A short history and guide. 900 Years Of Living History

Transcription

1 A short history and guide 900 Years Of Living History

2 Key Throughout this guide book symbos and coour codes highight periods of Engish history or particuar points of interest. The Bishops of Winchester (Dates in brackets represent their period in office) The Bishops and the Crown Behind the scenes at the Caste THE NORMANS MEDIEVAL THE TUDORS THE STUARTS THE GEORGIANS THE VICTORIANS THE EDWARDIANS THE WORLD WARS 1945 ONWARDS Aong the foot of each page a timeine reates the Bishops of Winchester and Farnham Caste to key events in Engish history. KEY POINT IN UK HISTORY BRITISH MONARCH TAKES THE THRONE DATE BISHOP OF WINCHESTER APPOINTED CHANGES & EVENTS AT FARNHAM CASTLE Contents Wecome to Farnham Caste 2 The Bishops of Winchester 3 Buiding Begins 5 The She Keep 7 In Troubed Times 9 The Norman Chape 11 The Od Kitchen & Stone Ha 13 The Outer Courtyard 15 The Great Ha 17 The Bishop s Camera 19 The Inner Courtyard & Tudor Wing 21 The Civi War & Revoution 23 Restoration & Bishop Morey 25 The Bishop s Chape 27 A Visitor Attraction 29 Saving for the Future 30 1

3 Wecome to Farnham Caste 900 Years of Living History Standing on its hi for neary 900 years, Farnham Caste is one of the few remaining great medieva houses of Engand. Historica associations, amost continuous occupancy and carefu preservation make the compex of buidings a significant and interesting survivor from the past. The powerfu and weathy medieva Bishops of Winchester buit Farnham Caste. For hundreds of years it served as administrative centre, fortress and accommodation, providing a convenient stopping pace between London and Winchester. After 1660, the paace became the bishops principa residence. Many Engish monarchs, from King John to Queen Victoria, visited or stayed. Over 800 years, the bishops renovated, rebuit and remodeed the caste buidings. This ensured the caste s surviva, but aso covered up and destroyed evidence of earier buiding work. As the weath of the diocese shrank, maintaining the caste became more difficut. The She Keep, a Schedued Ancient Monument, was put in the guardianship of the State in In 1962 Farnham Caste Internationa Briefing and Conference Centre (then the Overseas Services Coege) eased the unoccupied Bishop's Paace from the Church Commissioners. The Farnham Caste organisation sti operates from the paace, using it as a training, conference and event venue. It ooks after the paace buidings and the grounds. In 2009, it aso took over the daiy management of the keep on behaf of Engish Heritage. In 2011, a permanent exhibition 900 Years of Living History opened in the stabe bock. Farnham Caste worked in association with the University for Creative Arts in Farnham to produce a unique dispay. Creative design and craftsmanship hep to convey the story of the site from the 12th to the 21st century. 2

4 The Bishops of Winchester Princes among preates Canterbury hath the finer stabe but Winchester the deeper manger By 803 AD, the manor of Farnham beonged to the diocese or administrative area controed by the Bishop of Winchester, one of the odest and most important bishoprics in Engand. Wiiam the Conqueror seized the bishopric and its estates in 1070, repacing Stigand, the ast Ango-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, with Wakein, the first Norman. One of the greatest in Engand at the time of the Conquest, the Winchester estate encompassed vast and-hodings over seven counties. Unti the Victorian era, the income from this estate was the bishop s own. In medieva Engand, no-one beow an ear hed property that coud riva Winchester. Among churchmen, ony the Bishop of Mian coud boast a greater income. The Church hed the right to eect the bishop. However, the weath and power associated with Winchester meant medieva kings were eager to infuence eections. This often ed to cashes, with the king forcing his preferred candidate upon the Church. There were sometimes accusations of simony (the eccesiastica crime of paying for church offices or positions). The king s favour might earn the opportunity, but strong evidence suggests the bishops frequenty paid for the priviege. Often experienced and trusted servants of the king, many of the medieva bishops were important figures within the roya administration. More than one was accused of 'caring more for the convenience of his roya master than for the interests of the community'. A few conscientious men managed to serve both crown and diocese we, but ony rarey did a bishop take itte or no part in poitics. In ater centuries, the bishops weath and importance decined, refecting the changing baance of power between Crown, Church and Pariament. Whie the connection between Crown and Church remained strong, the bishops direct poitica infuence waned as the power of Pariament grew. Land was ost to the Crown and State as we as private interests. In the 19th century, the Church assumed contro of the estate s income and the bishopric became a saaried position. Bishop Wykeham Bishops and the Crown At a time when the Crown appointed and paid for government officias, the king often saved expense by granting Church ivings to his ministers. Most Bishops of Winchester were roya Bishop Fox nominees and even those who were not, usuay found their way back into roya favour. The weath and potentia infuence of the bishop coud not be ignored. The Bishops of Winchester incuded cardinas, papa egates, chanceors of Engand, ord treasurers and keepers of the roya sea. Severa payed important roes in the making of kings (Stephen, John, Henry III and the House of Lancaster) and the breaking of kings (Henry III and Edward II). 3

