keâeskeâerue De.ieeJeb[s (osjeleus)

Transcription

1 Since March 2002 H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 155, Vol - XV (12), February , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor YeejleerÙe mjeeleb$ùe ÛeUJeUerle - ueeskeâceevùe efšukeâebûes Ùeesieoeve Øekeâeb[ heb[erle, efveefye&keâ he$ekeâej, meheâue jepekeâejceer, efvemmeerce osmeyeòeâ DeeefCe lelje%eeveer DeMee efjeefjeoeebieer JÙeòeâercelJe uee uesuùee efšukeâebveer YeejleerÙe mjeeleb$ùe DeeboesueveeJej Deeheuee "mee GcešefJeuee neslee. lùeecegus lùeebûùee keâejefkeâoeauee efšukeâ Ùegie cncetve mebyeebefoeues peeles. meeceeefpekeâ megoeejceeûes hegjmkeâlex DeeefCe meveoefmej ceeiee&jej efyemle "sjeceenùee vesle=ljeeuee efve<øeye keâ ve pevedeeboesueveeûùee mje heele je ^erùe ue{e GYeejCÙeeÛes ceneve keâeùe& efšukeâebveer kesâues. efvejefvejeàùee keâejceecegus YeejleerÙe pevelesle efvecee&ce PeeuesuÙee Demeblees<eeuee efveef ele efomee osceejer efšukeâebûeer keâeceieerjer Ssefleneefmekeâ mje heeûeer "jueer veener. YeejleerÙe hejbhejeûee DeefYeceeve, heemùeelùe megoeejceebvee efjejesoe, efjeosmeer jepeješerjej efškeâe DeeefCe mebmke=âleerkeâ hejbhejeûùee DeeOeejs je ^JeeoeÛeer GYeejCeer Ùee meje& keâejceecegus efšukeâebvee je ^JeeoeÛes efmeuhekeâej ceeveues peeles. keâeskeâerue De.ieeJeb[s (osjeleus) HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr fczvh'k lkezkt;koj vkx ik[km.kkjk /kx/kxrk Tokykew[kh Eg.ktsp y - fvgd g ;- ;kapk tue 23 tqys 1856 e/;s,dk e/;eoxê; dqvwackr >kyk- fvgd ygkuiukiklqup gq'kkj g rs- R;kauh 1872 e/;s ewvªhd mfÿk.kz dsy;koj Msôu d yste/;s Áos'k Äsryk- Msôu d yste/;s vlrkauk R;kaph es=h vkxjdjkacj cj >kyh- n Äsgh lefopkjh] jk"vªásekus 'kjysys g rs- f'k{k.k >ky;kuarj n Äkauh vlk fuf'p; dsyk dh ljdkjh u djh djk;ph ukgh o vkiys laiw.kz thou jk"vªlsoslkbh viz.k djk;ps R;kauh iq.;kyk U;q baxyh'k Ldwy ph 'kkgk LFkkiu dsyh ;kp dkgkr baxzth Hkk"ksrwu ^ejkbk*gs o`ÿki= o ejkbh Hkk"ksrwu ^dsljh* gs o`ÿki= lq: dsys- ijarq uarjp;k dkgkr jktfd; lq/kkj.kk o lkekftd lq/kkj.kk ;k fo"k;koj fvgd o vkxkj ;kap;kr okn >kyk- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feg.;kp;k vk/kh lekt lq/kkjyk ikfgts rls >kys rjp Lokra«;kpk vfkz lkfkz Bjsy vls vkxkjdjkaps er g rs- rj fvgdkap;k ers lekt lq/kkjusyk cjkp osg ykxsy- Lokra«;klkBh brds fnol Fkkacus 'kd; ukgh- ;k oknkeqgs R;kaP;k es=hr forq"v vkys- fvgdkap;k ers LojkT; Eg.kts uqlrs y dkaps jkt; uogs rj rs dy;k.kdkjh o y dfgroknh vlsgh vlys ikfgts- Eg.ktsp jkt; d.k pkyfor o cj cjp jkt; dls pkyfoys tkrs ;k n Äkapkgh fopkj fvgdkap;k LojkT; dyiusr vkgs- T;k jkt;kr Átsph eqldvnkch g rs] Átsps er Mkoywu dkj Hkkj pkyfoyk tkr o rs fdrhgh f'klrc) vlys rjh R;kyk LojkT; Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh rj R;kyk Qä ^^lqjkt; Eg.krk ;sãy** vls fvgdkaps er g rs- LojkT; ÁkIrh lkbh R;kauh pkj ekxz lqpfoys- Lons'kh] cfg"dkj] jk"vªh; f'k{k.k vkf.k LojkT; ;k prqlq=hpk okij d:u jk"vªh; dk xzslyk y dkfhkew[k dj.;kps dk;z y - fvgdkauh dsys o tursr y<kå jk"vªokn fuekz.k dsyk- ns'kkus,d g Åu Áfrdkj dsy;kf'kok; Lokra«; v'kd; gh fvgdkaph fopkjlj.kh g rh- R;kauh /kez lald`rhpk vk/kkj Äsowu tulkeku;kap;k ân;kr jk"vªoknkph T; r isvfoyh- /kez vkf.k lald`rhp;k Fk joheqgs y dkae/;s,drk fuekz.k g Å 'kdrs- Eg.kwup fvgdkauh Hkkjrh;kaP;k,dkRerslkBh Hkkjrkph Ákfpu lald`rh mpp usfrd okjlk y dkle j Bsoyk- ;keqgs lektkr fpjaru,sd; ÁLFkkfir g Å 'kdys- R;kauh 1893 lkyh lkoztfud x.kirh mrlo o 1895 lkyh lkoztfud f'kot;arh mrlo lq: dsys- osxosxg~;k mrlokp;k fufeÿkkus dk;zøekp;k ek/;ekrwu fvgd Hkk"kus nsr o tursyk vkiyh fopkjljuh ivowu nsr- R;kaps ns'kásekus v Fkacysys 'kcn J R;kaP;k vardj.kkyk tkåu fhkmr- R;kaph fopkjlj.kh y dkauk ivw ykxyhvkegh fczvh'kkauk LojkT;kph Hkhd ekx.kkj ukgh- dkj.k r vkepk gô vkgs- vls fvgd Eg.kr R;kauh tursyk vkan yukpk ea= fnyk- vkan yu dsy;kf'kok; fczvh'kkaps Mksds fbdkukoj ;s.kkj ukgh- LojkT;] Lons'kh] cfg"dkj o jk"vªh; f'k{k.k gh fvgdkaph tgkyoknh prqlq=h g rh- LojkT; Eg.kts Lokra«; gs /;s; o rs ÁkIr dj.;klkbh ckdh rhu ekxz gosp lokzuh laävhr fjr;k voyac dsy;kl ;'k fuf'prp fegsy gk fvgdkap;k vk'kkokn v'kk Ádkjs Hkkjrh; tursr ^y<kå jk"vªokn* fuekz.k dj.;kps,sfrgkld dk;z fvgdkauh dsys- fczvh'k fo:) R;kauh Hkkjrh;ke/;s vlar "k tkx`r dsyk- Eg.kwu fvgdkauk Hkkjrh; vlar "kkps tud vls Eg.kriq.;kr Iysxph lkfk vkyh- R;kr yk[k Hkkjrh;kapk cgh xsyk- ákosgh fczvh'kkauh lgkuqhkwrh 'kqu;rsps Án'kZu dsys- R;keqGs turk larkikus isvyh- fvgdkauh vkiy;k ^dsljh* o ^ejkbk* ;k o`ÿki=krwu ljdkjpk pkaxykp lekpkj Äsryk- Iysxph lkfk j [k.;kp;k lanhkkzr tursoj ts vr;kpkj g ow ykxys R;kyk okpk Q M.;kps dk;z y - fvgdkauh ;k o`ÿki=kp;k ek/;ekrwu tursle j Fefleneme efjeyeeie ØecegKe Je meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ, ßeerceleer keâes.iee.ce.ceneefjeåeeueùe, oùee&hetj, efpeuee-decejejeleer (ceneje ^) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

