leeueeye kesâ ceoùe yeveer Ùen Fceejle iegcyeoekeâej nw, efpemecew Skeâ Úesše iegcyeo nw, pees hellej kesâ Dee" KecYeeW hej efmlele nw~ meeceevùeleùee oskeves mes ner mhe nes peeleenw efkeâ Fme iegcyeo keâe efvecee&ce efkeâmeer hegjeves Jeemleg kesâ Thej ngdee nw~ Jele&ceeve meceùe cew Fme iegcyeo keâe DeefOekeâebMe Yeeie #eefle«emle nw~ mleeveerùe ueesie Fmes cekeâyeje keânles nq~ [e@.jepesmekegâceej efmebn fo}kuks a ds chp finys dbz n'kd ls igsyh cuk yksjiqj dk vfhkys[k,d egroiw.kz Qkjlh izlrj vfhkys[k gsa HkkSxksfyd n`f"v ls ;g vfhkys[k mrrj izns'k ds vecsmdjuxj tuin ds vdcjiqj rglhy,oa Cykd vurxzr voflfkr yksjiqj rktu uked xk o es flfkr gsa tuin eq[;ky; vdcjiqj ls tksuiqj jktekxz ij yxhkx rhu fdeh0 pyus ij lm+d ds nk;s a gkfk flfkr,d c`gr rkykc ds e/; ;g vfhkys[k lyrurdky dk bfrgkl latks;s gq, gsa yksjiqj xk o ds lehi flfkr bl rkykc ds e/;,d e/;dkyhu oklrq esa yxs bl vfhkys[k esa nks ys[k gsaa igyk nsoukxjh fyfi esa,oa LkaLd`r Hkk"kk esa gs] nwljk ys[k vjch fyfi,ao Qkjlh Hkk"kk esa gsa rkykc ds e/; cuh ;g bekjr xqecnkdkj gs] ftlesa,d NksVk xqecn gs tks irfkj ds vkb [kehkksa ij flfkr gsa lkeku;r;k ns[kus ls gh LIk"V gks tkrk gs fd bl xqecn dk fuekz.k fdlh iqjkus oklrq ds Åij gqvk gsa orzeku le; esa bl xqecn dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx {kfrxzlr gsa LFkkuh; yksx bls edcjk dgrs gsaa vkbksa LrEHkksa dks o`rrkdkj vkdkj es a rjklk x;k gsa mlds Åij yxh pwfydk Hkh o`rrkdkj gsa lhkh LrEHkksa dks izlrj ds mrrjax ls cka/kk x;k gsa LrEHkksa ds e/; xqecn dk vk/kkj cukus ds fy, izlrj dh kgrhj yxkbz xbz gsa blh ds Åij xqecn fufezr gsa bl y?kq,oa [kwclwjr bekjr ds if'peh dksus ij yxs mrrjax ds vkurfjd Hkkx esa vfhkys[k mrdh.kz gsa bl vfhkys[k dks i<+us dk yksxksa }kjk dbz ckj vlqy iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa vfhkys[k dh,d [kkl fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd blesa nks ys[k gsaa igyk ys[k nsoukxjh fyfi,oa LkaLd`r Hkk"kk esa rfkk nwljk vjch fyfi,oa Qkjlh Hkk"kk es a gsa izfke ys[k es a X;kjg iafdr;k gs] ftles a nwljh iafdr es a 43 lqs] rhljh ykbu 303 yhis] pksfkh