5 Bishop Andrewes Bishop Duppa Bishop Wiis Bishop Thomas Bishop Thorod Bishop Woods ( ) To the Last By 1923, with upkeep Iste quidem veteres expensive, the caste s inter ponetur honeste, qui future ooked uncertain. Sti ve mense brevi ve toto responsibe for maintenance est iunior anno. Utor of the buidings, the newest permisso, caudaeque bishop, Theodore Woods, pios ut equinae decided to occupy the paace. He considered it a great, if costy, priviege to continue making the caste a iving centre for Christian feowship. The bishop knew the diocese woud soon be divided, with Farnham going to the new bishopric of Guidford. On the ast day of 1923, Woods arrived at Farnham Caste knowing that after eight hundred years he woud be the ast Bishop of Winchester to ive there. 4

6 Buiding Begins A Norman Stronghod In 688 AD, Caedwaa, Ango-Saxon king of Sussex, donated 60 hides at Fernham for the purpose of founding a monasterium. A very vauabe estate (a hide being the measure of and needed to support one househod), the manor of Farnham passed into the hands of the Bishops of Winchester around 803 AD is the generay accepted date for the beginning of buiding at Farnham Caste. The Winchester Annas, written in the 1190s, state that in this year Bishop Henry of Bois ( ) 'buit castes at Merdon, Farnham, Watham, Downton and Taunton'. Henry of Bois ( ) Haf monk; haf knight Henry I made his nephew, Henry of Bois, Bishop of Winchester in In 1135, Bishop Henry heped his brother, Stephen, seize the throne of Engand from King Henry s heir, the Empress Matida. Civi war, known as the Anarchy, foowed. When Matida s son Henry II came to the throne in 1154, Bishop Henry retired to the Abbey of Reading Windsor Cuny in France for severa years. During his absence, King Henry seized and dismanted the Bishop s castes, incuding Farnham, perhaps out of persona animosity but aso as part of a arger strategy to re-estabish the authority of the Crown. Returning to Engand, with Henry II determined to keep him out of poitics, Henry of Bois devoted LONDON himsef to reigious affairs. Aways a defender of the freedom of the Church, Bishop Henry supported Archbishop Thomas Becket in his dispute with the King. Kingmaker, abe diocesan, financier, administrator of genius and art connoisseur, no man was ever so virtuous or prudent, no one so mercifu, or the affairs of the church so carefu to augment or exto. From its eariest days, the basic shape of the caste has remained the same: an outer bank and ditch a fortified keep a trianguar inner courtyard shetering domestic buidings Amesbury Saisbury Ringwood FARNHAM Basingstoke Guidford Andover WINCHESTER Petersfied Biingshurst Midhurst Southampton Havant Tunbridge Wes Batte Hastings Canterbury Dover Together, these three parts make up Farnham Caste. Dorchester Wimborne Minster Pooe Bournmouth Gosport Brighton Worthing Newhaven Bognor Regis Eastbourne Weymouth Swanage NORMAN INVASION WILLIAM I 1070 WALKELIN

7 THE NORMANS The First Keep For hundreds of years, peope beieved the stone keep seen today to be the one referred to in the Winchester Annas. But Farnham Caste hid a secret. In 1958, archaeoogists unearthed the remains of a smaer square tower buried within the arger round She Keep. This earier keep was a variant form of a motte and baiey caste. The square tower rose from ground eve. A compacted motte (mound) of earth and stone protected the ower foors. Above the motte s top, the keep continued upwards for perhaps another 3 or 4 storeys. At the very bottom of the tower, a we shaft was dug. Sometime in the midde of the 12th century, these upper storeys disappeared. Very probaby, Henry II ( ) ordered them knocked down when he became king. The foundations and the we remained unti a Tudor bishop had both fied in. The first keep disappeared for more than 400 years. Artistic impression of the keep 1080 DOMESDAY BOOK WILLIAM II 1090 HENRY I 1100 WILLIAM GIFFARD

8 The She Keep We do not know exacty when work began on the new arger keep. No mention of it has been found in 12th century iterature or records. But it certainy aready existed in 1208 when financia accounts begin for the manor of Farnham. She wa Late medieva surface Mound 12th century Square tower Entry passage Mound 12th century Site of drawbridge Origina ground surface 0 20 Metres We 0 60 Feet c Late 12th century 13th and 14th centuries 15th and 16th centuries 17th and 18th centuries In an unusua design, the buiders began the was at ground eve, constructing a protective stone she around the origina motte. They created a poygon with 23 sides and five towers. The gatehouse tower is the ony one that sti shows how high a five originay stood. A brick extension, added in the 1520s by Bishop Fox, gave the gatehouse an extra storey. At first, wooden wakways probaby bridged the gap between the outer was and the top of the mound. Later, fiing in the gap created a fat inner courtyard providing more room for men and suppies HENRY OF BLOIS STEPHEN 1140 BUILDING BEGINS 1150 HENRY II 1165 RICHARD OF ILCHESTER KING ORDERS CASTLE PULLED DOWN BECKET MURDERED RICHARD I 1180 GEOFFREY DE LUCY GREAT HALL IS BUILT

