6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority. Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared.

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1 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study Sources 1 to 8. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far do these sources suggest that the smaller monasteries were dissolved in 1536 because of their corruption? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER (b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the suggestion in Source 6 that Henry and Wolsey conducted an effective foreign policy in the years ? Explain your answer, using Sources 4, 5 and 6, and your own knowledge. (40) OR (b) (ii) Use Sources 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. Do you accept the view expressed in Source 8 that the fall of Thomas Cromwell in 1540 was primarily the work of his enemies at Court? Explain your answer, using Sources 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total 60 marks) TOTAL FOR QUESTION 1: 60 MARKS 128 Sample Assessment Materials Edexcel Limited 2007 Edexcel GCE in History

2 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 SOURCE 1 (From a report by Richard Layton, one of Thomas Cromwell s commissioners, on a visit he made to the priory of Maiden Bradley in 1535) I send you supposed religious relics God s coat, Our Lady s smock, part of God s supper and all this from the priory at Maiden Bradley. Here you will find a holy father who has six children. His sons are all tall men who wait on him, and he thanks God that he never meddled with married women, but only with maidens (the fairest that could be got). The Pope, considering this holy father s weaknesses, has given him licence to keep a whore. SOURCE 2 (From the Act of 1536 dissolving monasteries with an income of less than 200 a year) Manifest sin, vicious, carnal and abominable living is being daily used and committed among the small abbeys, priories and other religious houses. The governors of such religious houses spoil, destroy, consume and utterly waste their properties to the high displeasure of almighty God. And although many continual visitations have been made for an honest and charitable reformation, yet their vicious living shamelessly increases, so that unless such small houses are utterly suppressed there can be no reform of these matters. SOURCE 3 (From the Deposition of Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, in His statements were taken before his execution in 1537.) The said Aske says that he opposed the suppression of the monasteries because the abbeys in the North gave great alms to poor men and laudably served God. And by the suppression the service of God is greatly diminished. The church of God is damaged and pulled down, the ornaments and relics of the church are irreverently treated, and tombs of honourable and noble men pulled down and sold. There is no hospitality now kept in those parts, nor places for travellers to stay, and the profits of the abbeys now go out of the area to the King. 148 Sample Assessment Materials Edexcel Limited 2007 Edexcel GCE in History

3 SOURCE 4 (Part of a painting made c1520 showing The Field of the Cloth of Gold during the meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I of France. From K Randell, Henry VIII and the Government of England, published 1991.) SOURCE 5 (From a letter written to Wolsey by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk in May 1525, concerning the troubles associated with the Amicable Grant) We have to tell your Grace that more and more knowledge is coming to us, that the joining together of many evil-disposed persons of this town has extended to many other places, not only in Norfolk and in Essex, but in Cambridgeshire, the town and university of Cambridge, and many other counties. We think we never saw the time so needful for the King s Highness to call his council, to debate and determine what is best to be done. SOURCE 6 (From David Grossell, Henry VIII , published 1998) English diplomacy between failed to bring great gains to the country, but it did thrust the country into a major role that its wealth and population scarcely justified and made hard to sustain. Wolsey s aim was to serve his master and maintain Henry s honour and influence. In hindsight this may well seem vainglorious, but the conflict between Francis and Charles may have been inevitable, and Henry and Wolsey did well to preserve an independent and active role and win glory, honour and prestige, which meant so much to Henry. Edexcel GCE in History Edexcel Limited 2007 Sample Assessment Materials 149

4 SOURCE 7 (From the Parliament Roll of 1540, listing the charges made against Thomas Cromwell in the Act of Attainder, used to avoid the necessity of a trial) Thomas Cromwell, contrary to the trust and confidence that your Majesty had in him, caused many of your majesty s faithful subjects to be greatly influenced by heresies and other errors, contrary to the right laws and pleasure of Almighty God. And in the last day of March 1539 when certain new preachers, such as Robert Barnes, were committed to the Tower of London for preaching and teaching against your Highness s proclamations, Thomas Cromwell confirmed the preacher to be good. And moreover, the said Thomas Cromwell, being a man of very base and low degree, has held the nobles of your realm in great disdain, derision and detestation. SOURCE 8 (From A Anderson and A Imperato, Tudor England , published 2001) Cromwell accepted his defeat on religious policy and might have survived if his enemies at Court had not made good use of the collapse of the Cleves marriage. Henry s distaste for Anne was heightened by his growing desire for Catherine Howard, the pretty, young and flirtatious niece of the Duke of Norfolk Cromwell s bitterest rival on the Privy Council. The Protestant alliance, Cromwell s religious preferences and the Cleves marriage created a suspicion in Henry s mind that his chief minister was pursuing his own interests rather than his king s. This was a suspicion that Cromwell s enemies were well placed to exploit, and on this occasion Henry s anger and desire seems to have clouded his judgement. 150 Sample Assessment Materials Edexcel Limited 2007 Edexcel GCE in History