2 vk.kys- R;krwu 23 tqu 1897 e/;s pkqsdj ca/kquh tqyeh jwmpk [kwu dsyk- pkqsdj ca/kquk Qk'kh ns.;kr vkyh- ;k dkgkr fvgd lkfey vkgsr- vlk vkj i fvgdkaoj dj.;kr vkyk- ijarq R;kaP;k fojk/kkr iwjkok uly;keqgs R;kph fun Z"k lqvdk >kyh- ;kosgh fvgdkauh ljdkjps M d fbdkukoj vkgs dk\ jkt; dj.ks Eg.kts lqm mxfous uogs- gs n u vxzys[k fyghys- R;keqGs ljdkjus fvgdkaoj n u jktæ gkred ys[k dsljhrwu Ádkf'kr dsy;kp;k vkj ik[kkyh [kvyk jyk- ;k [kvy;kph lqukouh eqacã mpp U;k;ky;kr >kyh- gk [kvyk lgk fnol pkyyk 'ksovh cgqerkuwlkj fvgdkauk n "kh Bjowu 18 efgu;kph dkjkoklkph f'k{kk lqukoyh- ;k f'k{kseqgs fvgdkaph y dáh;rk vr ukr ok<yh e/;s fvgdkap;k o`ÿki=koj dmd fuc±/k ykn.;kr vkys- ;kp o"kê jktæ gkp;k vkj ik[kkyh ljdkjus fvgdkaoj [kvyk jykfczvh'k jktovhfo:) tuek.klkr vlar "k fuekz.k dj.;klkbh tgky ekxkzpk voyac dj.;kph xjt y{kkr ÄsÅu fvgdkauh Lons'kh] cfg"dkj] jk"vªh; f'k{k.k vkf.k LojkT; ák prq%lq=hpk dk;zøe fnyk- fnäzdkyhu nkl;rrokeqgs furh /ks;z [kpysy;k vkiy;k ns'kcka/kokuk ;kgwu vf/kd pkaxys yk.ks 'kd;p ukgh gs R;kauh v G[kys g rs- Lons'kh % vkiy;kp ns'kkr r;kj >kysy;k olrw apk okij dj.ks gs Lons'khps eq[;lw= g rs- fczvh'k ljdkjp;k vu;k; vkfkêd /k j.kkpk Áfrdkj dj.ks rlsp Hkkjrh; turse/;s LokHkhekukph Hkkouk tkx`r dj.ks- lqf'k{khrkauk tj vkiy;k ns'kkps dy;k.k djk;ps vlsy vkiy;k iwoztkapk lueku fvdowu Bsok;pk vlsy vkf.k vu;k;h dj /k j.kkpk fu"ks/k djk;pk vlsy rj ns'kcka/kokuh ns'kh dims okiju;kpk fu'p; d:u R;kuwlkj okxk;yk lq:okr dsyh ikfgts- R;kapk Hkkj ulqr;k Lons'kh olrw ap;k okijkoj uogrk R;kaP;k ers fopkjke/;sgh Lons'khph Hkkouk vko';d g rhcfg"dkj % cfg"dkjkpk okij jktdh; pgoghlkbh fvgdkauh dsykfons'kh ekykoj cfg"dkj Vkd.ks Hkkjrh;kauh laiw.kz cfg"dkj Vkdyk rj fczvh'kkauk pkj fnolgh ;k ns'kkr jkgrk ;s.kkj ukgh- brds gs ÁHkkoh 'kó vkgs- vtz fouar;k d:u ljdkj,sd.kkj ukgh ;kph fvgdkauk [kk=h ivyh g rh Eg.kwu tursp;k fgrkdms nqyz{k d:u cstckcnkji.ks jkt; dj.kkú;k fczvh'k ljdkjyk iíhoj vk.k.;kps cfg"dkj gs vr;ar ÁHkkoh lk/ku vkgs- turk fdrhgh nqcgh vlyh rjh,dtqvhp;k ekxkzus cfg"dkjkpk voyac dsy;kl fdrhgh 'käh'kkyh ljdkjyk ob.khoj vku.;kps lkef;z frp;k fbdkuh fuekz.k g rsjk"vªh; f'k{k.k % jk"vªh; f'k{k.k gk fvgdkap;k Lokra«; pgoghrhy egrokpk Hkkx g rk- fczvh'k dkgkr lozp f'k{k.k lalfkk fczvh'k ljdkj Çdok f[kz'pu fe'kuú;kdmwu pkyfoy;k tkr g R;k- R;keqGs fnys tk.kkjs f'k{k.k ikf'pekr; fopkjlj.khoj vk/kkfjr g rsljdkjh u dj r;kj dj.ks gk R;k f'k{k.kkpk eq[; mìs'k g rkns'khkäh] Lokoyacu] jk"vªfgrklkbh R;kx dj.;kph Hkkouk] ns'kkfhkeku fuekz.k dj.;kp;k "Vhus gh f'k{k.k i)rh dqpdkeh vlwu xqykefxjhph ekufldrk t ikl.kkjh vkgs vls fvgdkaps Li"V er g rs- Eg.kwu fvgdkauh jk"vªh; f'k{k.kkpk iwjldkj dsyk- LojkT; % LojkT; gk ek>k tuefl) vf/kdkj vkgs vkf.k r eh fegfo.kkjp gh fvgdkauh xtzuk dsyh g rh- LojkT;kpk tuefl) vf/kdkj ekx.kkú;k fvgdkaps LojkT; gs vafre /;s; g rs- [kjs LojkT; gs lqjkt; vlrsp] lqjkt; gs ek= LojkT; vlrsp vls ukgh v'kh fvgdkaph Hkqfedk g rh- fczvh'k jktovhps dkgh Qk;ns vo'; >kys R;keqGs ns'kkr 'kkarrk o lqo;olfkk ÁLFkkfir g owu y dkae/;s,dhph Hkkouk fuekz.k >kyh- Eg.kwu ;k'kklukyk lqjkt; Eg.krk ;sr vlys rjh LojkT; Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- dkj.k fczvh'kkaph cka/khydh vkiyh ek; Hkweh vkf.k frfky;k turs'kh g rh- lkgkthdp bfky;k tursyk fgu ntkzph okx.kwd ns.ks] R;kaP;koj tqywe] tcjnlrh dj.ks] O;äh Lokra«;kph xgpsih dj.ks o rs nwj dj.;klkbh fvgdkauh LojkT;kps /;s; le j Boys g rs- fvgdkap;k ers ns'kkp;k fgrklkbh mi; xh o ; X; okvsy v'kk i)rhus Á'kklu pkyfo.;kpk turspk vf/kdkj Eg.kts LojkT; g ;- vkiy;k ns'kkp;k fgrklkbh dk; mi; xh Bjsy vkf.k dk; ukgh ;kpk fu.kz; frfky;k tursp?;ko;kpk vlr - y - fvgdkauh LojkT;kpk eqyea= nsrkauk LojkT;kpk ÁtklRrkd jkt; gk vfkz y dkap;k eukoj Çccoyk ;krp R;kaph