Agricultural Land use Planning and Development of Dab Village in Akkalkuwa Tehsil of Nandurbar District

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1 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 161, Vol - XVI (6), August , Page ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Agricultural Land use Planning and Development of Dab Village in Akkalkuwa Tehsil of Nandurbar District Cropping pattern of Dab is mainly influenced by climate, soil, fertility and availability of water sources. It is obvious that the cropping pattern is dominated by Rice sharing % of the cropped area because of alluvial soil and high rainfall. Dab village acquired 2286 Hectare land of the study region. The cropping pattern is dominated of Dab village by Rice sharing 46.10% of the cropped area. Pulses occupied 27.68% area of Dab village. Rice is most dominant crop of the study area, which are 1.17% area covered to total area of Dab village. DR. A.T. PATIL*, DR. S.K.SHELAR** & DR NITINKUMAR D. MALI*** Introduction : Land is main resources of human well being. Land utilization or land use pattern control socio-economic activities of man. Agricultural activities are the result of the decision made by the farmers after appreciation of the biological constraints, possibilities, of cultural assets, choice, and of the economic implications (Tyagi, 1986). According to Dent, Frank.J.(1995) population increase leads to the adoption of more intensive systems of agriculture, both in the form of shortened fallow periods and by adopting new technologies. Such measures may compel cultivators and agricultural labour to work harder and more regularly to raise 'total factor productivity'. Besides, increasing population density may encourage division of labour and the development of communication and education. He has exposed how increase of population pressure causes massive changes in agricultural system of a region. Objectives : The main objective of present study is to analyze and the study Agricultural changes due to physical and socioeconomic variables in Dab village. (1) To study of land use in Dab village (2) To study of agricultural land use changes in Dab village. (3) To study of demographic characteristics and occupational Structure of Dab Village. Study Region : Dab is an important village in Akkalkuwa tehsil and it lies in Satpuda mountain ranges. Dab village is located in central part of Akkalkuwa tehsil. It is situated at '50'' north latitude and '41'' east longitudes. This village is situated at distance of 20 km from Akkalkuwa tehsil. The village is accessible by road connectivity. The interior of the village can only be reached by metal and unmetal roads which cut across the cultivated fields. Dab is located lowland area. The general slop of the village is north east to south west. The main physiographic land mark is laying Satpuda mountain ranges. In this village soil is fertile and productive, Rice, Pulses, Jawar, Maize etc crops are cultivated in this of soil. Database and Methodology : The present study is based on secondary as well as primary source of data. Primary data collected by field survey and questionnaire. The secondary data is the available from directorate of Economics and Statistics of Maharashtra, District statistics office of Nandurbar District, Akkalkuwa tehsil Census hand book, Agricultural census etc. The methods applied includes bar diagram, pie chart, Graphs, Maps, Statistical analysis, Density of population etc. General Land Use Patterns : Table No 1 : General land use of Dab Village Area in Area in % to Category Hectare Total Area 1 Net Sown Area Fallow Land Cultivable Waste Build up Area Area under Forest Total Geographical Area Source : Talathi Office Dab Village, *Guide & Principal, Sarvajanik Arts & Commerce College, Visarwadi Tal. Navapur Dist. Nandurbar (Maharashtra) **Co-Guide & Head (Dept. of Geography), G.E.T. Arts, Comm. & Sci. College, Nagaon Tal & Dist. Dhule (Maharashtra) ***Research Scholar & Asst. Prof., Shri. S.H.Naik College of Education, Navapur, Dist. Nandurbar (Maharashtra) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

2 Fig. 1 Cropping pattern of Dab is mainly influenced by climate, soil, fertility and availability of water sources. It is obvious that the cropping pattern is dominated by Rice sharing % of the cropped area because of alluvial soil and high rainfall. Dab village acquired 2286 Hectare land of the study region. According to Table No 1 shows area under forest has occupied % to geographical area which is the highest percentage of land use in this village. It is followed by net sown area covering %. Net shown area is very short because of hilly and undulating land surface. Build up area covering 6.31%, Fallow land covering 2.26%. Cultivable waste area is acquired 3.56 %. Agricultural Land Use : According to Table No 2 shows that agricultural land use of Dab village of Akkalkuwa tehsil. It is obvious that the cropping pattern is dominated by Rice sharing % of the cropped area. Pulses occupied 27.68% area of Dab village. Rice is most dominant crop of the study area, which are 1.17% area covered to total area of Dab village followed by Pulses (0.70%), Jawar (0.27%), Maize (0.15%) and other crops (0.25%). Table No 2 : Agricultural land use of Dab Village Crop Area in Area in % to Hectare Net Sown Area 1 Rice Pulses Jawar Maize Other Area in % to Total Area Source : District Agricultural Department Nandurbar, Fig. 2 Demographic Characteristics and Occupational Structure : Table 3 Shows demographic characteristics of Dab Village, which is located Akkalkuwa tehsil. Dab village covered 3930 hectares area. In this village inhabited 4455 population out of that % population is literate. According to 2011 Census density of population accounts 113 per Sq. km., per capita land is 0.26 (NSA) hectare areas. According to 2011 census, Sex ratio of Dab village is Table No 3 : Demographic Characteristics in Dab 1 Total Population Population Density Per Capita Land (NSA) in hectare Literacy Sex Ratio 019 Source : District Census Handbook Nandurbar of Table No 4 displays occupational structure in Dab village. According to this table main workers was recorded % whereas % of total population was belongs to non workers, Farmers accounts for 6.13 % of total population. Other workers were recorded 5.43 % of total population of Dab village. Problems : Out of Total 29 farmers 95.8 % farmers accounting farmers expressed insufficiency of the credits facility, 35 % were expressed high cost of agricultural labors and insufficient of agricultural implements. Agriculture and related activities is the main source of livelihood for 34.4 % population of this village. Total agricultural land of this village is under wells and tube well. At present in Dab village lack of government job opportunity to rural youth. All farmers going in tehsil place of Akkalkuwa because of selling agricultural products. Conclusion : Cropping pattern of Dab is mainly influenced by climate, soil, fertility and availability of water sources. It is obvious that the cropping pattern is dominated by Rice sharing % of the cropped UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August Category Category Total Total Table No 4 : Occupational Structures in Dab Population in % to Total Population 1 Total Population Total Main Worker a) Farmer b) Agricultural Labour c) Other Worker Non Workers Source : District Census Handbook Nandurbar of 2011.

