Medieval Times: Rise of Kings

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1 Medieval Times: Rise of Kings Date Rise of English Monarchs - During the Early Middle Ages, with no powerful government in place, the people and powers of the West faced constant challenges from invasion, wars, civil wars, food shortages, and disease. -Nation-States- - Nation- States is a country where people live under the same government and usually speak the same language. - The development of national governments did not take place everywhere in Europe in this period. Indeed, only a few states saw such a change. - During the High Middle Ages, Europe witnessed the development of strong nation- states with powerful, ruling kings. - Many circumstances allowed for this development. New prosperity and peace of this period encouraged the rise of such rulers - Early Feudal Kings had limited power, because they had to compete with feudal lords and the Christian Church. - During the High Middle Ages we see crafty, ambitious Kings, who were finding ways to regain power back. -Niccolo Machiavelli - - Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the book, The Prince. It is better to be feared then loved if you re a ruler, because being merciful makes you weak. Keep your friends close, and Keep your enemies closer - This book examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of your enemies -became a must read for future kings. - Europeans wanted to see strong national governments to help protect them. Three major ones were England, France and Spain. -England- - England is an old English name that means Land of the Angles. - Alfred The Great (849, ruled ) - He united the (Barbarians) Anglos, Saxons and Celtics. - He defended Anglo-Saxon England from Viking raids - Formulated a code of laws, and fostered a rebirth of religious and scholarly activity - had books translated from Latin to Anglo-Saxon. - King Edward the Confessor, ruled England,

2 William The Conqueror William The Conqueror ( ) - William was a Cousin of King Edward the Confessor, was from Normandy, France. - He was promised the English Throne, an English Council of Lords decided against it. So William invaded and conquered England. - A star with a flaming tale, Haley s Comet was believed to be a omen foretelling great changes were coming, a battle for the Crown of England. - After his victory at the battle of Hastings, William is crowned King of England on Christmas day 1066A.D. - He does give Fiefs{Manors}to his Lords, but monitors them closely. -Doomsday Book , William ordered a survey. - Commissioners visited 13,000 villages. - Interviewed priest, steward & 6 elderly villagers. - Soldiers threatened to kill liars. - Second visit to recheck. - To watch his Kingdom, he creates a Census book called, The Doomsday Book. It listed everything from castles to how many chickens you own. - Used local officials{sheriffs} to collect taxes and Created a Great Council to advise him. - He died aged 60 in A.D1087 from abdominal injuries received when he fell off a horse at the Siege of Mantes.

3 Date England after William -King HenryII Ruled A.D.1154 A.D He established Royal Courts and their decision became England s, Common Law {laws are same for all people}. - Common law in England eventually became a great symbol of English nationalism. - American law is based on Common law. - Developed a Jury System - Jury in French means, To Speak the Truth. - King Henry was almost Excommunicated by Thomas Becket, because of a power struggle with the Pope. - Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in his own cathedral by four knights because he too often sided with the pope instead of the King Henry who had appointed him to the position. - Becket s murder enraged the common people who deemed him a martyr and they lashed out against King Henry which weakened the kings power in his struggle with Pope Alexander III -Eleanor of Aquitaine- first married to France s King Louis VII She joined Second Crusade She wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders she ended marriage to Louis VII married England s King Henry II 8 children Richard ( the Lion-Hearted ) John I ( Lackland ) spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II - Revolts failed and She spent 15 years in prison. -Richard I - Ruled from 1189 to He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart - Henry s third son, took the throne from his father in a revolt. - Spent only ten months of his reign in England always off to war. - Was known for his cleverness, bravery and military attacks. - Fought and in the Third (the Kings) Crusades. - Richard died on 6 April 1199 from the after-effects of an arrow wound received during the siege of Chalus in France.