nqj "Vh fnlwu ;srslkjka k % ÁdkaM iamhr] fuæhkd i=dkj] lqy jktdkj.kh] fullhe ns'khkä vkf.k rrokkuh v'kk fofo/kkaxh O;äheRo yk ysy;k fvgdkauh Hkkjrh; Lokra«; vkan yukoj vkiyk Blk mevfoyk g rk- R;keqGs R;kaP;k dkjfdnêyk fvgd ;qx Eg.kwu lackaf/kys tkrs- lkekftd lq/kkj.kkps iqjldrs Z vkf.k lunf'kj ekxkzoj fhklr Bso.kkÚ;k usr`rokyk fu"áhk d:u tuvkan yukp;k Lo:ikr jk"vªh; y<k mhkkj.;kps egku dk;z fvgdkauh dsys- fujfujkg~;k dkj.kkeqgs Hkkjrh; tursr fuekz.k >kysy;k vlar "kkyk fuf'pr fn'kk ns.kkjh fvgdkaph dkexhjh,sfrgkfld Lo:ikph Bjyh ukgh- Hkkjrh; ijaijkpk vfhkeku] ik';kr; lq/kkj.kkauk foj /k] fons'kh jktovhoj fvdk vkf.k lald`rhd ijaijkp;k vk/kkjs jk"vªoknkph mhkkj.kh ;k loz dkj.kkeqgs fvgdkauk jk"vªoknkps f'kyidkj ekuys tkrs- fvgdkauh jk"vªh; pgoghyk fuf'pr fopkjlj.kh o ns'ko;kih lanhkz ÁkIr d:u ns.;kps egroiw.kz dk;z fvgdkauh dsys- Lokra«; y<ókdfjrk fvgdkauh voyachysys /kkæed /k j.k o lkald`rhd ekxz vkf.k jktfd; mfì"v ÁkIrhph lk/kus vr;ar ÁHkkoh Bjyh vkgsr- fvgdkap;k dk;kzeqgsp Lokra«; y<ókyk lqjokr >kyh-,danjhr Hkkjrh; Lokra«; y<ókp;k bfrgklkrhy fvgdkaph dkefxjh vfolejf.k; v'khp vkgslanhkz % ¼1½ gjnkl ckg'kkóh % Hkkjrh; Økarhdkjdkapk bfrgkl- ¼2½ vkby;s] M - fohkk % vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 1660 rs 1950] va'kqy icyhds'ku] ukxiwj- ¼3½ ' Gs] M - Hkk"dj y{e.k % vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktdh; fopkj] ÇiiGiqjs vwum ifcy'klz] ukxiwj nq- vk- twu ¼4½ ' Gs] M - Hkk"dj y{e.k % Hkkjrh; vkf.k ikf'pekr; jktdh; fopkj] ÇiiGiqjs vwum ifcy'klz] ukxiwj nq- vk- twu ¼5½ fn{khr] uh-lh- % Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 1561 rs 1971] ÇiiGiqjs vwum ifcy'klz] ukxiwj nq- vk- twu ¼6½ vkpk;z /kuat; % Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 1761 rs 1971] lkãukfk Ádk'ku /kjeisb] ukxiwj- Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

3 Since March 2002 H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 155, Vol - XV (12), February , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Epigraphical Note on Religious Life in The Post Gupta Period (With special reference to Madhya Pradesh) After the fall of great Gupta dynasty, many kings ruled over various parts of Madhya Pradesh. They tolerated all the religions then flourishing in the country. The kings got a number of records inscribed on the walls of caves & temples. They also issued inscribed coins & charters, which were found during excavation. Their inscriptions provide valuable information about the religious condition of post Gupta period. This paper tends to draw a broad picture of religious condition of Madhya Pradesh on the basis of post Gupta inscriptions. Key words : Dhûrjati, Madanârâti, Drushina. DR. VISHAL SONI Introduction : Scholars have written a lot about religious condition of ancient India but on the basis of literary sources. Inscriptional sources were ignored in this connection. Almost every inscription of post Gupta period opens with salutation to a particular deity & following stanzas contain a detailed information of the deity. Charters issued by the kings record construction of beautiful temples for the installation of idols. Such type of information is sufficient to script religious condition of any period. Undikavâtikâ grant of 7th cent. A.D, records that the king of Mânapuram Abhimanyu granted a small village Unnikavâtikâ to the temple of Dakshina Siva. Mânapuram is identified with Mânapur of Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh. (1) Ratlâm plate of Dhruvasena II records that the king Dhruvasena II was a devout worshipper of Mahesvara (Œiva). This inscription bears date of Samvat 321 (i.e. A.D ). (2) A stone inscription of V.S. 767 of the time of the Râshtrakuta king nannappa was found at Indragarh, a deserted place, three miles from Bhânpurâ a tehsil head quarter in Mandasor district of Madhya Pradesh. This record opens with the obeisance to the god Œiva, which is followed by invoking the blessings of lord Œiva and His consort Pârvati. The object of the inscription is to record the erection of a temple of Siva, called Svyambhû & also as Guheœvara, by a Pâúupata teacher of the name of Dânarâsi. (3) Chhoti Deori stone inscription of Œankaragana I mentions some of the attributes of Siva. This