9 THE NORMANS In the 13th century, the She Keep contained ony the essentias for a sma garrison sodiers odgings and rooms for weapons and stores. During the next century, buiding activity greaty increased. Amost every one of the buidings in the Bishop s Paace had its counterpart in the keep, from chape to kitchen. Top of motte Site of first tower We Gaery over gatehouse Drawbridge Artistic impression of the keep 1195 JOHN 1210 PETER DES ROCHES MAGNA CARTA SIGNED HENRY III 1225 PRINCE LOUIS OCCUPIES CASTLE RALPH NEVILLE WILLIAM RALEIGH AYMER DE VALENCE 8

10 In Troubed Times The She Keep offered a fortified refuge for troubed times. In front of the gatehouse stood a deep drawbridge pit (now fied in). Above the gatehouse passage, a room housed the mechanisms to raise and ower a drawbridge and portcuis. The now bocked door above the entry arch probaby ed from this room out onto a wooden patform from which men kept watch. A portcuis (a heavy grating of iron or wood) came down through a sot sti visibe under the entrance arch. If attackers gained access to the gatehouse passage, defenders coud drop missies on them through a meurtière (murder-hoe) in the arch roof. Creneations topped the towers and wa inside which a wa wak circed. A 1737 etching shows severa arrow sits sti in existence; ony one now remains. A specia passage from his private chamber gave the bishop direct access to the drawbridge and the security of the keep. View of north side of the keep and outer curtain in 1737, showing upper part of keep turrets 9 BATTLE OF LEWES EDWARD I 1270 JOHN GERVAIS NICHOLAS OF ELY 1285 RICHARD DE LA MORE JOHN DE PONTOISE 1300 EDWARD II HENRY WOODLOCK FAMINE EDWARD III RIGAUD OF ASSIER JOHN SANDALE JOHN DE STRATFORD

11 THE NORMANS Periods of confict or unrest in Engand are often refected in defensive precautions taken at the caste. If the bishop or his property seemed to be threatened, the constabe repenished the keep s stores of weapons and suppies. Throughout the 13th century, evidence shows the keep seen as a pace of refuge. The constabe garrisoned it when Bishop Peter des Roches fe from poitica power in It was garrisoned again at the time of the Second Barons War ( ) when the constabe aso prepared for a siege. Accounts record payment to men bringing in food suppies, incuding 40 pig carcasses. During most of the next century the keep s armoury ay empty. Then, in 1399, Henry of Boingbroke deposed Richard II and seized the Engish throne. The caste reviewed and repenished its weapon store. Arrow Heads: 1,400 arrow heads remaining 2,100 iron quarre [a bot or arrow usuay for a crossbow] heads for the defence of the Caste. By the 15th century, the armoury housed ony hunting bows and arrows. The First Barons War King John signed the Magna Carta in June In May the foowing year, Louis, Dauphin (prince) of France, invaded Engand at the invitation of rebeious barons. He occupied Farnham Caste on 21 June on his march to the capita at Winchester. Ten months ater the Ear of Pembroke, accompanied by the new 9 year od King Henry III, took the caste back foowing a six day siege. Peter des Roches ( ) The warrior of Winchester good at accountancy, sack at the gospes. A sodier who fought with Richard I, des Roches rose to prominence within the financia administration of King Richard and King John. It is ikey that he initiated the compiation of the Winchester Pipe Ros, showing he took a cose persona interest in the management of his ands. Loya servant of John, des Roches supported the king through the wars with the barons. This ed to the bishop osing Farnham Caste for a time to Prince Louis of France who invaded Engand when rebe barons invited him to take the throne. HUNDRED YEARS WAR BEGINS ORDER OF GARTER FOUNDED ADAM ORLETON WILLIAM EDINGTON WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM RICHARD II 1379 RENOVATION OF GREAT HALL

12 The Norman Chape Probaby the odest part of the Bishop s Paace, the first Winchester Pipe Ro (page 14) in 1208 describes this room as the od chape. Possiby originay a Norman ha house and the bishop s first residence, it may have been converted to a chape after the buiding of the Great Ha. By the 18th century, the room was being used as a servants ha. Restored in the 1930s, the chape sti retains more Norman features than any other part of the paace. Four windows and a door are in Romanesque stye with thick was and rounded arches. In 1254, Bishop Aymer de Vaence instaed wider pointed Transitiona arches, possiby as part of a pan to enarge the buiding. Accounts te that by his order 'a sum of eight pounds was aocated to the treasurer which he paid to the masons who made the coumns and arches' and show payment for stone from Caen. One arch ooks onto the inner courtyard. Another has been fied in, partiay bocked by the addition of the Tudor Wing (page 21). Aymer de Vaence ( ) Henry III forced the eection of his haf-brother, Aymer de Vaence, inadequate in age, knowedge and hoy orders, upon the Church. Vaence s reations with feow bishops, the barons and even the King were stormy. In 1252, during a dispute with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Vaence incited his supporters to make a raid upon the Archbishop s houses at Maidstone and Lambeth. Setting fire to one house, the men carried off an officia from the other, intending to imprison him at Farnham Caste. Reeased before they reached the caste, the man made his own way to Waverey Abbey where the monks gave him sheter. In 1258, the barons seized Vaence s estates and forced him into exie. Consecrated by the pope in 1260, Vaence died in Paris whie returning to caim back his bishopric. The Norman Chape 11 HENRY IV 1405 HENRY BEAUFORT JOAN OF ARC BURNED AT THE STAKE WARS OF THE ROSES BEGIN HENRY V HENRY VI EDWARD IV WILLIAM WAYNFLETE 1457