3 area because of alluvial soil and high rainfall. Dab village acquired 2286 Hectare land of the study region. The cropping pattern is dominated of Dab village by Rice sharing 46.10% of the cropped area. Pulses occupied 27.68% area of Dab village. Rice is most dominant crop of the study area, which are 1.17% area covered to total area of Dab village. In Dab village main workers recorded 44.58% whereas 55.42% of population has belongs to non workers, Farmers accounts for 6.13% of total population. At present in Dab village lack of government job opportunity to rural youth. All farmers going in tehsil place of Akkalkuwa because of selling agricultural products. References : (1) Das, H. and Das, M. M. (1989) : Impact of Population Structure on Intensity of Cropping in the Plain of Pagladia Puthimari Basin, Assam, Annals, NAGI 8 (2), pp (2) Shafi, M. (1956) : Land Utilization in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Published Ph. D. Thesis, London School of Economics, London, pp 10. (3) Vaidya, B.C. (1997) : Agricultural Landuse in India: A Study of Yashoda Besin, Manak publication, New Delhi, pp (4) Shafi, M. (1966) : Techniques of Rural Land Use Planning with References to India Geographers Vol.13. (5) Dent, Frank.J.(1995) : Review of Agricultural Land use Management System in Asia and the Pacific, Research Paper (Published), Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, P.No UGC - APPROVED - JOURNAL MeesOe-he$e Yespeves mebyeboeer efveùece (1) MeesOe-he$e MeyoeW mes DeefOekeâ vener nesvee ÛeeefnS~ (2) efnvoer SJeb ceje"er ceeoùece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes ke=âefleosje 10 (Kruti Dev 010) cew šef&he keâjjeekeâj hespeceskeâj 6.5 cew YespeW~ (3) hebpeeyeer ceeoùece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes Deveceesue efueefhe (AnmolLipi) Ùee Dece=le yeesueer (Amritboli) Ùee pee@ùe (Joy) cew šef&he keâjjeekeâj hespeceskeâj 6.5 cew YespeW~ (4) Deb«espeer ceeoùece kesâ MeesOehe$e šef&cme vùet jesceve (Times New Roman), SefjÙeue heâewš (Arial) cew šef&he keâjjeekeâj hespeceskeâj 6.5 Ùee ceef eâesmeeheäš Je[& cew Yespes pee mekeâles nq~ (4) MeesOehe$e keâer efjeefoe - (1) Meer<e&keâ (2) Syemš^skeäš (3) keâer-je[&dme (5) ØemleeJevee/ØeJesMe (5) GösMÙe (6) MeesOe heefjkeâuhevee (7) MeesOe ØeefJeefOe SJeb #es$e (8) meebefkùekeâerùe lekeâveerkeâ (9) efjejesûeve Ùee efjemues<ece (10) megpeeje (11) efve<keâ<e& SJeb (12) meboye& «eble metûeer~ (6) meboye& «eble metûeer Fme Øekeâej ow - For Books : (1) Name of Writer, "Name of Book", Publication, Place of Publication, Year of Publication, Page Number/numbers. For Journals : (2) Name of Writer, "Title of Article", Name of Journal, Volume..., Issue..., Page Numbers. Web references : (7) iegpejeleer ceeoùece kesâ MeesOehe$e njske=â<cee (Harekrishna), šsjeheâewš Je Ce (Terafont Varun), šsjeheâewš DeekeâeMe (Terafont Aaksah) cew šef&he keâjjeekeâj hespeceskeâj 6.5 cew Yespes pee mekeâles nq~ (8) MeesOehe$e keâer meeheäškeâe@heer efjmeûe& efuebkeâ kesâ F&-cesue DeeF&[er researchlink@yahoo.co.in hej Yespeves kesâ yeeo ne@[&keâe@heer, MeesOehe$e kesâ ceewefuekeâ nesves kesâ Iees<eCee he$e kesâ meele nmlee#ej keâj efjmeûe& efuebkeâ kesâ keâeùee&ueùe keâes Øesef<ele keâjw~ UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

4 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 161, Vol - XVI (6), August , Page ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Impact of Rainfall on Irrigarion in Nandurbar District In Nandurbar district month of July and August received up to 70% rainfall in the Nandurbar district. The above rainfall ratio shows that the Akkalkuwa and Navapur Tehsil is more rainfall in Nandurbar district. In all preparation of chart in Nandurbar district have more rainfall value (1248mm) as compare to all study years. DR. A.T. PATIL*, DR. M.R. VAISHAMPAYAN** & G.B. MAHAJAN*** Introduction : India is an agricultural and sector in land development process country. About 70% people depend on agricultural sector. Irrigation is on important source for agricultural planning and development. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of distributed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate Rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production. Which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agricultural that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming, Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of sewage and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural of artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. In short, irrigation is basic source of Economic development in our country. The rainfall of our country is dependent on the monsoons. The monsoon is uncertain. So irrigation is necessary to protect crops from drought as a result of uncertain rainfall. It does not rain equally in all parts of the country. So irrigation is necessary for agriculture in less rainfall areas. The rain water flows down very quickly along the slops of hillsides. So irrigation is necessary to grow crops in such areas. Objectives : The main objective of present study is to analyze and the study of irrigated area of Nandurbar district. (i) To study Annual rainfall in Nandurbar district. (ii) To study tehsil wise rainfall in Nandurbar district. (iii) To compare average rainfall in Nandurbar district. Study Unit : For the present research study, the entire Nandurbar district is taken as a study unit. Nandurbar district of the 35 districts of Maharashtra. The study areas are located in the northwest corner of Maharashtra state in India. The district of Nandurbar came into existence on 1st July 1998 by dividing the erstwhile district of Dhule. The study area lies on ' to ' North latitudes and ' to ' East longitude. The total areas of the Nandurbar district 5955 sq. kms. The mean sea level of district located between 180 to 215 Mts. Nandurbar districts contributes 1.63% area of the Maharashtra state. The entire district forms the part of Tapi valley bordered by Satpuda on the north, boundary of Gujarat state on the west, district of Dhule on the east. Nandurbar district with its headquarter at Nandurbar includes 6 tehsils namely Akkalkuwa, Taloda, Shahada, Nandurbar, Navapur and Dhadgaon. Methodology : The present geographical study will be based on secondary data. Secondary Data the present study use the literature survey i.e. Reference books, report of state and central government, journal of irrigation, socio-economic reviews, District Census Hand book, District Gazetteer, Government websites attend the seminars, conferences and workshop, internal sources, Obtained maps, Diagrams. *Principal, Sarvajanik Arts & Commerce College, Visarwadi Tal. Navapur Dist. Nandurbar (Maharashtra) **Department of Geography), G.E.T. Arts, Comm. & Sci. College, Nagaon Tal & Dist. Dhule (Maharashtra) ***Assistant Teacher, Saravajanik Marathi High School & Jr. College, Navapur, Dist. Nandurbar (Maharashtra) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

5 Table 1 : Tehsil wise Rainfall for the Nandurbar district (2004) Month Nandurbar Navapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total June July Agu Sep Oct Total Table 2 : Tehsil wise Rainfall for the Nandurbar district (2007) Month Nandurbar Navapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total June July Aug Sep Oct Total Table 3 : Tehsil wise Rainfall for the Nandurbar district (2010) Month Nandurbar Navapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total June July Aug Sep Oct Total Table 4 : Tehsil wise Rainfall for the Nandurbar district (2013) Month Nandurbar Navapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total June July Aug Sep Oct Total According to Table no 1 is observe that average rainfall are maximum found in Dhadgaon tehsil (1375mm). In Nandurbar district minimum rainfall found in Shahada tehsil (619mm). Over all total rainfall digit is 1109 in year of In all month only August month found more rainfall in the Nandurbar district (589mm). In Nandurbar district Dhadgaon tehsil is maximum rainfall, because of hilly and mountainous region. According to Table no 2 shows that average rainfall value is more in Akkalkuwa tehsil (1663mm) and lower rainfall figure is found in Shahada tehsil (759mm). The total rainfall value 2007 is 1173mm. In all over the month July month is maximum rainfall (595mm) in compare to June, August and September According to Table no 3 observe that average rainfall is maximum found in Navapur tehsil (897mm). In Nandurbar district minimum rainfall found in Shahada tehsil (488mm). Over all total rainfall digit is 678 in year of In all month only July month found more rainfall in the Nandurbar district (244mm). In Nandurbar district Navapur tehsil is maximum rainfall, because of Forest region and hilly area also. According to Table no 4 observe