inscription mentions Sankara, wearing matted hair & crescent moon on his head. He also wears a garland of skulls & bracelets of serpents. He is grey with white ashes & mentioned as destroyer of the evil minded. The inscription does not bear any date. On palaeographical grounds the inscription may be assigned to the middle of the eight century A.D. (4) After the opening siddhih namah, this inscription has a verse in praise of Siva which indicates that the temple, to which the inscribed pillar belonged, must have been dedicated to the worship of Siva. A Pârvati image inscription of 8th cent. A.D. was found from the temple no. 76 situated at Sonagiri hill of Datiya. This inscription records the installation of the idol of the goddess Pârvati, the consort of lord Siva. (5) Mahua (Shivpuri) inscription of Vatsarâja records construction of a mandapikâ (a small temple) of Dhûrjati, i.e. Siva. (6) The object of the Senakapât inscription of the time of Sivagupta Bâlârjuna is to eulogise the construction of Siva temple. Verse 1 of the inscription constitutes a mangala in praise of the god Bhava (Œiva) & verse 2 of his consort, the goddess Pârvati. The inscription also records that a land in the village called Gudasarkaraka was granted in favour of the god Madanârati (Sambhu). The inscription mentions the king Sivagupta as a devotee of the god Siva & his servant Durgarakshita, a devotee of Paramesvara or Sambhu, i.e. god Siva. This inscription is important in the sense that it mentions various names of lord Siva such as Bhava, Madanârâti & Sambhu. The inscription was found from Sçnakapât village in the Raipur district but is now preserved in the museum attached to Sagar university. The characters of this record belong to the northern alphabet of the seventh or eighth century A.D. (7) A large monolithic pillar inscription of V.S. 917 (861 Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar (Madhya Pradesgh) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

4 A.D.) at Pathâri records that a temple of Vishnu known under the different names of Murari, Krishna & Hari was constructed by Parabala, a king of the Rashtrakûta dynasty. (8) Sagar stone inscription of Sankaragagadeva records some religious work done by a lady named Krishnâdçvi for the religious merit of her mother & father. This appears to have been a temple, which as the opening words show, was probably dedicated to Siva. (9) Gwalior stone inscription of Bhoja I, records that the king Bhoja erected a temple for the god Narakadvish (Vishnu) within his compound. (10) Vâillabhatta-svâmin temple inscriptions of Gwalior (year 932 & 933) mention the construction of a temple of Vishnu as a great ship for crossing the ocean of existence. The second inscription of Vâillabhatta-svamin opens with the invocation of the god Vishnu. The inscription also records the temple of the nine Durgâs, viz. of Rudra, Rudrânî & Pûrnâsâ etc. (11) An inscription found at Khajurâho records installation of a colossal statue of Hanumân by a man golla. The inscription is engraved on the pedestal of the above mentioned statue of Hanumân. This inscription appears to belong to the ninth century A.D. (12) Kâritalâi stone inscription of Lakshmanaraja I of the year 593 (C = A.D.) records obeisance to Drushina (Brahmâ), Upendra (Vishnu), Rudra (Siva). (13) Tigwan inscription is inscribed on a pillar of a Buddhist temple of about third Century A.D. On one of its pillars, there is a pilgrim record of a man Umadeva of Kanyakubja (Kanauja). He paid his devotion to the temple of Svetabhadra. Tigwan is 45 miles from Jabalpur. Characters of this record belong to the 8th century A.D. (14) Râgholi copper plate inscription of Jayavardhana II records an endowment of a village made in favour of Aditya- Bhattâraka (Sun god) on the occasion of full moon of Kârttika. This inscription was found from Bâlâghât district & belongs to the 8th centuary A.D. Coins of Kalchuri king Krishnarâja were found from Jabalpur, Baitul & Vidisha. He Styled himself as the Param Mahçúvara in his coins. His coins bore a representation of Siva's conveyance Nandi. It means that Krishnarâja was a devout worshipper of the god Siva. (15) Conclusion : From study of inscriptions, we