ykbu ukxs lfoukxs ikapoh ykbu esa foøefnr; ukxs] NaBh ykbu eas la>ksfy vkfn kcn dqn gn rd LIk"V gsaa tks fp= esa iznf'kzr gsa blds nkfguh rjq Qkjlh ys[k gs] ftlesa dqy rsjg iafdr;k gsaa ys[k eas dqn v{kj fev x;s gsa rfkkfi vhkh cgqr gn rd lqjf{kr gsa tc esa bl xkao esa vfhkys[k ds v/;;u gsrq igqapk rks ;g ik;k fd bl bekjr ds Åij fgunw vksj eqflye nksuksa leqnk; ds yksx viuk&viuk nkok trkrs gsaa tgk eqlyekuks a dk ;g ekuuk gs fd ;g,d edcjk gsa ogha fgunw yksx bls izkphu f'ko efunj ekurs gsaa vo/k xtsfv;j ¼1½ ds vuqlkj vdcj ds igys ;g LFkku fla>ksfy dgk tkrk FkkA tks lks>koy jkor }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA lks>koy jkor,d LFkkuh; jkthkj ljnkj Fkk mlus ;gk,d fdys dk fuekz.k djk;k Fkk] tks mlds ckn lks>koyx<+ ds uke ls e'kgwj Fkk blh fdys esa og jgrk Fkk vksj ogha ls viuh fj;klr ij kklu djrk FkkA yksjiqj ds bl vfhkys[k esa la>ksfy 'kcn fy[kk gs ftlls bl ckr dh iqf"v Hkh gksrh gsa vdcj ds vkns'kkuqlkj ;gk cktkj rfkk,d NksVk fdyk,oa relk unh ij,d iqy cuok;k x;k vksj lks>koyx<+ vfkok la>ksfy dk uke cny dj vdcjiqj dj fn;ka ¼2½ vkxs pydj vdcjiqj fl>ksyh meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Fefleneme, mebmke=âefle SJeb hegjelelje efjeyeeie), [e@.je.ce.uees.dejeoe efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, hewâpeeyeeo (GòejØeosMe) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

4 lyrur dkyhu Qkjlh vfhkys[k] yksjiqj vecsmdjuxj m0iz0 uke dk ijxuk cuk;k x;ka ftldh mrrjh lhek VkaMk rfkk nf{k.kh lhek lqjgqjiqj vksj iwohz lhek fcmgj rfkk if'peh lhek fe>ksm+k rd folr`r FkhA ¼3½ orzeku le; esa ftl xkao esa ;g vfhkys[k flfkr gs] mls yksjiqj rktu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa vo/k xtsfv;j ¼4½ ds vuqlkj ls ;n rkt uked,d eqlyeku tks vjc ls vk;k Fkk vksj fla>ksfy esa cl x;ka,slk dgk tkrk gs fd og xksjh oa'k ls lecfu/kr FkkA mlus ;gk ds rkykc rfkk fdys ij dctk dj fy;ka vo/k xtsfv;j esa Qkjlh vfhkys[k ls ;gk ds LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh lwpuk feyrh gsa Qkjlh ys[k ds vuqlkj bl edcjs dk fuekz.k 782 fgtjh rn~uqlkj 1380 bzloh es