that in 2013 average rainfall is found in Nandurbar district (1248). In Taloda tehsil more rainfall found (1454mm). In Nandurbar district minimum rainfall found in Nandurbar tehsil (782mm). Over all total rainfall digit is 678 in year of In all month only September month found more rainfall in the Nandurbar district (501mm). In Nandurbar district Nandurbar tehsil is minimum rainfall (782), because of Deforest region. Conclusion : (i) In Nandurbar district month of July and August received up to 70% rainfall in the Nandurbar district. (ii) The above rainfall ratio shows that the Akkalkuwa and Navapur Tehsil is more rainfall in Nandurbar district. (iii) In all preparation of chart in Nandurbar district have more rainfall value (1248mm) as compare to all study years. References : (1) Chandankede, T.R. (2014) : 'Agriculture and water management', Satyam publishers, Jaipur. (2) Socio-Economic Review of the district , 2010 and (3) C- DAP Nandurbar General description of the Nandurbar district. (4) Kulkarni Raghuvendra, Pawar Vilas (2002) : Jalashay, Om Publication, Thane. (5) maharashtra.gov.in (6) Nandurbar district census co.in (7) Wikipidia.org. Fig. 01 : Comparative rainfall in Nandurbar district UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

6 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 161, Vol - XVI (6), August , Page ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Analysis of Ground Water Availability and Cropping Pattern in Nandurbar District A reliable and suitable irrigation can be improved agricultural production and irrigation efficiency. Irrigation is basically on agriculture operation, supplying the need of water for plants. Irrigation has played an important role in transforming the crop cultivation and better yield. There are various type of irrigation such as well rivers, tanks, canals etc. but there are additional factors such as their location, their topography geological aspects and height.the Nandurbar district is located in rainy area and so rain percentage is very well. Hence, irrigation plays a vital role in agriculture. In the total area from all sources of irrigation is hectares. The spatial pattern of irrigation is however, characterized by the changes overtime. DR. ASHOK T. PATIL* & VIKRANT J. DAHIVELKAR** Introduction : Irrigation is the most important factor for the development of farming, its playan important role in transforming the crop cultivation & better yield. A reliable and suitable irrigation can be improved agriculture production and irrigation efficiency. Irrigation is basically an agriculture operation, supplying the need of water for plants. There are various type of irrigation such as well, tube well, river, tank, canal etc., depending upon topography, geological and sea heights etc.. Nandurbar district was bifurgated from Dhule district on 1st july 1998 and it lies between North latitude 21 00' to 22 03' and East longitude 73 31' to 74 32'. It is surrounded by Dhule district in South and East Gujarat state in the west and Madhya Pradesh state in the North. The district head quarter is Nandurbar for administrative convenience, the district is divided into six talukas,viz, Nandurbar, Nawapur, Shahada, Taloda, Akkalkuwa and Dhadgaon.The major water resources of the district are tapi and narmada basin. Groundwater : When rain falls to the ground, the water does not stop moving. Some of it flows along surfaced to stream or lakes, some of it is used by plants, some evaporates and returns to the atmosphere and some sinks into the ground. Ground water is the water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rocks. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.groundwater supplies are replenished or recharged by rain and snow melt. In some area at the world people face serious water shortages because groundwater is used faster than it is naturally replenished. In other area groundwater is polluted by human activities. Objectives : (1) To examine different groundwater sources (2) To study the number of Tube-wells, Bore-wells and Dug-wells in year and (3) To study the percentage of irrigation with the help of minor and major projects in the study area. Data and Methodology : The present study is based on the secondary source of data and field observation. The secondary data obtained from socio-economic abstract of Nandurbar district and The tahsils has been taken as a unit for study of