may draw the conclusion that there was religious harmony in Madhya Pradesh during post Gupta period. After careful examination of inscriptions it seems that the kings of that time didn't force anybody to adopt any particular cult. Nevertheless, their inclination towards the cult of Saivism is clearly be seen. People of that time worshipped lord Vishnu, lord Siva, Sungod, goddess Durga & Hanumân. It means that Brâhmanism made an impression upon the people. Buddhism & Jainism have lost their influence during post Gupta period. References : (1) Rai Bahadur Hira Lal (1985) : Inscriptions in the Central Provinces & Berar, Patna, 2nd ed., p. 70. (2) Hultzsch, E. (1970) : "Ratlâm Plate of Dhruvasçna II", Archaeological Survey of India report , Indological book house, Varanasi, p 232. (3) Trivedi, H.V. (1955) : "The Indragarh stone inscription of the time of the Rashtrakuta king Nannappa", The Journal of the Bihar research society, Patna, Vol XLI, Pt. 3, p (4) Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi (1955) : Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, ootacamund, Vol. 4, Pt 1, p (5) India Archaeology - A review, , p 50. (6) Sankaranarayanan, S & Bhattacharya, G. (1967) : "Mahua inscription of Vatsarâja", Epigraphia Indica. The manager of publication, Delhi, Vol XXXVII, pt. 2. Verse-5, p 55 & p 54. (7) Dikshit, M.G. & Sircar, D.C. (1956) : "Sçnakapâta inscription of the time of Sivagupta", Epigraphia Indica, The manager of publication, Delhi, vol xxxi, pt. 1, p (8) Jain, K.C. (1972) : Malwa through the ages, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, first ed., p (9) Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, op. cit., p (10) Sircar, D.C. : Select inscriptions, Motlilal Banarsidass, Delhi, Vol II, P 242. (11) Hultzsch, E. (1882) : "The two inscriptions of the Vâillabhatta- svâmin temple at Gwalior," Epigraphia Indica, Archaeological survey of India, New Delhi, vol-1, p (12) Report of a tour in Bundelkhand & Rewa in , p (13) Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, op. cit., p 182. (14) Rai Bahadur Hira Lal., op. cit., p 22. (15) Bajpai, Santosh kumar (1977) : Aitihâsik Bhârtiya Sikkç, Eastern book linkers, Delhi, P Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

5 a Since March 2002 H istory An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 155, Vol - XV (12), February , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor ieghòeesòej keâeueerve ceoùe Yeejle kesâ jepejebme, 7JeeR meoer mes 13JeeR meoer kesâ efjemes<e meboye& cew : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew ieghleesòej keâeueerve ceoùe Yeejle kesâ jepejebme (7JeeR meoer mes 13JeeR meoer) keâe efjemleej mes DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ 7JeeR meoermes 13JeeR meoer lekeâ ceoùe Yeejle cew Gppewve Deewj keâveewpe kesâ iegpe&j-øeeflenej, yegvosuekec[ kesâ Ûevosue, ceeuejee kesâ hejceej, ceeefn<ceefle, ef$ehegjer lelee jlevehegj Deewj jeùehegj kesâ keâueûegefj, yemlej kesâ efúvokeâveeie, cevomeewj kesâ iegefnue, ijeeefueùej kesâ keâûúheieeled Deeefo keâe Meemevekeâeue jne nw~ Fve meyeer jepejebmeew kesâ DeefYeuesKe GheueyOe ngs nq~ kegâú jepejebmeew kesâ efmekeäkesâ Yeer efceues nq~ meele ner kegâú efjeefjeoe DeefYeuesKe GheueyOe ngs nq~ Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew FvneR keâe eâceyeæ he mes DeOÙeÙeve Deewj efjemues<ece efkeâùee ieùee nw~ [e@.(ßeerceleer) hehheer Ûeewneve 7oha lnh ls 13oh lnh rd e/; Hkkjr esa fueuk jktoa'kksa dk 'kklu jgka mttksu vksj duukst ds xqtzj & izfrgkj] cqunsy[k.m ds punsy] ekyok ds ijekj] ekfg"efr] f=iqjh rfkk jruiqj vksj jk;iqj ds dypqfj] clrj ds fnundukx] eunlksj ds xqfgy] Xokfy;j ds dpni?kkr~ vkfn bu lhkh jktoa'kksa ds vfhkys[k miyc/k gq, gsaa dqn jktoa'kksa ds fldds Hkh feys gsaa lkfk gh dqn fofo/k vfhkys[k miyc/k gq, gsaa bu lhkh dk Øec) o.kzu fueukuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gs % ¼1½ mttsu vksj duukst ds xqtzj izfrgkj % vkbohs lnh ds igys e-iz- ds,d pksfkkbz fglls esa xqtzj izfrgkjksa dh,d 'kk[kk mttsu esa LFkkfir gks xbz FkhA xqtzj izfrgkjksa dh bl 'kk[kk ds 'kkld ukxhkv izfke] orljkt] ukxhkv f}rh; vius ledkyhu jk"vªdwvksa ls] tks le; ij mùkjh Hkkjr ij vkøe.k djrs jgrs Fks] Vdjk, vksj gkj x,a bl oa'k dh