5 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study Sources 1 to 8. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1 and 2. How far do Sources 1 and 2 suggest that the young Henry VIII saw the nobility as his friends and supporters? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1 and 2. (20) EITHER (b) (i) Use Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the main reason for Wolsey s fall from power was his failure to secure the annulment of the King s marriage to Catherine of Aragon? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge. (40) OR (b) (ii) Use Sources 6, 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the main cause of the Pilgrimage of Grace was a widespread dislike of religious changes? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 6, 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *H34430A0220*

6 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From a description of some of the festivities enjoyed by Henry and his friends at Court in 1510) 1 5 The King came to Westminster with the Queen, and while they were there the King, the Earls of Essex, Wiltshire and twelve other noblemen came early to the Queen s bedchamber one morning. They were all dressed in short coats of Kentish cloth, with hoods and bows and arrows, like Robin Hood. The Queen and all the ladies were embarrassed, but they all laughed and danced, and then the noblemen went away. Then later at dinner the King arranged the seating and joked with all, and had the Earl of Essex and the Lord Henry, Earl of Wiltshire, and Sir Edward Howard and Sir Thomas Parr parade in strange costumes before they brought in actors to stage a play. SOURCE 2 (From a Proclamation issued by Henry VIII in July 1511) The King has commanded all the lords and most of the nobles to prepare as many able men for war as they can muster from their estates. He is now informed to his great displeasure that some are preparing men who are not their tenants or members of their household. They are bringing in hired men who are given badges, uniform and payment, contrary to the King s wishes and the laws against retaining. The King commands this to cease forthwith, and orders those who have made such arrangements to remedy the situation or bear the King s anger and indignation, to their great danger and peril. 2 H34430A

7 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(i) SOURCE 3 (From George Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, written between 1554 and 1558 from notes made during his years in Wolsey s service from Cavendish was close to Wolsey and remained loyal until forced to retire when Wolsey fell from power in 1529.) 20 I heard it reported by them that waited on the King at dinner that Mistress Anne Boleyn was much offended with the King, as far as she dared, because he made my lord [Wolsey] so welcome. Sir she said, consider what debt and danger he has brought you into, meaning by this the loan that the Cardinal recently tried to raise for the King from his subjects. If my Lord of Norfolk, of Suffolk, or my lord my father had done the same, they would have lost their heads. Why then, replied the King, I see you are no friend of the Cardinal. SOURCE 4 (From John Lotherington, The Tudor Years, published 1994) 25 In October 1529, Wolsey was stripped of his authority and retired to visit his diocese of York for the first time. He was the victim of factional intrigues organised by leading aristocrats, such as the Duke of Norfolk, around Anne Boleyn. SOURCE 5 (From David Loades, Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict, published 2007) 30 Wolsey was never as all-powerful as his critics chose to believe, and after 1525 the King s confidence in him became increasingly uncertain. He had increased the authority of central government, but he did not fall from power because of any aristocratic reaction. He fell from power because of his failure to secure an annulment of Henry s first marriage, and the fiasco over the Amicable Grant. This had initially weakened the King s trust in him and left him exposed to his numerous enemies. H34430A 3 Turn over