13 THE NORMANS The smoothy arching ceiing refects the curve of a barre vaut roof. The upper roof surface of imestone embedded in ime mortar survives, protected from the eements by the wooden beams of a arger roof, the ony known exampe of an encosed Norman barre vaut roof. Used for the ceebration of mass, ordinations and receiving homage from the men who hed the bishop s and and owed him knight s service, the chape stood bare and empty between the bishop s visits. Vestments, atar inen, hangings and sacred vesses traveed with the bishop. Hoding up the roof Arched roofs of stone have been used in architecture since pre-roman times. Constructed over a timber skeeton or frame, this is dismanted once the stones have created a fu and sef-supporting arch. The weight of the arch thrusts out as we as down and must be transferred to the ground through the structure of the was. This imited size before the deveopment of fying buttresses. One of the Norman windows EDWARD IV HENRY VI BUILDING BEGINS ON WAYNFLETE S GRAND TOWER RICHARD III EDWARD V RICHARD III KILLED AT BOSWORTH HENRY VII PETER COURTNEY 1495 THOMAS LANGTON 12

14 The Od Kitchen & Stone Ha After the chape, the present dining room is the most Norman part of the Caste and possiby buit by Henry of Bois. The Pipe Ro for 1208 cas it 'the od kitchen'. Five ancet windows remain of eeven recorded in the 1222 ro. Wooden shutters and iron bars protected the ungazed openings. The arch of a firepace (possiby the new one buit in 1247), with two corner bread ovens, fis most of the western end. Cupboards fi a second firepace in the north wa. An opening in the roof aowed the escape of steam and smoke. The five ancet windows The Bishop Visits In the Midde Ages, a visit by the bishop required extensive preparations: stocking food suppies for both men and animas, as we as ceaning and repairing the caste. The anticipated first visit by Bishop John de Pontoise ( ) kept three carpenters busy for a fortnight. Protected against robbers by an escort of men at arms, crossbowmen and archers, the bishop arrived accompanied by friends, guests, the master of the househod and cerk of the chamber, domestic chapains, cerks, gentemen attendants, and other peope of esser importance. Many servants foowed with spare riding horses and horses carrying packs or puing carts. The bishop brought with him his chape, kitchen utensis, bedding, furniture and persona effects, impements for the bakery and artices beonging to the pantry and buttery. Carts carried food, wine and buky items. This was simper than furnishing a of the bishop s manor houses and paaces. Guests, even the king, were expected to bring what they needed for their own comfort. When the bishop visited, he often entertained on a avish scae. Brine tubs stored sated pork in two arders 170 pigs in 1219 and 311 in Beef began to appear on the tabe in the midde of the 13th century and mutton in the midde of the 14th. Hunting suppied venison from the park. Ee, bream, carp and pike came from Frensham Ponds. The bishop and his guests aso dined on rabbit and hare, chicken and goose, crane and swan, and, for state occasions, peacock. Eggs and cheese were served, but few vegetabes are recorded. Wine and cider were drunk and, in the time of Bishop Gervais ( ), the caste began to brew its own ae. After the midde of the 13th century, arge stocks of provisions do not seem to have been kept at Farnham. A new body, the househod, headed by a senescha or steward managed the service of suppies centray. Every manor contributed in money or kind with suppies sent where and when needed. JOHN CABOT SAILS TO NORTH AMERICA HENRY VIII RICHARD FOX BISHOP FOX MAKES MAJOR ALTERATIONS

15 THE NORMANS The Winchester Pipe Ros The bishop s estate accounts, are a remarkabe historica record from the medieva period. They form a unique archive of nationa importance. Parchments sewn at the top were roed up into pipes. The eariest known ro dates from Drawn up each year with information gathered from the bishop s manors, the ros give detaied records of wages, rents, prices, productivity and expenditure. Registers sewn together in book form repaced the ros in The accounts finish with the financia year The kitchen prepares for a visit by the bishop The Stone Ha Once divided from the Great Ha by a wooden screen, this domestic area aowed the assemby of food dishes out of view of dining guests. A proper wa buit by Bishop Morey ( ) shortened the Great Ha by severa metres. Two sma doors, now fied in, probaby once ed to a buttery and pantry. A raised foor eve makes these doors appear far too ow. The Stone Ha HENRY MARRIES ANNE BOLEYN FIRST ENGLISH BIBLE TRANSLATION THOMAS WOLSEY 1535 STEPHEN GARDINER