jkt/kkuh mttsu ls duukst LFkkukarfjr dj nh xbza Xokfy;j ls feys vfhkys[k ls irk pyrk gs fd ukxhkv f}rh; ds mùkjkf/kdkjh jkehknz ds 'kkludky esa ;g {ks= xqtzj izfrgkjksa ds lkezkt; esa 'kkfey FkkA Xokfy;j ls gh feys jkehknz ds mùkjkf/kdkjh fefgjhkkst ds rhu vfhkys[k bl ckr dh iqf"v djrs gs fd lacf/kr {ks= mlds jkt; dk,d Hkkx FkkA mttsu ij vius vf/kdkj dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, fefgjhkkst dks jk"vªdwv veks?kok"kz vksj d`".k f}rh; ls ;q) djuk im+ka xquk ds vkl&ikl ds {ks= xqtzj izfrgkjks ds lkezkt; dk Hkkx cus jgsa bldk óksr j[ksrjk xquk ls feys fouk;diky ds vfhkys[k ls feyrk gsa duukst ds xqtzj izfrgkj dh eq[; 'kk[kk ds iru ds ckn Hkh rhu NksVh izfrgkj 'kk[kkvksa us xquk] f'kokiqjh] tcyiqj vksj neksg esa 'kklu djuk tkjh j[kka vfhkys[kksa ls irk pyrk gs fd os punsjh vksj [k.mok] dqjs;k vksj tcyiqj neksg {ks= ij jkt dj jgs FksA ¼2½ cqunsy[k.m ds punsy % cqunsy[kam {ks= esa punsy xqtzj izfrgkjksa ds mùkjkf/kdkjh cusa muds jkt; esa u dsoy cqunsy[k.m cfyd mùkjizns'k ds Hkkx Hkh 'kkfey Fks] tgk ls muds cgqr ls vfhkys[k ik, x, gsaa mugksaus uksoha 'krkcnh ds igys pksfkkbz Hkkx ls ysdj rsjgoha 'krkcnh bz- ds var rd 'kklu fd;ka nks lcls izkjafhkd punsy vfhkys[k /kax ¼950&1009 bz-½ ds gs] tks [ktqjkgksa ls feys gsaa foøe laor~ 1011 vksj 1559 ds vfhkys[k vu; vfhkys[k ds lkfk ;s fn[kkrs gs fd /akx bl oa'k dk igyk 'kkld Fkk ftlus izfrgkjksa dh v/khurk dks vlohdkj dj Loa; dks Lora=?kksf"kr dj fn;k FkkA vxyk vfhkys[k dqums'oj ls izkirk fo k/kj dk rkezi= gs] ftls foøe laor~ 1060 ¼1004 bz½ dk ekuk x;k gsa pj[kkjh ls feyk foøe laor~ 1108 ds nsooekz dk rkezi= ys[k] vxyk fyf[kr vfhkys[k gsa mldk dky foifùk;ks a ls Hkjk gqvk Fkk] D;ks afd f=iqjh ds dypqfj;ks us mls gjk fn;k FkkA ly{k.koezk ds 'kklu dk [ktqjkgks ls izkir,d vfhkys[k ftls foøe laor~ 1173 dk ekuk x;k gs vxyk fyf[kr vfhkys[k gsa punsy bfrgkl esa enuoekz dk 'kklu rstloh jgka mlds 'kkludky ds rsjg vfhkys[kksa esa ls 6 vt;x<] Nrjiqj] [ktqjkgks vksj iiksjk ls feys gsa] vu; mùkjizns'k lsa lkezkt; dh izfr"bk dks mlds mùkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ijefnznso us cuk, j[kka mlds 'kkludky ds ckjg vfhkys[k vc rd fey pqds gs buesa lkr e/; izns'k ls vt;x<+] vkgkm+] enuiqj] lsejk vksj dqums'oj rfkk vu; mùkj Ikzns'k ls izkir gq, gs aa meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Fefleneme efjeyeeie), ßeer peevekeâer jcece ceneefjeåeeueùe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

6 a =SyksD;oekZ ijefnznso dk iq= vksj mùkjkf/kdkjh FkkA mlds 'kkludky ds vkb vfhkys[k vc rd fey pqds gsaa vxyk 'kkld mldk iq= ohjoekz Fkk pj[kkjh vksj nkfg ls izkirk gq, gsaa ohjoekz dk mùkjkf/kdkjkh cuk] HkkstoekZA mlds 'kkludky ds rhu vfhkys[k vt;x< pj[kkjh vksj ceguh esa ik, x, gsaa bu vfhkys[kksa ls Li"V gksrk gs fd mldk vf/kdkj vius jkt;ksa ds lkfk Mkgye.My ij Hkh FkkA mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh ohjoekz f}rh; dk,d vfhkys[k ynokjh ls feyk gsa 14 'krkcnh ds igys n'kd rd tstkdhkqfdr ds punsy oa'k ds lkezkt; dk iru gks pqdk FkkA ¼3½ ekyok ds ijekj % Ekkyok ds ijekj punsyksa ds ledkyhu FksA bl oa'k dh 'kq:vkr misun us dh Fkh vksj mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh cus osjhflag izfke fl;d izfke] okdifr izfke] osjhflag f}rh;] fl;d f}rh; vksj eqta flu/qkjkt vksj Hkkst izfke eqat ds mùkjkf/kdkjh FksA ckjg vfhkys[k ftugsa foøe laor~ 1074 & 1092 ds chp dk ekuk x;k gsa ;s vfhkys[k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds bl Hkkst iksjkf.kd pfj= ds,sfrgkfld vksj lkald`frd miyfc/k;ksa ij dkqh izdk'k Mkyrs gsaa Hkkst dk mùkjkf/kdkjh cuk] t;flag] ftldk foøe laor~ 1112 dk rkezi= ys[k eku/krk ls izkir gqvk gsa bl vfhkys[k esa 'kkld }kjk fd, x, dqn nkuksa dk fooj.k gsa t;flag dk mùkjkf/kdkjh Fkk] mn;kfnr;a blds 'kkludky ds vkb vfhkys[k mttsu] mn;iqj] mu] /kkj vksj Hkksiky ls feys gsaa mlus mn;iqj es a uhyd.bs'oj eafnj dk fuekz.k djok;ka mldh Lo.kZ eqnzk, bunksj ls feyh gsaa y{e.knso] mn;kfnr; dk mùkjkf/kdkjh FkkA vius HkkbZ ujoekz ds fy, mlus 'kh?kz gh flagklu R;kx fn;ka ujoekz dk 'kkludky foifùk ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA vksj ;g mlds le; ds mttsu]mn;iqj] /kkj] Hkkstiqj] nsokl vksj bunksj ls izkir vfhkys[kks ls irk pyk gsa ;'kksoekz ujoekz dk mùkjkf/kdkjh FkkA xqtjkr ds pkyqd; t;aflag fl)jkt ds vkøe.kksa