4 Changes to the Throne -King John Ruled A.D.1199-A.D The Son of HenryII and brother of Richard the Lionheart. - He was clever, greedy, cruel and untrustworthy. - Known as John Softsword for being a failed military leader. - Lost English land (Normandy) in France to French King Philip Augustus - Excommunicated and England was placed on Interdict {no church services in entire kingdom} by Pope InnocentsIII. - Forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta or lose his throne. -Magna Carta- - It placed limits on the king s power and a new representative type Gov t emerges. People are assured, trial by jury. - Habeas Corpus, Bring me the body King could not have a man arrested, throw him in the dungeon, and never bring him to trial - King is accountable to all laws and he can t collect taxes without the consent of Parliament. - Could not interfere with or limit the freedom of the church. -Parliament- - Only Parliament can make law and raises taxes. - Started as the Great Council(Nobles only). - A.D.1400 Parliament will be divided into two Chambers a) House of Lords: nobles and clergy b) House of Commons: knights and burgesses -War of the Roses- - A English Civil war between Royal families a) Dukes of York{White roses} b) Dukes of Lancaster{Red roses} - It disrupts the Reign{Rule} of three Kings, HenryVI, EdwardIV and Richard III. - Richard III is often considered England s last Medieval King. - Henry Tudor IV - Related to both families Crowned king in Ends Feudal Lords power in England.

5 Why the 100years War Started - {REWIND to about 1154 to 1189}, King Henry(Great Grandson of William the Conquer) battles King Louis of France for land. - King Louis s son, King PhilipII{1199 to 1216} takes back the land from King John{Lackland}- he believes it belongs to France. - {Forward to 1337} England tries to reclaim French lands again -But- Who should rule France: King Charles of France Dies 1337 Edward and Isabella (King of England) (Daughter of Charles) Edward III (Charles Grandson) Prince Philip of Valois (Charles s Nephew) to 1360 King Edward invades France to 1396 France Re-conquers lost land to 1420 Henry V of England Conquers northern France and makes King Charles VI signs a treaty to Joan of Arc rallies France and drives the English out of France * Charles VII ( The Dauphin = Prince with crown) will rule France, but with no true power do the earlier treaty. Joan s victories will give him power to rule France.

6 Date The 100years War -The Hundred Years War- - It started because of feudal disputes over land in France. a) English Edward III, the Grandson of the dead French King Charles IV, wanted to rule the land. b) French Prince Philip, the Nephew of King Charles IV, wanted to rule France. - England won most of the early battles, because of their unity, superior military tactics and financial status. -Joan of Arc- - A French teen girl{17} received a message from God, telling her to drive the English out of France. - Victoriously commanded troops to victory at the battle of Orleans - She helped push the English out of Central France. - A.D.1430, she was captured by the Burgundians{also French} and sold to the English. - The English put her on trial for Heresy, and after a dishonest trial was found guilty and burnt at the stake at age19. - Joan s courage inspired the French people, and with the help of their new allies Burgundians, the English were defeated. -The Effects of the War- - It created unity and patriotism in both countries of France and England. - England developed a Representative Monarchy{Magna Carta}. - France strengthen their Royal Monarchy. - New Weaponry: a) Longbow, eliminates the advantage of armor and need for Knights. b) Cannons and the use of gunpowder - Kings built up huge armies with tax money, which reduced the power of the feudal lords thus Ending the Feudalism in England and France.

7 Date Isabella and Ferdinand - Inquisitions - By the 1400 s in Spain, only the tiny kingdom of Granada, remained Muslim. - The Muslim Moors from North Africa had been in Spain for nearly 700 years. - In 1469 Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon will join forces and conquer Granada. - Ferdinand and Isabella will marry and unite Spain into a Christian Nation-State. - This will be disastrous for all non-christians (Convert or Get out!) -Spanish Inquisition- - The King and Queen had little tolerance for other religions, so they set up a Inquisition{religious trials} to weed out non-christians. - Most Heretics{Jews and Muslims} who did not leave were tortured or put to death , about 2,000 people were executed and about 150 Jews exiled. * In 1492 they will finance Columbus voyage to the New World. Why the Why Medieval the Medieval Period Period Ends: Ends 1. New Technology: New weapons used in warfare replaced knights. 2. Strong Monarchs: Kings built strong Nation-State governments. Replacing the local governments of feudalism. 3. The King s Allies - Made alliances with the new towns against the nobility. 4. Trade & Towns: New Towns will emerge replacing Manors, now that the lords lack power. After the crusades people desired the new items that were brought home. Renaissance is a Rebirth and cultural awaking

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