16 The Outer Courtyard In the eary years of the caste s deveopment, an earth rampart encirced the keep, paace and esser domestic buidings. Evidence of a stone curtain wa doesn t appear in written records unti By the midde of the 14th century, the outer courtyard or ward stood within a compete fortification of was, turrets, towers and gates. The outer courtyard was a busy crowded pace. The Winchester Pipe Ros (page 14) record numerous buidings a coahouse, hay grange, granary, buttery, bakery, brewhouse, dairy, arder storing carcasses of pigs and oxen in brine, and a pit storing the sat to make the brine. A guardroom and the odgings and offices for the constabe stood cose to the main gatehouse in the western wa. This courtyard aso housed quarters for other servants, pus stabes for horses and carts, kennes for hunting dogs, mews for goshawks and facons, a dovecote, two wes and a garden. The main gatehouse hed the chains and windasses used to raise and ower a drawbridge across a deep dry ditch within the outer Running the Manor A hierarchy of officias kept a cose check on every aspect of the management of the bishop s estate. Steward: visited twice a year to preside at the tourns or aw-courts. Baiiff: in charge of sma groups of geographicay reated manors, overseeing farming and hoding the manor court in between the tourns. Constabe: custodian of the caste. Reeve: in charge of an individua manor, responsibe for everything produced and consumed on the manor, paying wages, and coecting rents and fines imposed by the manoria court. courtyard. This ditch ran right around the keep and sma inner courtyard. Fied with nettes, brambes and thorns, the ditch was periodicay ceared of undergrowth and rubbish. In 1355, this took five men twenty-three days. Before 1339, the ony entrance to the houses of the paace appears to have been across the drawbridge and through a sma fortified stone tower or porch into the Great Ha. The Gate House Wiiam Waynfete ( ) As a schoomaster with no experience of either church or roya administration, Waynfete s appointment was both unexpected and unusua. He went on to become a key figure in the deveopment of Engish education. Waynfete buit and re-buit at the caste on a scae unequaed by any bishop between Henry of Bois and George Morey. 15 BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER EDWARD VI 1550 JOHN PONET MARY MARRIES PHILLIP OF SPAIN MARY I ELIZABETH I STEPHEN GARDINER JOHN WHITE ROBERT HORNE

17 MEDIEVAL Waynfete or Fox s Tower Between 1470 and 1475, foowing contemporary fashion among the weathy, Bishop Waynfete erected a grand four-storey entrance tower on the foundations of the earier smaer porch. Probaby essentiay residentia rather than defensive (though once portcuis protected), the domestic offices and private apartments in the new tower consideraby increased iving accommodation within the paace. In the wa extending away east of the tower, a faint ine in the masonry offers evidence of the origina ower height of the Great Ha. Aso visibe are the outine of the cerestorey windows and arcades which once et ight into the ha. Buiding with Bricks Waynfete's Tower Buit of brick, this was the first time any materia other than oca chak had been used at the caste on an extensive scae. Mortar mixed with red ochre heightens the tower s coour and dark bue bricks pattern the sides in diamond shapes. Latin mottos on two sundias mounted on the south-west ('PRACTEREUNT': They pass by) and south ('IMPUTANTUR': They are reckoned unto us) faces refer to the passing hours. Bishop Fox ( ) carried out extensive modifications to improve the accommodation. The arge sash windows were added in the 18th century. After the Romans, brick making and buiding in brick virtuay disappeared from Britain. Its manufacture and use graduay revived from the 12th century. Before the reign of Henry VII, brick was essentiay a prestigious materia used ony for a few important buiding projects in the east and south-east of Engand. The Pipe Ros record the names of the Femish workmen brought in to work on Waynfete s Tower. The bricks, however, may have been made ocay. Evidence of production has been found in the town of Farnham. FRANCIS DRAKE SAILS AROUND THE WORLD MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS BEHEADED SPANISH ARMADA DEFEATED JOHN WATSON 1585 THOMAS COOPER 1590 WILLIAM WICKHAM 1595 WILLIAM DAY 16

18 The Great Ha MEDIEVAL When first buit in the 12th century, the Great Ha was ower, darker and onger than now. Wooden roof rafters sprang from the outer was and two supporting rows of oak piars. These piars divided the ha into three aises, a wide centra one and two narrow side ones. Ony one piar (c. 1180) is eft today. Iron bars protected eight gass windows, probaby four on either side. Candes burned in iron hoders fixed to the piars and was. No evidence of a chimney appears in the records. A charcoa fire probaby burned in a brazier beow a roof opening controed by ropes. Accounts record arge quantities of charcoa made whenever the bishop visited. A wooden canopy at the eastern end stood over the principa tabe where the bishop and important guests dined when visiting. The Great Ha did not sit empty between the bishop s visits and roya banquets. Every few weeks the baiiff presided over manor courts, through which the bishop exercised his rights over his tenants as Lord of the Manor. Richard Fox ( ) Trusted advisor of Henry VII, Bishop Fox s poitica power increased under Henry VIII. Thomas Wosey s rise to prominence ended the bishop s infuence. With his sight faiing, Fox spent more time at Farnham Caste where he made extensive renovations. The steps from the town, in sets of seven, are beieved to have been designed to make the cimb easier for him. The manor court in the Great Ha THOMAS BILSON JAMES I GUNPOWDER PLOT KING JAMES BIBLE 1615 JAMES MONTAGUE 1620 LANCELOT ANDREWS