ds dkj.k mls cgqr lh foifùk;ksa dk lkeuk djuk im+ka fl)jkt us u dsoy ekyok ij vf/kdkj fd;k cfyd ;'kksoekz dks canh Hkh dj fy;ka ekyok ij foøe laor~ 1195 rd pkyqd;ksa dk vf/kdkj mttsu esa ik, x, fl)jkt ds,d vfhkys[k ls fl) gksrk gsa ;'kksoekz ds iq= t;oekz us fl)jkt ds vfure fnuksa esa ekyok ij nksckjk vf/kdkj dj fy;k] ysfdu ;g vf/kdkj FkksMs+ le; ds fy, gh Fkk] D;ksafd ekyok ij pkyqd;ksa dk vf/kdkj ckjgoha 'krkcnh ds lkrosa n'kd rd dk;e jgk] ftldh tkudkjh mn;iqj ls izkir dqekjiky ds foøe laor~ 1220 vksj 1222 ds vfhkys[kksa rfkk vt;iky ds foøe laor~ 1229 ds vfhkys[kksa ls gksrh gsa ijekj] pkyqd;ksa ds lkearksa ds :Ik esa 'kklu dj jgs vksj ;g mttsu fiify;k uxj] Hkksiky gks'kaxkckn ls feys muds vfhkys[kska ls irk pyrk gsa ekyok ij ijekjksa dk nksckjk vf/kdkj t;oekz ds iq= fou/;oekz ds 'kkludky esa gqvk] ysfdu mldk 'kkludky dfbukb;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh Fks lqhkvoekz vksj vtqzuoekza vc rd vtqzuoekz ds 'kklu dky dk,d f'kykys[k /kkj ls],d rkezi= fiify;k uxj ls vksj nks rkezi= Hkksiky ls feys gsa vtqzuoekz dk mùkjkf/kdkjh nsoiky FkkA fd ;s vtqzuoekz ds nks mùkjkf/kdkjh tsrqfxnso vksj t;oekz f}rh; Fks] musd vfhkys[k xksnjiqjk] eksm+h] jkgrx< vksj oekbz ls feys gsaa t;aflag f}rh;] t;oekz f}rh; dk mùkjkf/kdkjh cuka mlds le; ds mn;iqj] ckyhiqj vksj ibkjh ls feys pkj vfhkys[k mlds 'kkludky esa?kvh?kvukvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gsaa bl oa'k ds vfare rhu 'kkld Øe'k% vtqzuoeu f}rh;] Hkkst f}rh; vksj egdynso FksA pksngoha 'krkcnh bz- ds igys n'kd rd ekyok ij eqlyekuksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;k FkkA ¼4½ ekfg"efr ds dypqfj % dypqfj;ks dh izkphu jkt/kkuh ekfg"efr FkhA NBha 'krkcnh ds f'k[kj ij igqps bl o'ka ds rhu 'kkld d`".kjkt] 'kadjx.k vksj cq)jkt Fks] ftuds rkez ys[k egkjk"vª vksj xqtjkr esa vhkksuk] la[ksm+k] cm+usj] vksj ljo.kh ls izkir gq, gsa nf{k.k ds pkyqd;ksa ds vkxeu ls budh 'kkfdr dks xzg.k yx x;k FkkA f=iqjh ds dypqfj % dqypqfj oa'k dh bl 'kk[kk dh LFkkiuk okejkt us dh FkhA mldh rhu ihf<+;ksa ds ckn 'kadjx.k izfke 'kkld cuk ftlds 'kkludky ds nks vfhkys[k NksVh nsojh vksj lkxj ls izkir gq, gsa bu nksuksa vfhkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij mlds 'kkludky dk le; vkbohsa 'krkcnh bz- r; fd;k x;k gsa vxyk dypqfj 'kkld y{e.k jkt izfke Fkk] ftlds dkjhrykbz ls feys vfhkys[k dypqfj loar~ 593 ds gsa muds Øe'k% mùkjkf/kdkjh cus dksdy izfke] 'kadjx.k f}rh;] ckyg"kz vksj ;qojktnso izfkea gkykafd buds 'kkludky ds dksbz Hkh vfhkys[k izkir ugha gq, gsaa muds 'kklu ds nksjku dypqfj lkekzt; nwj &nwj rd QSy x;k FkkA y{e.kjkt f}rh;] ;qojkt izfke dk mùkjkf/kdkjh cuk] tks vius firk dh gh rjg,d 'kfdr'kkyh 'kkld FkkA dkjhrykbz ls izkir,d vfhkys[k vksj vu; lk{;ksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd mlus dbz jkt;ksa ij dctk dj fy;k FkkA mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh igys 'kadj.k.k r`rh; vksj fqj ;qojkt f}rh; cuka mlds 'kkludky ds f'kykys[kksa ls irk pyrk gs fd tc og 'kklu dj jgk Fkk] rc f=iqjh dks cqjs fnu ns[kus im+sa mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh dksdynso xqxhz f'kykys[k bl ckr dh vksj ladsr djrk gs fd lkekzkt; dh [kksbz gqbz le`f) dks okil ykus ds fy, u, fljs ls iz;kl fd, x, FksA 1015 bz- esa xkaxs;nso dqypqfj flagklu ij csbka xkaxs;nso dk iq= vksj mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh d.kz vius firk ls T;knk ;ksx; fudyka viuh jktusfrd miyfc/k;ksa ds dkj.k mls fgunw usiksfy;u dgk tkrk gsa mlds le; ds uks vfhkys[kksa esa ls pkj e- iz- esa jhok] flejk vksj flekfj;k ls feys gsa 1073 bz- esa d.kz us vius iq= ;'kd.kz ds fy, flagklu NksM+ fn;ka vu; izek.kksa ds lkfk [ksjgk] tcyiqj vksj cjgh ds rhu vfhkys[kksa ls ;g fl) gksrk gs fd mùkjkf/kdkj esa ik, vius lkekzkt; dks va[km j[kus esa og vlqy jgka rsoj vksj cgqjhcan ls gh mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh x;kd.kz ds Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February