8 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(ii) SOURCE 6 (From Keith Randell, Henry VIII and the Government of England, published 1991) It used to be argued that the Pilgrimage of Grace was a reaction against the religious changes of the previous five years, brought to the boil by the dissolution of the smaller monasteries. There were more than 100 of these in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire alone. While only a minority of Pilgrims felt strongly about the restoration of Papal Supremacy in the Church, many people felt that the basic beliefs they had held since childhood were being undermined and they wanted those responsible to be punished. SOURCE 7 (From the Oath of the Honourable Men, devised by Robert Aske to be taken by all those following the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536) 45 Ye shall not join this, our Pilgrimage of Grace, except for the love you bear to Almighty God and to the maintenance of the Holy Church, the safety of the King and his children, to the purifying of the nobility and the removal of those of common blood and bad counsel from his advisers. SOURCE 8 (From R. Lockyer and D. O Sullivan, Tudor Britain, published 1997) 50 The Pilgrimage of Grace was a complex movement, not confined to one area and involving many social elements. The Pilgrims Articles include a mixture of economic, political and religious grievances high taxes, enclosure, the Statute of Uses, the loss of feast days and a range of privileges, clerical and feudal. To these can be added the cumulative effect on conservative northerners of the many sweeping changes in religion that Cromwell s government was imposing, but dislike of change was not confined to religion. 4 H34430A

9 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study Sources 1 to 8. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far does the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that the early sixteenthcentury Church exploited people s religious faith to increase its own wealth? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER (b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the main reason for Henry s failure to obtain the annulment of his marriage in the years was the determined opposition of Katherine of Aragon? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. (40) OR (b) (ii) Use Sources 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the most significant changes of the 1530s were political rather than religious? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 7 and 8 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *H34496A0220*

10 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From Simon Fish, A Supplication for the Beggars, a pamphlet attacking the church, published in Fish had been a law student in London but fled to Holland after coming into conflict with Wolsey.) 1 5 The priests are not shepherds, but ravenous wolves going in shepherds clothing. The bishops and monks own a third of the kingdom, and besides this take a tenth part of everything poor wives must be accountable for every tenth egg or be taken as a heretic. What money they pull in by their fees, for wills and testaments, pilgrimages and first masses! How much goes to the endless hordes of begging friars? And how do this greedy horde of idle, holy thieves use the money that they take from the people? They do nothing other than use it to avoid having to obey the King and the laws. SOURCE 2 (From evidence given under oath by Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, after the failure of the rebellion and his arrest in 1537) 10 The northern abbeys gave great alms to poor men and served God well. Many were in the mountains and desert places where the people were poor and ignorant. The abbeys gave them food for their bodies and spiritual guidance by the example set in the lives of the monks, and by education and preaching. SOURCE 3 (From the will of Joan Brytten, of Wood Street, London, dated 1540) 15 I bequeath my soul unto Almighty God and unto Our Blessed Lady. I bequeath unto the high altar of Saint Michael s for my tithes negligently forgotten 8d. For the rest of my goods, I will that a priest shall sing for my soul, my master Milard s soul, his wife s soul, and all Christian souls within the church of Saint Gregory s for six months. 2 H34496A

11 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(i) SOURCE 4 (From J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, published 1968) 20 Wolsey worried about Henry s reliance on biblical arguments and pleaded with Campeggio for help. In September 1528, Campeggio tried to persuade Katherine to enter a convent, which would offer her an honourable retirement. When she refused, Henry s bullying only increased her determination, and she was by no means powerless. Spanish links, the weakness of the King s case and her own quiet dignity enabled her to resist and, in 1529, to defeat the King. SOURCE 5 (From R. Lockyer and D. O Sullivan, Tudor Britain, published 1997) 25 Normally the Pope would have been happy to please someone as important as Henry. Annulments were not uncommon among the rich and powerful. But in this case there was one snag. In May 1527 an Imperial army had sacked Rome, and after this the Pope was under the control of Charles V, who was Katherine of Aragon s nephew. Pope Clement did not want to offend Henry, but still less could he afford to offend Charles by allowing Henry to humiliate Charles s aunt. SOURCE 6 (From a letter sent by Wolsey to Henry VIII from France, in July 1527) 30 Musing on your Grace s great affair, I consider that the Pope s consent must be gained, in case the Queen rejects my authority. For that, he must be freed, which cannot be achieved except by a peace between the Emperor and the French King. That is unlikely because the Emperor s terms are so harsh. If the Pope were free, I have no doubt that he would easily be persuaded to do what you want. H34496A 3 Turn over