Dug-wells, Bore-wells and Tube-wells in the study region. It has been also taken as unit for study minor andmajor irrigated projects in study area. Climate and Rainfall : The climate of the district is characterized by a lot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September. The daily mean minimum temperature is 15.8 c, while the mean maximum temperature is 40.7 c. The normal annual rainfall over the district ranges from about 650mm to 1100mm. It is the minimum in the eastern part of the district and increasewestwards towards Nawapur and Akkalkuwa,. The average annual rainfall of last fifteen years ( ) in the district varies from 648mm(Shahada) to 1268mm (Nawapur). Dug-wells and Bore-wells : There are mainly two types of groundwater abstraction, structures in the district i.e., Dug-wells and Bore-wellsor Tube-wells,however the yield of wells alsovary according to nature of formation tapped and it's saturated thickness. *Principal, Sarvajanik Arts & Commerce College, Visarvadi, Nandurbar (Maharashtra) **Research Scholar, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (Maharashtra) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

7 Dug-wells( ) Result and Discussion : Akkalkuwa Taluka and part of Dhadgaon, Nawapur, Nandurbar talukas are categorized as drought area. The deeper water levels are observed in northern part of the district i.e., in almost entire Dhadgaon taluka and northern parts of Akkalkuwa, Taloda and Shahada talukas during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Thus the deeper Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar Main Crops in Nandurbar District ( ) in hector In use Dug-wells Dugwells Dug-wells Unusable Taluka Diesel Electric No pumps pumps 1 Nandurbar Nawapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In district Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar Dug-wells ( ) In use Dug-wells Dugwells Dug-wells Unusable Taluka Diesel Electric No pumps pumps 1 Nandurbar Nawapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In district Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar Tube-wells, Hand Pumps and Electric Pumps ( ) Year In use In use Taluka Hand Electric Tubewells pumps pumps pumps pumps Hand Electric 1 Nandurbar Nawapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In district Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar Tube-wells, Hand Pumps and Electric Pumps ( ) Year In use In use Taluka Tubewells pumps pumps pumps pumps Hand Electric Hand Electric 1 Nandurbar Nawapur Shahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In district Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar Main Crops in Nandurbar District ( ) in hector Sugarcane Taluka Rice Wheat Jhawar Bajra Cotton No 1 Nandurbar Navapur Sahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In District Sugarcane Taluka Rice Wheat Jhawar Bajra Cotton No 1 Nandurbar Navapur Sahada Taloda Akkalkuwa Dhadgaon Total In District Source : District Economic and Statistics Department, Nandurbar water levels are mostly confined hilly basaltic areas. The water levels trends in these areas are also declining as seen from pre-monsoon. Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge : The artificial recharge structures are check dams, tanks, nallabunds etc. Existing dugwells can also be used for artificial recharge, however, the source water should be properly filtered be for being put in the wells. As seen from postmonsoon water level almost entire district except in south western part particularly in Nawapur taluka. Conclusion : (1) The overall stage of ground water development is on lower side. (2) The ground water development needs to be carried outweth proper care and planning in the hilly areas of Dhadgaon, Akkalkuwa, Taloda and Shahada talukas. (3) The sites for bore wells need to be selected only after proper scientific investigation. (4) Bore wells should only be used for drinking water supply. If, the bore well water restored in the wells, in such circumstances it may also be used for irrigation purpose. (5) The existing village ponds/tanks need to as water conservation and artificial recharge structures. (6) The existing dug wells may also be used for artificial recharge of ground water provided source water is free of silt and dissolved impurities. References : (1) Statistical Department, Tehsil office, Nawapur. (2) Collector office-statistic department Nandurbar. (3) Ground water survey and development deparment,nandurbar. (4) (2001 and 2011) (5) sampling.org UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