a gqvka blds pkjks vksj Qynkj o`{k FksA ;g Hkw&Hkkx fl>ksfy dgykrk gsa ls ;n rkt us ;gk,d odq dk fuekz.k fd;k tks edcjs dh ns[kjs[k djrk Fkk ;gk dqjku i<+us okyks a] njh fcnkus okyks a rfkk izdk'k dh O;oLFkk ds lkfk&lkfk edcjs,oa efltn rfkk ;gk ds dq, ¼ftlls ikuh fi;k tkrk Fkk½ dh ns[k Hkky djrk FkkA bl ys[k ls LIk"V gs fd lş ;n rkt ftls xksjh oa'k dk dgk tkrk gs] og rqxyd oa'kh lqyrku fqjkst'kkg rqxyd ds tekus esa ml le; vk;k Fkk tc fqjkst'kkg rqxyd us 1359 bz0 es tksuiqj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA ¼5½ bl {ks= esa ckgj ls vkus okys eqlyekuksa esa ls ;n rkt igyk O;fDr Fkk blds ckn vkus okys eqlyekuks a ea s lş ;n vgen f'k;k leiznk; ds rfkk lş ;n lqyseku] f'k;k O;kikjh 1403 bloh esa bzjku ds [kqjklku izkur ls vk;s FksA fdurq yksjiqj ds Qkjlh ys[k esa ls ;n rkt dk gh o.kzu izkir gksrk gsa orzeku le; esa ;g edcjk fookfnr gsa bl Lekjd ij LFkkuh; jkthkj fcjknjh viuk nkok bl vk/kkj ij djrh gs fd lcls igys jktk lks>koy us ;gk viuk fdyk cuok;k mlh us rkykc rfkk blds e/; Lekjd dk fuekz.k djk;ka bl Lekjd dks LFkkuh; yksx izkphu f'koky; Hkh dgrs gsa osls jkthkj tkfr izkphu dky ls f'koiwtd tkfr jgh gs vksj buds izkphu Vhyksa ds ikl f'ko efunj vf/kdka'kr% feyrs Hkh gsaa dguk u gksxk fd izkphu dky esa ukx Hkkjf'ko 'kkldksa us dk'kh esa n'kkoes?k ;K fd;k Fkk ftlls mldk uke n'kkoes?k?kkv im+ka bugs a ukxoa'kh 'kkld dgk tkrk gsa ¼6½ blh dh,d 'kk[kk dkykurj esa Hkkj 'kso dgyk;ha bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd os yksx ;q) vkfn esa f'ko fyaxksa dks vius lkfk ysdj pyrs FksA esjk ekuuk gs fd ;gh Hkkj f'ko vkxs pydj jkthkj vfkok Hkj dgyk;sa ¼7½ ftugksaus iwohz mrrj izns'k ls ysdj e/; izns'k rd,d folr`r Hkw&Hkkx ij e/;dky rd 'kklu fd;ka Hkjksa ds fo"k; esa dksbz fyf[kr lk{; vc rd izkir ugha gs blfy, ;wjksih; fo}ku Vsyj dk ;g dguk fd fdlh egroiw.kz vfhkys[kh; lk{; ds vhkko es a ml egroiw.kz 'kkld oxz dh tkfr,oa o.kz dk fu/kkzj.k djus esa ftlus foiqy ek=k esa nqxksaz,oa iddh bzav ds rkykcks a dk fuekz.k djk;k Fkk] lrdzrk cjruh gksxha ¼8½ buds fo"k; esa Qfj'rk dk o.kzu gs fd Hkjksa dk 'kklu if'pe