12 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(ii) SOURCE 7 (From the Act of Six Articles, 1539) The King s most excellent Majesty is, by God s law, Supreme Head immediately under God of this whole Church and Congregation of England. He intends to maintain this same Church and Congregation in a true, sincere and uniform doctrine of Christ s religion. Therefore, by the consent of the King s Highness, with the agreement of the Lords spiritual and temporal and the Commons in this present parliament, it is resolved: That in the most blessed communion sacrament of the altar there is present really the natural blood and body of our saviour Jesus Christ. That communion in both kinds, taking wine as well as bread, is unnecessary. That priests, as before, may not marry by the law of God. 45 That vows of chastity ought to be observed as before. That private masses be continued. That spoken confession is to be continued. SOURCE 8 (From D. Loades, Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict, published 2007) Henry s need for support over his Great Matter transformed the role of parliaments. Between 1533 and 1536 Parliament legislated on the succession, the Church and the control of traditional vested interests and their franchises or privileges. This last development followed naturally from the others. At the same time the King also by statute imposed Injunctions and doctrines upon the Church, abolished religious houses and transferred all their property to the King. All these extraordinary extensions of power were accepted by the country on the grounds that Parliament spoke for the whole realm. This was little short of a revolution in government. 4 H34496A

13 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study Sources 1 to 9. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far do Sources 2 and 3 support the claims in Source 1 about Wolsey s arrogance and unpopularity? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER (b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that Henry VIII s foreign policy in the years failed because he lacked the resources to fulfil his aims? Explain your answer, using Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. (40) OR (b) (ii) Use Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the main cause of the English Reformation was the character and influence of Anne Boleyn? Explain your answer, using Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *N35550A0220*

14 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From Polydore Vergil s History of England, originally commissioned by Henry VII. Both Wolsey and Henry VIII encouraged his work, but in 1515 Vergil criticised them in a letter to the Pope and was briefly imprisoned on Wolsey s orders. The book was published in 1534, after Wolsey s fall.) 1 5 Wolsey became so proud that he considered himself the equal of kings. His arrogance and ambition roused the hatred of the whole people, and his hostility towards both nobles and common folk created great irritation. His offensiveness was truly extreme, because he claimed he could undertake, by himself, almost all public duties. SOURCE 2 (An extract written by the satirical poet John Skelton, in , referring to Wolsey s treatment of the nobility. Skelton was closely associated with the Duke of Norfolk s family, the Howards.) 10 For all their noble blood, He plucks them by the hood, And shakes them by the ear, And brings them in such fear, And makes them bow the knee Before his majesty. SOURCE 3 (From a report to the Venetian government written by the Venetian ambassador to England in 1519) 15 The Cardinal [Wolsey] alone transacts as much business as all the magistrates, officers and councils of Venice, both civil and criminal. He has a reputation for being extremely just. He favours the people exceedingly, and especially the poor, hearing their cases and seeking to deal with them immediately. He also makes the lawyers plead without payment for all paupers. 2 N35550A

15 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(i) SOURCE 4 (From Keith Randell, Henry VIII and the Government of England, published 1991) 20 Henry returned from France in the autumn of 1513, confident that 1514 would see him crowned King of France. But the winter and spring brought disillusionment. Not for the first time, or the last, his allies proved unscrupulous and unreliable. Maximilian and Ferdinand were bribed by the French to disown their treaty obligations to England, leaving Henry to fight on alone. The young warrior finally accepted the fact that royal finances could not support a repetition of the campaign of So, instead of overthrowing the King of France, Henry made peace with him. SOURCE 5 (From T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, published 1998) The Treaty of London was Wolsey s attempt to find the glory that his master so desired through peaceful means. It did not last, and thus it has often been dismissed as a mere exercise in egoism, but it remains probable that Wolsey was sincere. If the prominence and prestige of the crown were the primary aims of foreign policy, then that policy reached its highest point in the Treaty of London. But the Treaty was wholly at the mercy of shifts in great power politics, over which England exercised no control. The momentous victory of Charles V in the Imperial election of June 1519 caused the greatest of these shifts. SOURCE 6 (From a letter sent by Archbishop Warham to Wolsey in April 1525, describing resistance to the Amicable Grant) 35 The people speak cursedly, and some complain that the last loan is not repaid, nor will this be. Some would give but cannot. They say it will enrich France to have the money spent there, and, if the King wins France, he will spend his time and revenues there. They say that all the sums already spent on the invasion of France have not gained the King a foot more land than his father had. And he had not lacked the riches and wisdom to win the kingdom of France if he had thought it worthwhile. N35550A 3 Turn over