8 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 161, Vol - XVI (6), August , Page ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor GòejeKeC[ keâer yeeiesmjej peveheo cew efhe ue Je=#e keâe efjemle=le efjejesûeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew GòejeKeC[ keâer yeeiesõej peveheo cew efhe ue Je=#e keâe efjemle=le efjejesûeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ #es$e cew JeveeW keâer omee efyeieì[leer pee jner nw~ Øeeke=âeflekeâ mebmeeoeveew keâe og heùeesie efkeâùee pee jne nw~ mecemle #es$e cew Deeie ueieves keâe Keleje yevee jnlee nw~ Fve heneefì[ùeew cew DeefOekeâebMe ÛeerÌ[, yeebpe kesâ hesì[ nq, Fvemes Fceejleer uekeâì[er Øeehle keâer peeleer nw~ efhe ue keâes ceeveje peerjeve cew Glevee cenljehetce& vener ceevee ieùee nw, FmeerefueS efhe ue keâes Deeie ueieves keâe Keleje yevee jne nw~ Jew%eeefvekeâ Âef mes efhe ue keâe GheÙeesie vener nesves mes Oejeleue cew Fve JeveeW keâes keâesf& cenljehetce& mleeve vener efoùee ieùee nw~ ceveg<ùe ner Skeâ Ssmee ØeeCeer nw, pees mebmeeoeveew keâe ØeÙeesie DeLeJee og heùeesie keâj mekeâlee nw~ efhe ue keâe mener GheÙeesie vener efkeâùee ieùee, lees YeefJMÙe cew heùee&jejce keâes ueskeâj keâeheâer mecemùeesb GlheVe nes mekeâleer nq~ dqekå fgeky; esa tuin ckxs'oj o"kz 2000 esa vyeksm+k ou fohkkx ls vyx gks x;ka ckxs'oj ou fohkkx ds fu;a=.k esa ls vkjf{kr ouksa dh ;kstuk cukbz xbza bu ouksa dk orzeku dqy {ks=qy gsdv0 gsa vkjf{kr ou ckxs'oj esa folrkj gksus ls bldk eq[;ky; Hkh ;gha LFkkfir fd;k x;k gsa fohkkx dk fudvre vkjf{kr ou {ks= [kcmksyh vkjf{kr ou {ks= gsa ouksa dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx lj;w] xkserh ykgqj] iqaxj vkfn tykxe {ks= esa flfkr gsa leiw.kz ouksa dk Hkkx iozrh; {ks= eas flfkr gksus ds dkj.k vf/kdre ou {ks= lj;w] ykgqj] iqaxj ufn;ksa ds mÿkj esa oulifr dk lhek fgekfnz ouksa rd QSyk gsa oulifr fodkl,oa forj.k oulifr dh dbz izdkj dh ikbz tkrh gsa ftlesa phm+] ckat] FkkV] eso] ck l] nsonkj vkfn oulifr vkoj.k gsaa {ks= esa lcls vf/kd ou phm+] ck t dk {ks=qy vf/kd gsa phm+ leqnz iv ls 1200 eh0 ls 1700 eh0 dh Å pkbz rd ik;k tkrk gsa orzeku esa i;kzoj.k,oa okrkoj.k dh n`f"v ls phm+ dk irrk ¼fi:y½ i;kzoj.k dh n`f"v ls [krjukd lkfcr gks jgk gsa xfez;ksa ds eghuksa esa Qjojh] ekpz] vizsy] ebz vkfn eghuksa esa lw;z yecor~ pedrk gsa ouksa esa gjh?kkl lw[kus yxrh gsa bugha eghuksa esa phm+ vius irrksa dks fxjkus yxrh gsa ;s izfø;k pkj efguksa rd pyrh jgrh gsa ftlls NksVs&cM+s ouksa esa fi:y dquvyksa ;k Vuksa ds fglkc ls fc[kjus yxrh gsa ckxs'oj tuin % HkkSxksfyd flfkfr,oa folrkj % dqekå fgeky; esa flfkr tuin ckxs'oj dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr,oa v{kka'kh; folrkj ^4^^ mùkj ls ^56^^ mùkjh; v{kka'k rd,oa ns'kkurjh; folrkj ^27^^ ls ^4^^ nf{k.kh ns'kkurj ds e/; flfkr gsa tuin ckxs'oj ds mÿkj&iwoz,oa nf{k.k esa fifkksjkx<+ [e@.ceesnve ueeue* SJeb Yejle kegâceej** tuin flfkr gs vksj nf{k.k if'pe esa vyeksm+k tuin if'pe esa peksyh tuin flfkr gsa bldk HkkSxksfyd {ks=qy 2246 oxz fdeh0 gs] ftlesa ls ouksa dk {ks=qy oxz fdeh0 gsa ckxs'oj ftyk fi:y % bl {ks= esa fi:y dk folrkkj lcls vf/kd ik;k tkrk gsa blds irrs uqdhys lqbz uqek gksrs gsaa lw[k tkus ij ;g gydk cknkeh jax dk fn[kkbz nsrk gsa nwj ls ns[kus esa gfj;kyh dgha utj ugha vkrh ekuks tehu lw[k xbz gksa ouksa esa vf/kdka'k Hkkx fi:y ls <d tkrs gsaa ftlls?kkl ;k NksVs ism+ iks/ks <d tkrs gsaa vf/kd xehz ds {ks= es a fi:y vkx cgqr tynh idm+ ysrh *meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), [er.sme.yeer.heefjmej, vewveerleeue (GòejeKeC[) **MeesOe Úe$e (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), [er.sme.yeer.heefjmej, vewveerleeue (GòejeKeC[) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