19 THE STUARTS THE VICTORIANS Once or twice a year, the bishop s steward hed crimina courts or tourns. More mundaney, carcasses of pigs waiting to be sated hung from the rafters, and staff and visitors sept on the foor. After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Farnham Caste became the principa residence of the Bishops of Winchester. Bishop Morey ( ) spent severa years and thousands of pounds restoring and renovating the paace. His buiding work significanty changed the appearance of the caste, particuary the Great Ha. Morey shortened this room by buiding a wa at the west end, dividing off the Stone Ha. He removed the piars, increased the height of the externa was and constructed a new fat ceiing. The Upper Gaery was added, running aong the top of the medieva wa. Bishop Morey aso instaed a chimney and firepace, partiay separating the Minstres' Gaery from the main body of the ha. Bishop Browne ( ) added the firepace inscription 'A DIEU FOY, AUX AMIS FOYER' (To God my faith, to my friends my hearth). The Minstres Gaery The stonework up to the foor of the Minstres' Gaery matches the stonework of the Norman outer wa, indicating the gaery was once competey open to the Great Ha. A Norman archway in the south wa and other architectura cues suggest there may have been an extension to the east, thought to have been a arge chape. The Coats of Arms During his period of office, the Bishop of Winchester is entited to impae (pace on the same shied) his arms with the arms of the See of Winchester. Winchester s sword of St. Pau crossed with the keys of St. Peter The Great Ha firepace on the eft are separated by a vertica ine from the persona arms of the Lord Bishop on the right. In 1348, Edward III estabished the Most Nobe Order of the Garter, the greatest of the Orders of Chivary and odest in Europe. Preate to the Order, the Bishop of Winchester has the right to pace round his shied the insignia of the Garter: a bucked bet bearing the motto HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE (Shamed be he who thinks evi of it). In 1894, Bishop Thorod ( ) added three stained gass windows to the Great Ha. These depict the coats of arms of the nine Bishops of Winchester who became ord chanceors. CHARLES I RICHARD NEILE WALTER CURLE CIVIL WAR BEGINS 1645 PARLIAMENT GARRISONS THE CASTLE 18

20 The Bishop s Camera Probaby buit soon after the Od Kitchen, Norman Chape and Great Ha, this buiding seems originay to have been in the stye of a first foor Norman ha house with stabing or storage at ground eve and accommodation above. The arge upper room provided a private space for the bishop away from the activity of the Great Ha. In Latin, camera means a private room. A Hidden Treasure Aso designed as a temporary stronghod in case of need, access was up a narrow and defendabe spira stone stair (page 26) cose to the northeast corner of the Great Ha. Protected by a ditch on the eastern side, iron bars secured the room s doors and windows. In ater centuries, there seems to have been a raised wakway to the caste barbican a quick retreat to the greater safety of the keep. Over time, different bishops made improvements to the comfort and appearance of this room. Bishop Wykeham repaced an earier timber roof with a very fine scissor braced one, now hidden by a ceiing constructed during Bishop Morey s aterations. The Bishop's Camera seen from the grounds The ceiing of the Bishop s Camera hides a rare scissor braced medieva roof, a design used to span arge spaces. Tree ring dating (dendrochronoogy) indicates the timbers came from oak trees feed in the winter of Construction occurred in 1381 or soon after square headed wrought iron nais have eft back marks where they reacted with moisture in the green unseasoned wood. A fe date for one of the arger cross beams of 1306 to 1338 suggests the reuse of those timbers, perhaps from an earier roof. The bishop coud afford the very best materias. The rafters, scissor braces and coars are particuary high quaity oak. Aso, the rafter timbers have been cut, not with an axe, but with a saw, a very time consuming and, therefore, expensive method in the 14th century. Nai marks for wooden aths suggest pastering of the timber frame, making a ight and soaring vaut over the bishop s private chamber. 19 CHARLES I BEHEADED BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER REINSTATED GREAT FIRE OF LONDON OLIVER CROMWELL BECOMES LORD PROTECTOR CHARLES II BRIAN DUPPA GEORGE MORLEY CASTLE SOLD AND NEGLECTED CASTLE RESTORATION BEGINS 1670