16 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(ii) SOURCE 7 (Comments made in private correspondence by Cardinal Campeggio about Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn in February He was writing to contacts within the Papal Court in Rome.) 40 The King s love is something amazing, and in fact he sees nothing and thinks nothing but Anne. He cannot stay away from her for an hour; it is really quite pitiable, and on it depends his life, and indeed the destruction or survival of this kingdom. SOURCE 8 (From E. Ives, Anne Boleyn, published 1986) 45 Henry believed that, by denying him a healthy son, God had spoken directly to him about his situation. He had no option as a devout Christian but to obey, to contract a legal marriage, and a son would be the reward. Modern sceptics may smile, but the vital point is that Henry believed it. Armed with this certainty he consulted Wolsey and his lawyers, and on 17 May 1527 took the first and secret steps to divorce his wife. SOURCE 9 (From D. Rogerson, S. Ellsmore and D. Hudson, The Early Tudors, published 2001) There was undoubtedly a mood in the country for changes to the Church on some level. Even a historian like J. J. Scarisbrick, who rejects the idea of a corrupt Church ripe for reform, concedes that hostility to Churchmen was widespread and often bitter, and the conviction intense that something must be done. It seems certain that Henry was at least influenced by this mood. It created an environment in which a break from the power of the Pope was at least conceivable. He was also influenced by Anne Boleyn s acquaintance with a group of reformist writers, including Tyndale and Simon Fish, whose ideas clearly suited his purposes. In addition, she was in regular contact with a group of Cambridge academics, most prominently Thomas Cranmer, who confirmed Henry in his view that he was well within his rights to reject the authority of the Pope in what was a domestic affair. The seeds of the concept of Royal Supremacy are there for all to see. 4 N35550A

17 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study the relevant sources in the Sources Insert. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far do Sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that it was their links with rebellion in 1536 that brought about the dissolution of the greater monasteries and abbeys in the years ? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER (b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that in the years Henry VIII wholly surrendered power in government to Cardinal Wolsey? Explain your answer, using Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. (40) OR (b) (ii) Use Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the decisive influence in shaping the Reformation of the 1530s was Thomas Cromwell s idea of a nation state? Explain your answer, using Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *H35561A0220*

18 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From Edward Hall s Chronicle, a history of the early Tudors published Hall was a London lawyer and MP in the Reformation Parliament.) 1 5 In February [1536] the Parliament met at Westminster, which made many good and wholesome laws. One of these gave to the King, with the consent of the great and fat abbeys, all religious houses of the value of 300 marks and under, in the hope that their great monasteries would still continue. But even at that time one speaker said in the Parliament House, that these were like little thorns, but the great abbeys were like rotten old oaks and they must follow. SOURCE 2 (From a report sent to Thomas Cromwell s office by Sir William Fairfax in Fairfax had leased Ferriby Priory near Hull, which was seized by rebels from nearby during the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 and restored to the monks.) The monasteries which were not suppressed make friends and stir up the poor to stick by them. The monks who were suppressed inhabit the villages round their monasteries and daily urge the people to put them in again. SOURCE 3 (From the document signed by Abbot Roger Pyle surrendering Whalley Abbey to the King in 1537 after the monks took part in the Pilgrimage of Grace. The abbey was owned by the great monastery of Furness.) 10 I, Roger, abbot of the monastery of Furness, knowing the evil life lived by the brethren of Whalley Abbey, do freely and wholly surrender the said abbey unto the King s Highness. I grant to him and to his heirs for evermore all its lands, rents, possessions, goods and chattels. And henceforth I shall be ready whensoever I shall be called upon, to confirm, ratify and establish this my deed. 2 H35561A

