King Henry VIII of England. By: Samantha Bright

Transcription

1 King Henry VIII of England By: Samantha Bright

2 Early Life and Family Henry Tudor was one of seven children. Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales Margaret Tudor Mary Tudor, Queen of France Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset Katherine Tudor Elizabeth Tudor Parents: King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York

3 New Monarchy under Henry VII Henry VII founded the Tudor Dynasty. He was considered a new monarch for: Reducing the power of the nobility Not allowing private armies Parliament still directly taxed the people. Ended the War of Roses Court of Star Chamber - originally helped the king deal with administrative matters, then became a pure court. Relieved the king of hearing cases personally.

4 King Henry VIII He was extremely catholic and in touch with his religion. Nicknamed the Defender of Faith He translated the bible into the vernacular. He sent more people to their death than any other monarch. Went through parliament to obtain divorce. Exempt himself from papal authority. Had a wound on his leg that reopened during a joust. This would eventually lead to his death. Gave his friends high positions. Ex. Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.

5 King Henry VIII Fun Facts He was playing tennis when Anne Boleyn was beheaded. He suffered from many health issues. He was very talented in music He may have written Greensleeves. He wrote music for his wives. He was a very active king. Alway hosted festivals, jousts, and many other activities. Henry s casket bursted open because of the fumes from his corpse.

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7 Henry VIII Comes to Power Comes to Power at age 17 Marries Arthur s widow, Catherine of Aragon Arthur was intended to take the throne. He died of an unknown disease The marriage to Catherine of Aragon was only to affirm the alliance Between England and Spain.

8 New Monarchy under Henry VIII Henry was king of a bankrupt nation at the start Wanted to get the nobility out of power. Executed the Duke of Buckingham purely because he had royal blood. Had Wolsey and Cromwell create bureaucracies. Built up his navy and other forces.

9 The Reformation

10 Reformist Ideas Believed in Communion & Baptism (Lutheranism). Created religions to break away from catholicism. Martin Luther - Augustinian monk who founded Lutheranism. Sola Fide - Faith Alone Bible was central authority. At the time, indulgences were being sold to absolve sin. Luther refuted the sale of indulgences with his 95 Theses. 95 Theses deemed heretical and Luther was excommunicated. Transubstantiation - bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Christ

11 Other Protestant Religions Calvinism - Founded by John Calvin. Disagreed with Luther on salvation. Calvinists believed in predestination. Zwingli - Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Disagreed with Luther on Eucharist. Marburg Colloquy. Anabaptists - Unorthodox beliefs. No Churches. Pacifism. Separation of Church and State.

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13 Impact on Reformation Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church Created Anglicanism Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn A man who takes his brother s wife shall remain childless. Split from church shifted balance of power. Other monarchs did not act on their motivations to split At First, his divorce request was denied a few times.

14 Impact on Reformation continued Statute in Restraint of Appeals - forbade all appeals to the Pope on any matter, religious or not, which made the king the final legal authority in all English possessions. Act of Supremacy - granted the King position to be head of the Church of England. Appointed himself and his children heads of the Anglican Church. Act of Succession - All the king s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to Henry as he was now, head of the Anglican Church.

15 Anglican Church Pope Clement VII refused Henry s annulment. Created the Anglican Church. Henry breaks with the church through parliament. Statute in Restraint of Appeals Act of Supremacy Act of Succession Anglicanism was Catholicism, just under Henry VIII rather than the Pope.

16 Pilgrimage of Grace The worst uprising in Henry s reign. Result of the dissolution of the monasteries. Reaction by English citizens. Began in Louth, Lincolnshire. (October 1536). In Yorkshire lead by lawyer, Robert Aske The King s forces were outnumbered. Rebels only wanted monasteries back, not to overthrow the King. The king promised peace in Norfolk, then broke his word. Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.

17 Pilgrimage of Grace Continued Cromwell had implemented new policies to secure the throne. With these policies passed, the Catholic religion was almost destroyed. Henry, during this, was doing anything he could to boost his power. He wanted ultimate power. Created distrust between himself and his subjects by forcing them to be Protestant. The Oath of Honorable Men - an oath taken by the rebels to save England from Protestantism and undo issues that Henry created.