21 MEDIEVAL THE VICTORIANS Wiiam Wykeham ( ) Wiiam of Wykeham entered roya service in about 1347 as a cerk (supervisor) of works. An abe manager and buider, he came to the attention of Edward III. In 1366, the King made Wykeham Bishop of Winchester and in 1368 Chanceor of Engand. After a dispute with John of Gaunt, Edward s third son, Wykeham took itte part in poitics, concentrating on his episcopa duties and devoting his vast weath to the promotion of earning. Wykeham spent a arge part of his weath rebuiding Winchester Cathedra as we as founding New Coege, Oxford and a schoo at Winchester for seventy 'poor' schoars. During his time as bishop, the scissor braced roof over the Bishop s Camera was buit. In Wykeham, the 'spendid, munificent preate, bameess in character', we see the medieva bishop at his best. He chose his motto, 'Manners Makyth Man', when he became Bishop of Winchester. Generay taken to mean that virtue aone is truy nobe, it coud be a reference to court etiquette and Wykeham s origins. In his own times, the secuar arts Wykeham practised, and that he invited carpenters and masons to dine, did not meet with universa approva. Unike the Great Ha, this room apparenty had a firepace eary on. In 1223, a arge firepace and chimney in the north wa was pued down and rebuit. The present mantepiece and door are of the Adam period ( ), possiby being put in by Bishop Thomas ( ) when he made changes to the chape next door. In 1339, Bishop Oreton ( ) opened two doors in the east wa 'towards the fieds' and buit two bridges across the ditch. Bishop Thorod ( ) put in the French windows overooking the garden. On the south side of the room, he aso put in a bay window with his coat of arms in stained gass. Bishop Thorod's bay window BATTLE OF SEDGEMOOR JAMES II 1685 PETER MEWS WILLIAM III & MARY II

22 The Inner Courtyard & Tudor Wing The Inner Courtyard ies just beow the south wa of the keep and within the protecting wa of the outer baiey. The keep and buidings of the Bishop s Camera, Great Ha and Norman Chape form three sides of the courtyard. A wa on the west side, from the Norman Chape to the keep, competed the encosure. The remains of an archway, visibe from the car park, probaby marks where the origina entrance stood. Between this western wa and the outer ditch ay a domestic kitchen area buttery, bakehouse and possiby dairy. The sma inner courtyard seems to have been a busy pace crowded with timber buidings, incuding stabes for the bishop s or king s best horses, granary, hay and charcoa sheds, the cerks Long Room and the main atrine outside the door of the Ha. Over a towered a barbican with steps up to it and a drawbridge to the keep. In the 15th century, there aso seems to have been a raised wakway from the upper chamber of the Bishop s Camera. The Tudor Wing during the roya visit ANNE 1705 ACT OF UNION UNITES ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 1710 SIR JONATHAN TRELAWNEY SIR ROBERT WALPOLE BECOMES FIRST PRIME MINISTER GEORGE I CHARLES TRIMNEL RICHARD WILLIS

23 THE TUDORS Stephen Gardiner ( ; ) 'I have often squared with you, Gardiner, but I ove you never the worse, as the bishopric I give you wi convince you!' An expert in civi and canon (Church) aw, Gardiner heped Henry VIII in his attempts to annu his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In November 1531, the king unexpectedy rewarded him with the bishopric of Winchester. The foowing year, after appearing to put oyaty to the Church before oyaty to Henry, Gardiner found himsef excuded from roya favour. The king, however, sti needed him and Gardiner spent the next few years on embassies to France and Germany defending the Roya Supremacy. A reigious conservative, Gardiner objected to the reigious changes being made by Edward VI s counci. Deprived of his see in 1551, Gardiner was imprisoned in the Tower of London. In 1553, Mary I restored Gardiner s bishopric and made him Lord Chanceor. Though advising the Queen against marrying Phiip of Spain, Gardiner negotiated the marriage treaty. He made sure Spain coud not interfere in the government of Engand. Mary stayed at Farnham Caste before Gardiner performed the marriage ceremony in Winchester Cathedra. In the 16th century, a haf-timbered Tudor addition was buit inside the western wa, bocking the origina entrance and one of Aymer de Vaence s Norman Chape arches (page 11). Beams running the fu ength of the structure indicate two open baconies or gaeries providing access to the rooms. Later aterations encosed these baconies and an open ground foor. The structure of the chimneystacks suggests a buiding of the Eizabethan era. Eizabeth I visited the Caste on severa occasions, incuding a proonged visit around 1583 possiby because pague in London or yet another assassination threat caused fears for her safety. Housing guest and domestic rooms, the buiding may have been erected to accommodate the Queen s court at this time. During his restorations in the 1660s, Bishop Morey faced the wa of the Great Ha overooking the courtyard with brick and instaed three grand windows. He aso buit a new chape between the Bishop s Camera and the keep. Visiting Royaty From King John to Queen Victoria, many Engish monarchs have visited Farnham Caste. Medieva kings visited most frequenty staying with one s subjects decreased the costs of running a court. The number of visits often refected the reationship between the bishop and his monarch. King John was a frequent visitor, perhaps because he knew he woud be safe and wecome in the house of his faithfu servant Peter des Roches. The Tudor monarchs and James I aso stayed often. Henry VII rewarded Peter Courtenay ( ) with the bishopric for his hep in taking the throne of Engand. The king eft his infant son, Arthur, at Farnham Caste in the bishop s care. Mary I stayed for a proonged period prior to her marriage to King Phiip of Spain in Eizabeth I visited at east six times, the ast time eighteen months before her death. In 1608, Bishop Bison et the caste with its parks and chases to James I. Mainy interested in the hunting, the King subet the caste the foowing year. Later in James reign, Bishop Andrewes resumed occupation. In 1620, he entertained the king at Farnham Caste in magnificent but ordery manner spending more than 2,000 over three days to the extraordinary contentment of his Majesty, and the admiration of a his foowers. GEORGE II BENJAMIN HOADLEY BONNIE PRINCE CHARLIE DEFEATED AT CULLODEN 1750 GEORGE III 1760 JOHN THOMAS