19 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(i) SOURCE 4 (From J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, published 1968) 15 Cavendish [Wolsey s friend and servant] tells us how shrewdly Wolsey judged the young king and encouraged him to cast off the cares of state. For much of the time, as week after week Henry hawked and hunted, jousted, played tennis, made music, danced and banqueted, it must have seemed that a self-indulgent king had wholly surrendered the cares of state into the Cardinal s hands. SOURCE 5 (From John Lotherington, The Tudor Years, published 1994) Historians are fascinated with the question of where power really lay in Tudor England. Some see Tudor government and politics as essentially dominated by faction competing groups ambitious for office and personal power. Faction was closely linked to patronage. Ambitious men needed a wealthy and powerful patron, whom they would support in return for office and other privileges. Wolsey held a dominant position in government and controlled the distribution of patronage. However, he lacked the intimate daily contact that the king shared with the minions, his friends and associates among the nobility. And of course the ultimate source of all power was the king. SOURCE 6 (From a letter written by Henry VIII to Cardinal Wolsey in 1520) 30 Although writing is somewhat tedious to me, I thought it best not to allow anyone else to bear this message. I desire you to keep a careful watch on the Duke of Suffolk, the Duke of Buckingham, my lord of Northumberland, my lord Derby, my lord of Wiltshire, and on any others of whom you are suspicious. H35561A 3 Turn over

20 Sources for use with Question 1 (b)(ii) SOURCE 7 (From the Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries, drafted by Thomas Cromwell in 1529 and presented to the King in It was used to bring about the submission of the clergy to royal authority and English law.) 35 The clergy of this realm have made and daily make laws in their Convocation concerning non-spiritual matters. They declare that those who infringe them are subject to excommunication and even guilty of heresy. These laws do not have your assent, and some clash with the laws of your kingdom. They are not even published in English. And by these means your subjects are brought to question your laws and authority and do not know whom to obey. SOURCE 8 (From David Loades, Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict, published 2007) For three years after Wolsey s fall in 1529 the king dealt directly with his council in the traditional manner. This did not suit Henry s style. By 1533 he had found a replacement for Wolsey in the self-taught lawyer, Thomas Cromwell. The secret of Cromwell s success lay in a phenomenal capacity for hard work, and the ability to turn Henry s rather vague ideas about ecclesiastical authority into parliamentary legislation. He was, above all, a finder of ways and means, but the direction of policy was always decided by the king. SOURCE 9 (From A. G. R. Smith, The Emergence of a Nation State, , published 1984) 50 Guided by Thomas Cromwell, the changes of the 1530s led to the formal establishment of an English nation state, a kingdom and people subject to no outside authority. These changes also helped to increase the role and status of Parliament, and subject all parts of the kingdom to royal authority in a uniform way. It is for these concepts and ideas that Cromwell the administrator deserves to be remembered. 4 H35561A

21 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study the relevant sources in the Sources Insert. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far do Sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that Scotland was, and remained, a threat to Henry VIII s ambitions in France? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER *(b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that, in his years as Lord Chancellor, Wolsey strengthened Henry VIII s control of his kingdom? Explain your answer, using Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. (40) OR *(b) (ii) Use Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that the Reformation of the 1530s was caused mainly by Henry s desire for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon? Explain your answer, using Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *H36339A0220*

22 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From Polydore Vergil, History of England, published He is referring to the year 1513.) 1 5 Just as King Henry had raised an Army and was about to leave for France, he learned from his money-men that the inhabitants of Yorkshire and County Durham were refusing to pay the newly-imposed head-tax, because they always hated that form of tax more than anything else. The Privy Council chose to spare them the tax, because they did not want the King to be called harsh when he was striving to maintain his subjects loyalty. More importantly, they were suspicious of the intentions of James, King of the Scots, and feared that unless this rising was quickly dealt with, it would give him the hope of undertaking something against King Henry in his absence. SOURCE 2 (From a letter written on 16 September 1513 by Catherine of Aragon to King Henry VIII while he was in France. She was informing him of the defeat of the Scottish army at Flodden.) My Lord Howard has sent me a letter, by which you shall see at length the great victory that our Lord has sent your subjects in your absence. To my thinking, this battle has been the greatest blessing that could be to you and all your realm, more than if you should win all the crown of France. I send you a king s coat for your banners, and My Lord Howard asks what you wish in the burying of the King of Scots body. SOURCE 3 (From an address made by Thomas Cromwell to parliament in At this time Wolsey was trying to persuade parliament to grant taxes for war in France.) Who that intends France to win, with Scotland let him begin. 2 H36339A