esa ekyok rfkk nf{k.kh vo/k,oa?kk?kjk unh rd folr`r FkkA ¼9½ fofy;e Øqd us Hkjksa dks nzfof.k;u ifjokj ls ls lecfu/kr fd;k gsa rfkk fou/;kpy,oa dqek Å ds ibkj ij ik;h tkus okyh vkfne tkfr;ks a ls mriuuk crk;k gsa,d vu; ;wjksih; fo}ku MkW0 vksikvz us Hkjksa dks ukbz tkfr ds led{k ekuk gs rfkk iozrh; tutkfr Hkjr,oa lcj vkfnoklh lewgksa ls lecfu/kr crk;k gsa ¼10½ tslk fd xtsfv;j vksj yksjiqj ds Qkjlh ys[k ls Hkh ;gh /ofur gksrk gsa e/;dkyhu bfrgkl ds rqxyd jktoa'k ds le; ;gk ls ;n rkt dk vkxeu gqvk vksj mlus ;gk ds Hkj 'kkld vksj mldh leifrr ij dctk dj fy;ka eqxy dky esa lezkv vdcj ds le; fla>ksfy dk uke cny dj vdcjiqj dj fn;k x;ka vhkh rd ;g vfhkys[k iwjh rjg i<+k ugha tk ldk gs] ftl ij 'kks/k dk;z tkjh gsa lanhkz % ¼1½ xtsfv;j vkwq vo/k ¼1985½ oh-vkj- ifcyds'ku ubz fnyyh i`0 14- ¼2½ r=soa ¼3½ r=soa ¼4½ r=so] i`-16- ¼5½ r=so] i`- 16- ¼6½ tk;loky] ds-ih- ¼1975½ fglvªh vkq Hkkj f'kokt ubz fnyyh i`0 58- ¼7½ r=so] i`0 59- ¼8½ Øqd fofy;e % ¼1890½ n Vªkbo,.M dklv vkwq n ukfkz oslvuz izkfoulst,.m vo/k ¼yanu½] i`0 5- ¼9½ r=so] i`0 3- ¼10½ r=so] i`0 2- Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

5 H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 107, Vol - XI (12), February , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No JewÕeerkeâjCe SJeb ceefnuee memeefòeâkeâjce : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e JewÕeerkeâjCe SJeb ceefnuee memeefòeâkeâjce kesâ DeOÙeÙeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ MeesOehe$e cew JewefÕekeâ ceefnueedeew keâer meeceeefpekeâ, DeeefLe&keâ, jepeveweflekeâ SJeb mebjewoeeefvekeâ efmleefleùeew keâes Útves keâe ØeÙeeme efkeâùee nw~ Deepe keâe meceepe Deye Ùen mecepe Ûegkeâe nw efkeâ efjekeâeme kesâ keâeùe& cew DeeOeer Deeyeeoer keâer menyeeefielee kesâ efyevee JeebefÚle ueeye Øeehle keâjvee DelÙeble keâef"ve nw, FmeefueS ceefnuee memeefòeâkeâjce kesâ ceeoùece mes ceefnueedeew keâes mje-jespeieej Øeoeve keâjvee, mjeejeuecyeve keâer #ecelee keâe efjekeâeme, ÛeÙeve keâjves keâer #ecelee, mebmeeoeveew hej efveùeb$ece SJeb efvece&ùe #ecelee lelee meyemes ØecegKe