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20 Key People

21 Catharine of Aragon Daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. First wife to Henry. Bore the first child to survive infancy, Mary Tudor. Did not provide male heir, Henry divorced her. This divorce sparked many issues. Devout Catholic, never accepted the divorce. Died of illness in 1536

22 Anne Boleyn Second wife to Henry Gave him the inspiration to split from the church. Placed protestant ideas in Henry s head. Gave birth to Elizabeth, the second daughter. Exposed to Protestant ideas while in France. Easy for Henry to listen because he was so drawn to her. Unable to produce a male heir, she was executed. Charged with witchcraft, adultery, and incest. She was beheaded in 1536.

23 Cardinal Wolsey King Henry s first almoner Former chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Used his influence to obtain an annulment. For Henry s marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He was unable to achieve this because of Charles V. He was then arrested and accused of treason. Died on his way to face trial.

24 Sir Thomas More Wrote Utopia. Used to describe the ideal political system Very important counselor to King Henry VIII. Intellectual courtier, treasurer, secretary, and confidant. Then elected Speaker of the House of Commons Influenced by Erasmus. More could not agree with Henry on the void of his first marriage. He also did not accept him as the head of the Catholic Church in England. Rejected the Act of Succession. This led to his decapitation in 1535.

25 Thomas Cromwell The King s second almoner. Mentored by Cardinal Wolsey Held position of secretary. Dissolution of the monasteries. Destroyed all catholic buildings and lands in England. Shut down because the king wanted money. The people wanted noble counselors to assist the king, not common men like Cromwell. Cromwell did not come from a rich family. Cromwell made sure than Rome had no control in England.

26 Edward VI Adopted Calvinism Founded by John Calvin, another Protestant religion. Allows clergy to marry Statutes and icons removed from churches. Adopted the Protestant beliefs Salvation by faith alone 2 sacraments : Communion and Baptism Denies transubstantiation.

27 Mary I Bloody Mary Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. Was declared illegitimate when Henry annulled the marriage. Made amends with her father during his marriage to Jane Seymour. had to say that the marriage to her mother was illegal and acknowledge him as head of the Church. Arranged to marry Philip II of Spain to keep the throne Catholic. Produced no children and was widely unpopular. Strict Heresy Law - her counter-reformation. Enforcement lead to over 300 Protestant deaths.

28 Elizabeth I The Virgin Queen Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Also declared illegitimate due to Anne s treason. Elizabeth took the throne in 1559, after Mary s death. She was nicknamed The Virgin Queen She had never married, not that she was actually a virgin. She was Protestant, opposite of her sister Mary. Elizabethan Settlement - outward conformity to Catholicism, but could practice other religions freely in private.

29 Other Information

30 His Four Other Wives Jane Seymour - 3rd wife Delivered the male heir Edward VI Died two weeks later. Anne of Cleves - Fourth wife Marriage annulled. Catherine Howard - Fifth wife Beheaded for adultery and treason. Catherine Parr - 6th and final wife Helped Henry make amends with Mary and Elizabeth. Lived past Henry s death.

31 Last Years Henry was married to his final wife, Catherine Parr, when he died. His health declined ever since he had been unhorsed during a joust. This reopened an old wound and created festering sores. Henry suffered from many diseases and disorders. Overweight Gout Migraines Ulcers Bleeding gums Cyst on his nose

32 Was This Really a Reformation?

33 Did Henry Truly Reform? He was a devout Catholic but he: Forced the nation to be protestant. Wrote Martin Luther, scolding him for the 95 Theses. Listened to Anne Boleyn s Protestant beliefs. Dissolved Catholic monasteries. He broke from the Catholic Church. Solely for his own benefit, to annul marriages that were not satisfying. Meaning, if he was betrayed, or did not receive a male heir.

34 Did Henry Truly Reform? continued Henry used the Parliament to break away from the Church successfully. Economically, Henry was in turmoil. He dissolved the monasteries because of the lack of money. His country was terribly in debt. Included his daughters to the line of succession.