23 Sources for use with Question 1 (b) (i) SOURCE 4 (From an account of Wolsey s life, written by his servant, George Cavendish, after Wolsey s death in Cavendish had remained loyal after Wolsey s disgrace.) 20 Whatsoever any man thought of him when he lived or since his death, this much I can say that in my judgement I never saw this kingdom in better order, quietness and obedience than it was in the time of his authority and rule, nor justice better administered. SOURCE 5 (From complaints made by the Privy Council at the time of Wolsey s fall, recorded in the 1530 state papers) 25 Since it pleased our Sovereign to make my Lord Cardinal his chief and only counsel, we have seen how harshly he has treated the King s subjects, especially the nobles if they fell in danger of the law. He has made heavy demands and insupportable charges, through his wars and his triumphs, and gathered all offices to himself. He has spent the yearly revenue of 100,000 in our first wars with France, 1,300,000 in the last and 40,000 gathered from the common people. Yet his friends still tell the King that all is well. SOURCE 6 (From David Loades, Henry VIII: Church, Court and Conflict, published 2007) Wolsey increased royal authority in significant ways. He was not directly responsible for the downfall of the arrogant Duke of Buckingham, but he did manipulate the case, realising that the duke was a symbol of the old order of aristocratic power. To increase royal authority in the North and in Wales, he promoted Mary and Henry Fitzroy in 1525, re-establishing the regional Councils through their households. His desire to raise the profile of royal justice led to the major development of the Star Chamber, and the less obvious but equally significant growth of the Court of Requests. Wolsey did not fall from power because of any mishandling of the government of the country. H36339A 3 Turn over

24 Sources for use with Question 1 (b) (ii) SOURCE 7 (From William Tyndale, The Obedience of a Christian Man, published Tyndale is referring to his English translation of the New Testament, which was printed in Germany in and was being smuggled into England in large numbers.) 40 You can see how the Scripture ought to be in the mother tongue, and that the arguments against it are false tricks to make you follow them [the Catholic clergy] blindly. They say a layman burdened with worldly matters cannot understand it, but no layman is so tangled with worldly matters as our bishops. At least if the priests had the Word of God in the mother tongue they could understand it, for most of them have no Latin, except to sing and say and recite with the lips what their hearts do not understand. SOURCE 8 (From David Rogerson et al., The Early Tudors, published 2001) 45 The break with Rome was predominantly a political process, but anti-clericalism made it possible. Henry was influenced by reformers such as Tyndale, whose Obedience of a Christian Man he declared to be a book for all Kings to read. More immediately, it was the ranks of the reformers that provided him with the men and the measures to give reality to his claims. SOURCE 9 (From J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, published 1968) In 1532 Henry made one last effort to appeal to Rome on the subject of an annulment, but he was already deeply committed to carrying out an ecclesiastical revolution. By the end of 1530 Henry already knew what he wanted, in broad terms. From talk in 1530 about the prerogatives of the realm to the proclamation in 1533 that this realm of England is an Empire was not a large step. But whether it was one that Henry would have taken if he had obtained a divorce in 1529 is much more debatable. 4 H36339A

25 6HI02/A Early Modern British History: Crown and Authority Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Study the relevant sources in the Sources Insert. Answer Question 1, parts (a) and (b). There is a choice of questions in part (b). You should start the answer to part (a) on page 4. You should start the answer to part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii) on page 9. Question 1 Answer part (a) and then answer EITHER part (b) (i) OR part (b) (ii). (a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3. How far do Sources 1, 2 and 3 suggest that, in his role as Lord Chancellor, Wolsey genuinely tried to achieve justice for all? Explain your answer, using the evidence of Sources 1, 2 and 3. (20) EITHER *(b) (i) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that Wolsey s fall from power was mainly the result of Anne Boleyn s hostility towards him? Explain your answer, using Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge. (40) OR *(b) (ii) Use Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. Do you agree with the view that, in , opposition to religious changes posed a serious threat to Henry VIII s rule? Explain your answer, using Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. (40) (Total for Question 1 = 60 marks) 2 *P36350A0220*