Gvekeâer Deelce Ûeslevee keâe efjekeâeme keâjvee nw~ [e@.heg<hee ÂýSÌééÌ àææðšæ  æ ð ßñàßè ÚU æ ß çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ çßçßšæ æøæ ð çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ ð çßçö Ù æøæ æð ÂÚU Âýý æàæ ÇUæÜæ»Øæ ãñuð Uâ ð çãuüæ æð è ßæSÌçß çsíçì æ ç æ æ ç Øæ»Øæ ãuñð æá ð ÕÎÜÌð ßñçE ÂçÚUßðàæ ð ÎðUàæ, â æá æñúu ÎéçÙØæ ð çãuüæ æð æð æçíü, âæ æçá, ÚUæÁÙñçÌ ß â ßñŠææçÙ ÎëçCU âð ÁÕêÌ æñúu SßæßÜ Õè ÕÙæÙð ÂÚU ÁæðÚU çîøæ Áæ ÚUãUæ ãñuð v~ ßè âîè æð ÁãUæ ãu é ØÌ ÂéÙüÁæ»ÚU æ ð Ùæ âð ÁæÙÌð ãñu ßãUè wv ßè âîè æð ãu çãuüæ è âîè ð Ùæ âð ÁæÙÌð ãñu Øæð ç ç âè Öè ÚUæcÅUþ è êü ŠæéÚUè çãuüæ ãuè ãuæðìè ãñu æñúu æá è ÕÎÜè çsíçì ãu ð ØãUè ÕÌæ ÚUãUè ãñuð çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ ÕãéU æøæ è Âýç ý Øæ ãñu çáâ ð mæúuæ çãuüæ æð ð UÌÙè Áæ»M Ìæ ÜæÙæ ãñu ç ßãU àæçq æð Âýæ# ÚÔU ß âæ æçá, æçíü, ÚUæÁÙñçÌ â âæšæùæð ÂÚU çùø æ æ Âýæ# ÚUÙð è ÿæ Ìæ çß çâì ÚU â ð Ð ç âè Öè â æá æ SßM  ßãUæ è ÙæÚUè è çsíçì ÂÚU çùöüúu ÚUÌæ ãñuð ØçÎ Uâ è çsíçì âéîëé U ß â æùáù ãñu Ìæð â æá Öè âéîëé U ß ÁÕêÌ ãuæð»æð ÙæÚUè è Uâè ãužææ ÂÚU ÙðÂæðçÜØÙ Ùð ãuæ Íæ - éûæð Øæð Ø æìæ Îð Îð ñ Ìé æð Øæð Ø ÚUæCþU Îê»æÐ æá ÁèßÙ ð ãuúu ÿæð æ ð çãuüæ æð ð Øæð»ÎæÙ æð Sßè æúu ç Øæ»Øæ ãñuð Øæð ç çãuüæ ß ÂéM á çß æâ M Âè»æÇ è ð Îæð ÂçãU ãñuð çãuüæ Öè ÚUæCþU ð çß æâ UÌÙæ ãuè ãuˆß ÚU¹Ìè ãñu çáìùæ ÂéM áð ÌÑ Îðàæ æ â éç Ì çß æâ çãuüæ æð è Öæ»èÎæÚUè ð çõùæ â Öß ÙãUè ãñuð æá ÖæÚUÌèØ çãuüæ æð Ùð Îðàæ ÎéçÙØæ ð çßçöóæ ÿæð ææð ð ÂÙæ â æçùì SÍæÙ ÕÙæØæ ãñuð æá çãuüæ ÕðãUÌÚU ÚUæðÁ»æÚU ð çü ÎéçÙØæ ð ç âè Öè æðùð ð ÁæÙð ð çü ÌñØæÚU ãñuð æá ðâæ æð Uü ÿæð æ ÙãUè ãñu ÁãUæ çãuüæ æð Ùð ÂÙè UÂçSÍçÌ ÎÁü ÙãUè ÚUæ üu ãuæðð â éîýý è»ãuúuæ UØæð âð Üð ÚU ÂãUæÇéUæð è ª æ UØæ Öè UÙ ð Î æð ð âæ Ùð ÀUæðÅUè ÂÇ» üu ãñuð æá çãuüæ ÂéM áæð ð âæí âúu æúuè ÌÍæ çùáè ÿæð ææð ð Šæð âð Šææ ç Üæ ÚU æøü ÚU ÚUãUè ãñuð çãuüæ æð Ùð Ùð ßâÚUæð ÂÚU ÂÙè àæç Ì â ÂóæÌæ æ ãuâæâ ÚUßæØæ ãñuð æá ÂéM cæ ÂýŠææÙ â æá ØãU â Ûæ é æ ãñu ç çß æâ æøæð ü ð çãuüæ æð è âãuöæç»ìæ ð çõùæ ßæ çàuì ÜÿØ Âýæ# ÚUÙæ ˆØ Ì çæuù ãñuð çãuüæ æð æð çß æâ è é Ø ŠææÚUæ âð ÁæðÇ ð çõùæ ç âè â æá, ÚUæ'Ø ß Îðàæ ð