7 nks vfhkys[kksa vygk?kkv] HksM+k?kkV vksj ykyigkm+ ls feysa vxys 'kkld ujflag ds 'kkludky ds rhu vfhkys[k vksj mlds mùkjkf/kdkjh t;flag ds ikap vfhkys[k dj.kcsy] rsoj] tcyiqj vksj jhok ls izkirk gq,a buls ;g Li"V gksrk gs fd lcaf/kr 'kkldksa }kjk lhkh iz;kl djus ds ckotwn dypqfj lkezkt; dh le`f) fqj yksvkbz ugha tk ldha fot;flag ds 'kklu esa ifjflfkfr;k vksj cnrj gks xbza mlds le; ds vkb vfhkys[k dj.kcsy] rsoj] HksMk?kkV] dqehkh] jhok] >wyiqj ls izkir gq, gsaa mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh Fkk] izrkiey ftldk,d vfhkys[k /kqjsrh ls feyk gsa f=iqjh ds dypqfj;ksa dk vafre tkuk & ekuk 'kkld =SyksD;ey FkkA mldk 'kklu dc vksj dsls lekir gqvk bldh tkudkjh miyc/k ugha gsa ¼5½ jruiqj ds dypqfj % fcykliqj ftys esa jruiqj ij 'kklu dj jgh dypqfj;ksa dh gh,d ubz 'kk[kk dh LFkkiuk dfyaxjkt us 1000 bz- ds yxhkx dha mlds ckn Øe'k% deyjkt] jrujkt vksj i`fohjkt izfke gq,a veksnk] ykqk] vksj jk;iqj ls izkir i`fohjkt izfke ds rhu vfhkys[kksa ls irk pyrk gs fd os rc Hkh f=iqjh ds dypqfj;ksa ds lkear ds :Ik esa 'kklu dj jgs FksA mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh tktyknso izfke Fkk] ftlds 'kkludky ds nks vfhkys[k ikyh vksj jruiqj ls feys gsaa ;s vxyk 'kkld jrunso f}rh; ds pkj vfhkys[k vdyrjk] f'kojhukjk;.k esa feys gsa] tks mlds 'kklu dky dk fooj.k miyc/k djrs gsa mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh i`fohnso f}rh; Fkk vksj mlds 'kkludky ds iunzg vfhkys[k tks ml le; ds jktusfrd vksj lkald`frd bfrgkl ij egroiw.kz izdk'k Mkyrs gsaa ¼6½ jk;iqj ds dypqfj % pksgnoha 'krkcnh ds yxhkx var esa dypqfj oa'k dh jruiqj 'kk[kk nks Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr gks xbza eq[; 'kk[kk jruiqj esa 'kklu dj jgh Fkh vksj jk;iqj esa,d lg;ksxh 'kk[kk LFkkfir dh xbza dkslaxbz vksj jruiqj ls izkir ckgj ds vfhkys[kksa rfkk jk;iqj vksj [kykjh ls izkir czãnso ds vfhkys[kksa ls bu nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa ds lca/k Li"V gksrs gsaa vbkjgoha 'krkcnh rd bl oa'k us jkt fd;k rc ejkbks us mudk LFkku ys fy;ka vafre 'kkld vejflag nso dk rkezi= vkjax ls feyk gsa ¼7½ pødksv ¼cLrj½ ds fanand ukx % 11oha 'krkcnh esa fnand ukx 'kkld pødksv] ftls vc clrj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gs] ijk'kklu djrs FksA bl oa'k ds igys 'kkld u`ifrhkw"k.k dk fooj.k,sjkdksv ds vfhkys[k ls feyrk gsa vxys 'kkld /kkjko"kz txnsohkw"k.k dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij mlds ckjlwj vksj HkSjex<+ esa izkir mlds vfhkys[kksa ls izdk'k im+rk gsa eq/kjkard nso mldk mùkjkf/kdkjh FkkA lkses'oj vxyk 'kkld Fkk] ftlds 'kkludky esa jktusfrd?kvukvks a dk irk dq:liky vksj tfm;k ls izkrr vfhkys[kksa ls pyrk gsa ckjlwj ls feys,d vfhkys[k esa bl oa'k ds 'kkld duujnso dk ftø gsa tvuiky vksj nursokmk ds f'kykys[kksa esa bl oa'kkoyh ds txnsohkw"k.k egkjkt ujflagnso dk ftø gsa lqukjiky ls feys,d f'kykys[k esa t;aflagnso ds uke dk myys[k gs] tcfd Vsejk esa flfkr,d vu; f'kykys[k esa bl oa'k ds gfj'punz dk myys[k gs] ysfdu bu nksuksa vafre 'kkldksa ds fooj.k miyc/k ugha gsaa ¼8½ eanlksj ds xqfgy % eunlksj ds ftys esa ftj.k esa feys 6 vfhkys[kksa ls 10 oha 'krkcnh esa eunlksj esa 'kklu dj jgs] xqfgy oa'k dh ekstwnxh dk irk pyrk gsa bu vfhkys[kksa ls bl oa'k ds 'kkldksa dh miyfc/k;ksa dk fooj.k feyrk gsa ¼9½ Xokfy;j ds dpni?kkr % 10oha vksj 12oha 'krkcnh ds e/; esa Xokfy;j vksj mlds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa es a dpni?kkr 'kfdreku gq,a mudh rhu 'kk[kk, Xokfy;j] nqcdq.m vksj ujoj esa 'kklu dj jgh FkhA Xokfy;j ds dpni?kkrksa ds jktuhfrd bfrgkl ij bxzksn] dqyoj] Xokfy;j] fryksjh vksj ukjslj ls izkir bl oa'k ds vfhkys[kksa ls izdk'k im+rk gsa nqcdq.m ls feys,d vfhkys[k ls bl oa'k dh nqcdq.m 'kk[kk dk iw.kz fooj.k feyrk gsa ujoj ls feys,d vu; rkezi= ls dpni?kkr dh ujoj'kk[kk ds 'kkldks dh jktusfrd?kvukvksa dk C;kSjk feyrk gsa Lkkjk'kar% ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd Hkkjr esa xqir 'kkldksa dh 'kfdr {kh.k gks tkus ds Ik'pkr~ fofhkuu jktoa'kksa dk 'kklu Hkkjr ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa jgka xqiùkksùkj dky esa e/; Hkkjr esa punsy] pksgku] dypqfj vkfn mijksdr jktoa'kksa dk 'kklu dky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa egroiw.kz LFkku j[krk gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ ghjk yky,-bz-] Hkkx AA. ¼2½ HkaMkjdj lwpha ¼3½ fejk'kh dkilz bulføi'kul bf.mdsjea ¼4½ fnanokmk jktsfv;ja ¼5½ nhf{kr] vkj-ds % n punsykt vkwq tstkd eqfäa ¼6½ HkkfV;k] izfriky % n ijekta ¼7½ 'kekz] vkj-ds- % e/; izns'k ds iqjkrro dk lunzhkz xzafka ¼8½ 'kekz] vkj- ds- % dypqfj jktoa'k vksj mudk ;qxa Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (12) February