26 Choose EITHER A1 (Question 1) OR A2 (Question 2) for which you have been prepared. A1 Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, Sources for use with Question 1 (a) SOURCE 1 (From written advice given to judges in 1515 by Wolsey as Lord Chancellor) 1 5 When you tell the King this is the law, you should also tell him that, although it is the law, it may not be justice. The King ought for his royal dignity and prerogative to soften the rigour of the law where it does not serve justice and equity [fairness]. To do that he has appointed a Lord Chancellor to act for him in the Court of Chancery. And therefore the Court of Chancery has been commonly called the court of justice. SOURCE 2 (From a petition to Wolsey as Lord Chancellor drawn up by the bakers of London in 1526, complaining about the enforced purchase of mouldy wheat) 10 Lately the Mayor and Aldermen tried to compel us to buy 2,000 quarters of musty wheat at 12s, when sweet wheat could be bought for 7s or 8s. When some bakers refused, the mayor sent them to Newgate gaol for 11 days and shut up their houses and shops, not allowing their wives and children to visit them or sell their bread. We have in vain asked the Mayors for the last five years for an end to these and other injuries, and have been continually rebuked, imprisoned and wronged. We now ask for some remedy that we may have sufficient living and not be utterly undone. SOURCE 3 (From Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Houses of Lancaster and York, published Hall was a lawyer, and also a London Alderman and MP.) 15 The poor men perceived that he [Wolsey] punished the rich. Then they complained without number, and brought many an honest man to trouble and vexation. 2 P36350A

27 Sources for use with Question 1 (b) (i) SOURCE 4 (From a letter written by Anne Boleyn to Wolsey after the divorce hearing was recalled to Rome in 1529) 20 I cannot comprehend, and the King still less, that after all your fine promises about divorce you have changed your purpose and prevented it being completed. The wrong you have done me has caused me much sorrow, but I feel infinitely more in seeing myself betrayed by a man who pretended to support my interests in order to discover the secrets of my heart. SOURCE 5 (From letters written by Thomas Cromwell to Wolsey during , the year following his dismissal as Lord Chancellor. At this point Wolsey hoped to be reinstated, especially if Cromwell could persuade Anne Boleyn to plead for him.) 25 July 1529: Your letter has been received and delivered as directed unto my lady Anne. There is yet no answer. She gave kind words, but will not promise to speak to the King for you. October 1529: None dares speak to the King on your behalf for fear of Madame Anne s displeasure. SOURCE 6 (From A. Anderson and A. Imperato, Tudor England, , published 2001) Wolsey maintained his power and position because he served Henry VIII well. When he ceased to do so, he fell from power. His two great failures were the collapse of his anti-habsburg strategy in Europe, forced on him by Charles V s success in Italy after 1525, and his inability to obtain a divorce for the King. In the summer of 1529 he was stripped of his powers and possessions and exiled to his diocese in York. Twice in the months that followed he received tokens of friendship from the King that raised his hopes of reinstatement. Wolsey blamed the Boleyn faction when his hopes collapsed, but more simply, it seems, Henry had lost faith in his former servant. P36350A 3 Turn over

28 Sources for use with Question 1 (b) (ii) SOURCE 7 (From a letter written in November 1536 to Charles V by Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial Ambassador in England. Here he is reporting the Pilgrimage of Grace.) 40 All the nobility of the Duchy of York have risen. Their army numbers 40,000 combatants and amongst them 10,000 horsemen. They are in good order. Norfolk and his colleagues avoid battle, showing that the petitions of the rebels are lawful. The men of the North are able to defend themselves and their numbers will probably grow, but they have little money and the Pope ought to help them. SOURCE 8 (From K. Randell, Henry VIII and the Government of England, published 1991) 45 In 1536, opposition to Henry s changes in Church and State might have cost him his throne. The Pilgrimage of Grace could well have led to Henry s deposition and replacement by his daughter Mary. This view is based on both the relative military strength of the king and the rebels, and potential foreign intervention. Less convincing are claims that, had the rebels ventured south, large numbers from the districts through which they travelled would have joined them. By 1536 religious opposition in the south was broken, its leaders dead, and they died professing loyalty to the king. SOURCE 9 (From A. Armstrong, Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion, , published 2008) The Pilgrimage of Grace was numerically the largest uprising of the Tudor period. The Pilgrims were far from being an unorganised rabble. Had they engaged the royal forces in battle, it is likely that they would have won. The rebellion failed because, like most of those who opposed the changes of the 1530s, its leaders wanted to change the King s mind, not remove him from the throne. There was little option but to trust Henry s word, but Henry never intended concessions to be anything other than temporary. 4 P36350A

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