æçíü,âæ æçá,úuæáùñçì çß æâ è ËÂÙæ Öè ÙãUè è Áæ â Ìè ãñuð æá wv ßè âîè ð Üæ¹æð çãuüæ ÚUæCþUèØ ÁèßÙ ð ÂýˆØð ÿæð æ ð æøüúuì ãñuð æð Uü Öè ðâæ ÿæð æ ÙãUè Õ æ ãñu, ÁãUæ çãuüæ æð Ùð Îðàæ æ Ùæ ÚUæðàæÙ Ù ç Øæ ãuæðð ßãU ÚUæCþUÂçÌ, ÂýŠææÙ æè, ÚUæ'ØÂæÜ, çßšææø, âæ âî ß ØæØæŠæèàæ ÕÙ ÚU ÚUæCþU æ â æüù ÚU ÚUãUè ãñuð UÙ âõ è ÂãU æù UÙ ð ÂçÌ Øæ çâìæ âð ÙãUè ÕçË UÙâð çâìæ Øæ ÂçÌ è ÂãU æù ãñuð ç âè Öè Îðàæ æ çß æâ âöè ÿæð ææð ð ß Ùæ»çÚU æð æ ËØæ æ çãuüæ æð è âç ý Ø Öæ»èÎæÚUè ð çõùæ â Öß ÙãUè ãñuð ßñàæßè ÚU æ è ãußæ ÜÙð ð ÕæÎ â ê è ÎéçÙØæ,çßàæðá ÚU ðúuè æ,øêúuæðâ æñúu çàæøæ ð â Ü ÚUæðÁ»æÚU ð çãuüæ æð æ ÙéÂæÌ ÌðÁè âð ÕÉUæ ãñuð ðúuèu æ ð æ æáè çãuüæ æð è â Øæ v~z ð çìãuæ üu Íè Áæð æá ÕÉU ÚU Îæð çìãuæ üu ãuæð» üu ãñuð UÅUÙè ß ÁæÂæÙ ð ØãU ÂýçÌàæÌ y ãñuð çàæøæ üu Îðàæð ð } ÂýçÌàæÌ âð çšæ çãuüæ æ æáè ãñuð w v è ÁÙ» æùæ ð æ Ç æð ð éìæçõ Îðàæ ð ÚUæðÁ»æÚUÚUÌ Üæð»æð è â Øæ y ÚUæðÇ Íè,çÁÙ ð w zy ÂéM á ß vw ÚUæðÇ ØæçÙ çìãuæ üu âð Öè çãuüæ ÍèÐ çãuüæ æð è UóæçÌ ß çß æâ ð çü æßàø ãñu ç ÁèßÙ ð ÂýˆØð ÿæð æ çßàæðá ÚUæÁÙèçÌ ð UÙ æ âàæçq ÚU æ ãuæð, UÙ è âãuöæç»ìæ æ SÌÚU U æ ãuæðð ÖæÚUÌèØ çãuüæ æð è ÚUæÁÙñçÌ çs æçì çù AçÜç¹Ì æøæ æð âð ÁæÙè Áæ â Ìè ãñu Áñâð - çãuüæ æð è éùæß ð Öæ»èÎæÚUè, çãuüæ æð æ  æøìè ÚUæÁ âśíæ æð ð ÂýçÌçÙçŠæˆß, çãuüæ æð æ â âî ß ÚUæÁÙèçÌ ÎÜæð ð ÂýçÌçÙçŠæˆß UˆØæçÎÐ ÚUæCþUèØ çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ ÙèçÌ w v ð ÕÁÅU Âýç ý Øæ ð S æè-âém á ÌÚU æð â æ# meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Fefleneme efjeyeeie), yeer.s.deej.pevelee keâe@uespe, keâewue (kewâleue) - nefjùeecee Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February

6 ÚUÙð ð ÎëçCU æð æ æð ÃØßãUæØü ÚU æùèçì ð M  ð ÂÙæ ÁæÙð è ÕæÌ ãuè» üu ãñuð çãuüæ æð ãðuìê çßçàæcu çßšææù ÕÙæ» ãñu Áñâð-ÎãðUÁ çùáðšæ çšæçùø v~{v, ƒæúôuüê çã Uâæ âð çãuüæ æð è âéúuÿææ çšæçùø w z, UˆØæçÎÐ UÙ âöè çšæçùø æð mæúuæ çãuüæ æð æ â ßñŠææçÙ âàæçq ÚU æ ç Øæ»Øæ ãñuð ÖæÚUÌèØ â çßšææù ð xßð ß yßð â çßšææù â àææðšæùæð mæúuæ SÍæÙèØ çù æøæð ð xx ÂýçÌàæÌ æúuÿæ æ çãuüæ æð ð çü ç» ãñuð çõãuæúu Áñâð ÚUæ'Øæð ð z ÂýçÌàæÌ Üæ»ê ç Øæ»Øæ ãuñð çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ è ÎëçCU âð wv ÁÙßÚUè v~~w æð ÚUæCþUèØ çãuüæ æøæð» æ»æuù ãuˆßâê æü Î ãñu Áæð çãuüæ æð æð â ßñŠææçÙ ß æùêùè âéúuÿææ ð ÂýçÌ ÂýçÌÕÎ Šæ ãñuð æá âúu æúu çãuüæ æð ð UˆÍæÙ, çß æâ æñúu U ãð U âàæq ÕÙæÙð ßæÜð âæúôu ÂýØæâæð ÂÚU ÁæðÚU Îð ÚUãUè ãñuð Üðç Ù çè ÚU Öè ÖæÚUÌ ð çãuüæ æð è çsíçì ç Üè ÁéÜè ãñuð ÕãéUÌ çãuüæ æð æð ÂÙè çsíçì ÂÚU Âê æü çùø æ æ Âýæ# ãñuð çšæ ÌÚU çãuüæ æè è âè æ Ì ÂÙ çâìæ, ÂçÌ Íßæ Öæ üuøæð ß ÕðÅUæð ÂÚU æçÿæì ãñuð çãuüæ çß æâ ð çü â æá ß ÂéM áæð ð ÎëçCU æð æ ð âæ æ-âæí SßØ çãuüæ æð æð Öè ÂÙæ ÎëçCU æð æ ÂçÚUßçÌüÌ ÚUÙæ ãuæð»æ ç UÙ æ ƒæúu, ÂçÚUßæÚU ð ÂëÍ ÙécØ ð M  ð çsìˆß ãñuð æñúu ðâæ ÃØæ SÌÚU ÂÚU Áæ»ëçÌ,çàæÿææ æñúu æçíü âàæçq ÚU æ mæúuæ ãuè â Öß ãñuð çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ ð çü UÙ ð SßæS Ø è â éç Ì Îð¹ÖæÜ ÁL ÚUè àæìü ãñuð Uâ æ çàæçÿæì ãuæðùæ, ÂçÚUßæÚU, â æá ß ÚUæCUþ ð çü ßÚUÎæÙ çâh ãuæðìæ ãñu æñúu Uâ ãužææ Uâ ßæ Ø âð çâh ãuæðìè ãñu Áñâð ÁæÙðÅUæ æðü Üð ãuæ ãñu-áõ æâ ÂéM á æð çàæçÿæì ÚUÌð ãñu Ìæð æâ ÂêÚÔU ÂçÚUßæÚU æð çàæçÿæì ÚUÌð ãñuð àææðšæ  æ ð ãu Ùð ßñçE çãuüæ æð è âæ æçá, æçíü, ÚUæÁÙñçÌ ß â ßñŠææçÙ çsíçìøæð æð ÀêÙð æ ÂýØæâ ç Øæ»Øæ ãñuð æá æ â æá Õ ØãU â Ûæ é æ ãñu ç çß æâ ð æøü ð æšæè æõæîè è âãuöæç»ìæ ð çõùæ ßæ çàuì ÜæÖ Âýæ# ÚUÙæ ˆØ Ì çæuù ãñuð UâçÜ çãuüæ âàæçq ÚU æ ð æšø âð çãuüæ æð æð Sß-ÚUæðÁ»æÚU ÂýÎæÙ ÚUÙæ,SßæßÜ ÕÙ è ÿæ Ìæ æ çß æâ, ØÙ ÚUÙð è ÿæ Ìæ,â âæšæùæð ÂÚU çùø æ æ ß çù æüø ÿæ Ìæ ÌÍæ âõâð Âý é¹ UÙ è æˆ ðìùæ æ çß æâ ÚUÙæ ãñuð ç âè çß Ùð ÆUè ãuè ãuæ ãñu- ç»æ ÚUè ãuè âð ÉêUÉÚ Üæ æð ÎæðSÌæð Uâ çî ð ÌðÜ âð Öè»è ãéu U ÕæÌè Ìæð ãñuð ÙæÚUè ÁèßÙ,ÛæêÜð è ÌÚUãU, Uâ ÂæÚU Öè, Uâ ÂæÚU ÖèÐ æ ¹æð ð âéßù ŠææÚU Öè, ãuæð ÆUæð Âð ŠæéÚU és æù ÖèÐÐ â ÎÖü Ñ (v) ÖæÚUÌ-w vñ Âý æàæù çßöæ»,âê Ùæ æñúu ÂýâæÚU æ æ æüø, ÖæÚUÌ âúu æúu, Ù üu çîëüèð (w) Âçóæ ÚU, ð Ñ çãu Îé â æá çù æüø ð mæúu ÂÚUÐ (x) ŠæéÚUØð,Áè âñ æòsåu, Üæâ ÇU æò ØêÂðàæÙ UÙ U ççuøæð (y) é ŒÂê Sßæ è,õèñ,âæðàæü ð Á UÙ UçÇUØæÐ (z) Âæ ÇðUØ,ÇUæò ÚUæÁÕÜèÑ çãu Îé â S æúuð ({) ÚUæŠææ ë c æù,çuæòñ, Îè çãu Îê ÃØê æòè Üæ UÈ Ð ( ) ÂýÖé,Âè Ù, çãu Îê âæðçàæøü æò»ðüùæ UÁðàæÙÐ Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XI (12) February