9 gsa ;g,d ToyUr inkfkz gsa bldk mi;ksx vf/kdka'k tykus,oa i'kqvksa esa fcnkus ds dke esa xzkeh.kksa }kjk fy;k tkrk gsa blds vfrfjdr xzkeh.k {ks= esa fi:y dk vu;= dksbz fdlh izdkj ls bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrka lalk/ku dh n`f"v ls oskkfud v/;;u djds bldk mi;ksx Hkkjh ek=k esa fd;k tk ldrk gsa tsls phm+ ds ism+ ls yhlk fudkydj vu; lkexzh rs;kj dh tkrh gsa mlh izdkj fi:y dk mi;ksx dks;yk] fo qr Qkbcj vkfn rs;kj djus esa fd;k tkrk ldrk gsa gjfly esa d`f=e dks;yk cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k] ftlls dksbz lqyrk ugha feyha fi:y ys tkrh gqbz efgyk, vej mtkyk] nsfud tkxj.k lekpkj i= ds vuqlkj jkuh[ksr esa igys fi:y dk VSaMj im+rk Fkk] tks ckn esa cun dj fn;k x;ka fi:y chuus dk dk;z xzkeh.k {ks= es a efgykvks a ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gsa tks cgqr de {ks= esa fi:y churs gsa] ftlls vko';drk dh iwfrz gks tkrh gsa ^^vfxu js[kkvksa ¼Qk;j ykbzul½ dk vuq{kj.k larks"ktud ugha gsa fu;fer lqkbz,oa Qqdku u gksus ds dkj.k dbz vfxu js[kkvks a ds o`{kks a us ouks a dk :i /kkj.k dj fyk gsa** ¼1½ vej mtkyk nsfud lekpkj i= ds vuqlkj ftys ds taxyksa esa vkx yxus dh rhu?kvuk, gqbzaa egjikuh esa 1-5 gs0] ykepwyk es a 1 gs0 vksj lhjh xk o ds taxyks a es a 3 gs0 ou ty x,a b/kj dkqyhxsj esa fnu ds rhu cts lm+d fdukjs vkx yx x;ha ¼2½ ns'k ds fodkl es a fi:y egroiw.kz ;ksxnku ns ldrk gsa tks fd bldk mi;ksx lgh rjhds ls fd;k tk,a ckxs'oj js[kksyh] cstukfk vksj /kje?kj js at ds ouks a dk {ks=?kus,oa fi:y dh ek=k Hkh vf/kd gsa,d ou nwljs ouks a ls tqm+ s gq, gsaa buds chp es a xk o cls gsa a tks fi:y dk mi;ksx izr;{k,oa vizr;{k :i esa djrs gsaa phm+ ds ism+ dh yeckbz 30 ls 40 eh0 ds chp esa gksrh gs] ftlesa,d ism+ ls fi:y dk mriknu 30 ls 40 fdxzk0 ls vf/kd gksrk gsa ftlesa nks ;k rhu eb~bs fi:y xzkeh.kkas ds }kjk cuk;s tkrs gsaa efgykvks a dk ekuuk gs fd B.Ms es a i'kqvks a dks xehz iznku djrh gs] blfy, fi:y bdv~bk fd;k tkrk gsa NksVs ism+ksa ls ftudh yeckbz 10&15 eh0 gksrh gsa,d xb~bk fi:y ;k 10&15 fdxzk0 izkir gks ldrk gsa vfr laosnu'khy ou jast % {ks= esa ouksa dk {ks=qy vleku ik;k tkrk gsa ouksa ds chp&chp esa 'kgj] dlck] xk o vkfn cls gq, gasa bu ouksa dk ukedj.k {ks= ds {ks=h; uke ds vk/kkj ij r; fd;k x;k gsa ftlls Kkr gksrk gs fd dksu lk jast fdl LFkku ij gsa ouksa dh ns[k&js[k ds fy, vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa ou jsatksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gsa ckxs'oj] x<[ksr] didksv] cstukfk] /kez?kj vkfn ou fohkkx ds }kjk vfr laosnu'khy?kksf"kr fd, x, gsaa bu ouksa esa phm+ ds cm+s&hkw[k.m gs] ftlesa fi:y fujurj 3&4 eghus rd fxjrk jgrk gsa mÿkjk[k.m esa vyeksm+k] ckxs'oj] peksyh] vfr laosnu'khy ekuk x;k gsa vkx ij dkcw ikus ds fy, fohkkx ds }kjk {ks= esa txg&txg ij 35 Qk;j LVs'ku ¼Øw LVs'ku½ LFkkfir fd;k x;k gsa bu ouksa esa 204 lnl; dk;zjr gsaa js[kksyh] f>jksyh] /kje?kj ot;wyk] dbk;rckm+k] kxm+ nf{k.kh [kmksyh] fctksjh] yhrh] t[ksm+h] didksv] dkslkuh] jksy;kuk] Ma;ksyh] dk.mk] xqjuk] lfumfm;kj] luxkm+] iiksa] jrkbzl] vkfn LFkkuks a ij vf/kd laosnu'khy,oa vr;f/kd laosnu'khy ekus tkrs gsaa bu ouks a es a ckj&ckj fi:y fxjrk jgrk gs] ftl dkj.k vkx dk izhkko ckj&ckj ns[kus dks feyrk gsa fi:y dk mi;ksx % fi:y dk mi;ksx xkeh.kkas }kjk vusd izdkj ls vius dk;ksza esa fd;k tkrk gsa lelr ou {ks= esa fi:y dk mi;ksx [ksr esa vkx yxkuk] i'kqvksa ds fy, fi:y fcnkuk vkfn bldks oskkfud rjhds ls v/;;u djus ds ckn Kkr gksrk gs fd fi:y dk mi;ksx vu; vksj rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gs] tsls dks;yk cukuk] Qkbcj cukuk vkfn ÅtkZ ds :i es a mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa mi;ksx ds fueu izdkj gsa % fi:y fcnkus ds dke esa % vf/kdka'k?kjksa esa i'kqvksa dks ikyk tkrk gsa 'khrdky esa fi:y ls B.M cpkus esa enn feyrh gsa blls i'kqvksa dks xehz feyrh gsa fi:y esa i'kqvksa dk ey&ew= fey tkus ls bls lm+k fn;k tkrk gsa xkscj [kkn ;k deikslv [kkn ds :i esa rs;kj fd;k tkrk gsa d`f=e dks;yk] dim+k rs;kj djuk % fi:y dks,d lalk/ku ds :i esa fy;k tk;s rks bls d`f=e dks;yk cuk;k tk ldrk gs vksj fctyh isnk dh tk ldrh gsa fifkksjkx<+ esa fi:y ls fctyh dh ;kstuk rs;kj dh tk jgh gsa fofhkuu {ks=ksa esa fi:y ls Qkbcj rs;kj djus dh ;kstuk rs;kj dh tk jgh gsa ou fohkkx ds dezpkjh gjh'k punz didksv jsat esa dk;zjr gsa muds vuqlkj gjf'kyk esa dks;yk cuk;k tk jgk Fkk] ftlls lqyrk ugha feyha og dk;z vc ean dj fn;k x;ka ikuh jksdus esa fi:y dk mi;ksx % {ks= esa fofhkuu Lrjksa ij 'kks/k dk;z gq, gsa,oa fofhkuu 'kks/k i= Hkh izdkf'kr gq, gsa] ftlesa ;g crkus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gs fd fi:y ls NksVs&NksVs ufn&ukys esa txg&txg ck /k cukdj ikuh dk cgko de fd;k tk ldrk gsa ftlds fev~vh dvko de fd;k tk ldrk gsa fi:y esa vkx yxuk % izdk'k tkom+sdj us jkt;lhkk esa crk;k fd bl lky ds igys pkj eghus esa finys lky dh rqyuk esa taxyksa esa vkx yxus dh vf/kd?kvuk, gqbz gsaa bl lky 21 vizsy 2016 esa taxyksa esa vkx yxus dh 20667?kVuk, gks pqdh gsaa o"kz 2015 esa ;g la[;k FkhA ¼3½ fi:y esa vkx yxkus dk eq[; dkjd ekuo gs] tks vius LokFkZ ds dkj.k gtkjksa dqury fi:y dks vkx ds gokys dj nsrk gsa ekpz vizsy] ebz ds eghuksa esa fi:y lq[kdj fxjus yxrk gsa ftldk ek= 10 Hkkx iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gsa 90 Hkkx vkx esa ty /kw& /kw dj ty tkrk gs] ftlls i;kzoj.k izhkkfor gksrk gsa ou tyus UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August

10 a ds ckn vusd lel;kvks a dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa tyus ls dbz iztkfr;k ism+ iks/kks a dh u"v gks tkrh gsa u;s ism+ksa dk cht gj o"kz u"v gks tkrk gsa ok;q iznw"k.k lcls vf/kd gksrk gsa lkal ysus esa Hkh ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gsa fi:y es a 'kkvz&lfdzv ds dkj.k Hkh vkx yx ldrh gs vksj vklekuh fo qr pedus ls Hkh vkx idm+ ysrh gsa tyrk gqvk fi:y [ksr esa fi:y vkx yxkus esa % xsgw dh Qly dkv nsus ds ckn [ksrks a es a fi:y Mkydj [ksr tyk, tkrs ga SA vf/kdka'k Hkwfe dbksj vksj fev~vh [ksr esa lq[kdj njkj im+ tkrh gs] ftlls xsgw ds tm+ okys MaBy m[km+us esa dfbukbz gksrh gsa tks ik o esa pqhkrs gsaa [ksr es a dhms&edksm+ s tks Qly dks uqdlku igqapkrs gsaa d`"kdks dks ekuuk gs fd mijksdr fyf[kr ckrksa ij /;ku ugha fn;k x;k] rks mugsa /kku cksus esa dfbukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gs vksj etcwju [ksr esa fi:y fcnkdj vkx yxkuk im+rk gsa fi:y ds jk[k ls dhm+s&edksm+ s ejus ls Hkwfe dks mozjk 'kfdr iznku djrs ga SA taxy esa fi:y,oa lw[kh?kkl % tuin esa ouksa dk folrkj cm+ s&cm+ s {ks= gsaa tgk dh?kkl dkvus dksbz Hkh xzkeh.k ugha tkrka bu taxyks a esa dgha&dgha?kkl,d ehvj yech lw[kh gksrh gs] ftles a fi:y dh ek=k Hkh vf/kd gksrh gsa tks tyus ds lkfk vr;f/kd ek=k esa /kqavk NksM+rh gsa taxyksa ds fdukjs ;k taxyks a ds chp esa NksVs&NksVs xk o cls gsa] ftlesa tkuojksa dks ikyk tkrk gsa bl izdkj ds xk oks a dk fodkl didksv rglhy dk.mk] nqxukdqjh vkfn rglhyksa esa ik;k tkrk gsa cw<+s&cpps tkuojksa dks pjkus taxyksa esa tkrs gsa tgk?kkl u feyus ;k tynh mxus ds ctg ls fi:y esa vkx yxk nh tkrh gsa 'kknh] ckjkr esa vkfr'kckth % {ks=h; Hkze.k ls Kkr gksrk gs fd vf/kdka'k {ks=ksa esa vkx yxus dh otg ls xk o?kjksa esa 'kknh] ckjkr es a vkfr'kckth dh tkrh gsa ftlls dhkh xzkeh.k ds?kkl ds yqvks ty tkrs gsaa ckjkr esa ce&ivk[ks] jkwdsv tykus ls ou esa vkx yx tkrh gs] ftlls Hkkjh ek=k esa fi:y ty tkrk gsa i;kzoj.k dks Hkh dkqh uqdlku gksrk gsa?kkl dh pkg % phm+ ds taxyksa esa vizsy&ebz ds eghuksa esa phm+ irrs fxjrs gsa] ftlls?kkl nc tkrh gsa vpnh?kkl dh pkg esa xzkeh.k ;k Xokys fi:y esa vkx yxk nsrs gsaa ftlls iwjs taxy esa vkx yx tkrh gsa fi:y /kw&/kw tyus yxrk gsa bu taxyksa esa tkuojksa dks pjk;k tkrk gsa dqn le; chr tkus ij gjh?kkl mxus yxrh gsa lel;k, % ¼1½ ok;q e.my esa?ku?kksj dkyk /kqvk?kqyus yxrk gs vksj vkdlhtu esa /kq, dk fej.k rhoz xfr ls gksus yxrk gsa ¼2½ taxyh; tho&turqvksa dks gjh?kkl dh deh] ism+& iks/ks vkx esa ty tkrs gsaa yhlk?kko phm+ ds ism+ ty dj fxj tkrs gsa] ftlls ism+ksa dh la[;k esa deh vkrh gsa ¼3½ fi:y ds /kq, ls vka[kksa esa tyu gksrh gsa ¼4½ vks"kf/k ;qfdr iks/ks u"v gksrs gsaa ¼5½ taxy esa fi:y tyus ls vpkud rkieku esa o`f) gksrh gsa ¼6½ le; ij o"kkz u gksus dk Hkh ;gh izeq[k dkj.k gsa ¼7½ ty L=ksrksa dk lw[kuk Hkh blls gksrk gsa ¼8½ ouh; ikfjflfkfrdh ra= ij foijhr izhkko gksrk gsa fu"d"kz % mi;qzdr v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gs fd {ks= esa ouksa dh n'kk fcxm+rh tk jgh gsa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk nq:i;ksx fd;k tk jgk gsa lelr {ks= esa vkx yxus dk [krjk cuk jgrk gsa bu igkfm+;ksa esa vf/kdka'k phm+] ck t ds ism+ gsaa buls bekjrh ydm+h izkir dh tkrh gsa fi:y dks ekuo thou esa mruk egroiw.kz ugha ekuk x;k gsa blhfy, fi:y dks vkx yxus dk [krjk cuk jgk gsa oskkfud n`f"v ls fi:y dk mi;ksx ugha gksus ls?kjkry esa bu ouksa dks dksbz egroiw.kz LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gsa euq"; gh,d,slk izk.kh gs] tks lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx vfkok nq:i;ksx dj ldrk gsa fi:y dk lgh mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k rks Hkfo"; esa i;kzoj.k dks ysdj Hkkjh lel;k, mriuu gks ldrh gsa blfy, le; ij fi:y dk v/;;u {ks=ksa dk v/;;u djuk vko';d gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ ou fohkkx] izhkkx ds vkadm+ksa dk C;kSjk] fnukad 15& 16 ekpz ¼2½ tks'kh] fctsunz ¼1986½ % mÿkjh lj;w csflu dk d`f"k Hkwxksy] 'kks/k xzufka ¼3½ lkg] xksfoun yky ¼1982½ % rglhy ckxs'oj] lw{e Lrjh; izknsf'kd v/;;u ¼'kks/k xzufk½a ¼4½ dqekj nhid ¼2012½ % QkWjsLV Qk;j ¼'kks/k xzufk½a ¼5½ xzkeh.kksa ls izr;{k] vizr;{k lk{kkrdkja ¼6½ vej mtkyk ¼lekpkj i=½] fnukad 2&3 ebz UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal Vol-XVI (6) August