24 Civi War & Revoution During the Engish Civi War, its position on the western edge of the area hed by Pariament made Farnham Caste strategicay important. The caste bocked the route from the western stronghods of Chares I to the south coast and Royaist sympathisers in Kent, as we as access to gunpowder production centres in the Tiingbourne Vaey and iron-founding in the Wead of Sussex and Kent with associated guncasting and manufacture of shot. The town aso served as a garrison town, an important centre for an army dependent on foraging. On 14 October 1642, Captain George Wither became commander of a Pariamentarian garrison at Farnham Caste, nine days before the war s first batte at Edgehi. He evacuated on 10 November after reports of a Royaist advance across the Thames into Surrey. A few days ater, a Royaist posse under John Denham, High Sheriff of Surrey, occupied the empty keep and buidings. Pariament sent a regiment of horse and a regiment of dragoons under the command of Coone Sir Wiiam Waer. On 26 November 1642, after a three-hour assaut outside the gatehouse, the attackers bew up the centra gate with a petard, a sma exposive device. The sodiers fought their way into the outer courtyard Pariamentary troops storm the caste and the Coone ed an attack on the keep. The i-trained Royaist sodiers soon surrendered. On 29 December, Waer ordered the north-eastern wa of the keep bown up. 23 AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1780 BROWNLOW NORTH FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS 1790 BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE 1800 BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR 1810 BATTLE OF WATERLOO GEORGE IV 1820 GEORGE PRETYMAN-TOMLINE

25 THE STUARTS Civi War Sodiers Stories it was reported that the Enemy was at hand with a very great Force: whereupon we presenty stood upon our guard by this time the Enemy appeared in a great body upon a hi, in the heath above the Parke, about a mie from us our Ordinance made divers shot at them, both from the Caste and out the Parke: three of which shot tooke pace, and sew (as I heard it reported to Sir Wiiam) 17, of their Horses and 15, men. Eias Archer I that have had servants at my command, am now my sefe commanded rather ike a save then a servant I am now oftentimes by necessity compeed to beg my bread. I that had a house to hide my head in, am now exposed to a extremeties of weather, an am faine to Imbrace the cod earth for my Lodging. A sodier writing to his wife from Farnham Caste, 1643 Royaist troops made attempts to recapture the caste, but it remained in Pariament's hands for the rest of the war. Before the Civi War, the caste appears to have been aowed to deteriorate. During his command, George Wither wrote, 'for many years before [the caste] had no inhabitants but Dawes [jackdaws] and Crows'. After the Civi War, the caste and its park ay in ruins. On 4 Juy 1648, Pariament issued orders that 'such effectua Course with The exterior of the Keep today Farnham Caste, as to put it in that Condition of Indefensibeness, as it may be no Occasion for the Endangering of the Peace of that County ' In 1646, Pariament aboished episcopacy and the bishops ost their positions of responsibiity and priviege. They vacated their paaces and residences, were removed from pariament and many went into hiding or exie. Nationay, the 'Manors' were auctioned off and in 1648 Farnham Caste was sod, remaining in private hands for tweve years. Peter Mews ( ) A captain in the Royaist army and taken prisoner at Naseby, Mews went into exie in Made Bishop of Winchester in 1684, the foowing year, at the age of 66, the od, honest cavaier accompanied the roya army at the Batte of Sedgemoor. Receiving a wound to his eft cheek, he ater covered this with a patch which gave him his nickname of Patch Mews. After the batte, Mews intervened in the summary execution of captured rebes, protesting that this was murder in the Law Now the Batte is over, these poor Rogues must be tried before they can be put to death. WILLIAM IV 1830 CHARLES RICHARD SUMNER VICTORIA WINDOWS SIGNED BY CLEANERS CRIMEAN WAR

26 Restoration & Bishop Morey 1660 saw the restoration of both the Monarchy and the Angican Church with its bishops. The Church regained possession of Farnham Caste and the Bishops of Winchester returned. Though sti weathy, the bishop no onger had vast resources at his disposa. Many of his medieva paaces had decayed beyond repair. Restoration of the London paace at Southwark, eased and converted after the civi war, was too costy. Ony Wovesey and Farnham remained, both 'most diapidated and ruinous'. Farnham Caste now became the bishop s principa residence. A ong period of repairs and aterations foowed. Bishop Duppa ( ) began the work, spending 2,400 and making Farnham Caste partiay habitabe. His successor, George Morey, carried out the major part of the restoration. Spending 10,648 4s 9d over severa years, Morey retained the she of the medieva buidings, drasticay remodeing the interiors. George Morey ( ) Doctor of Divinity and respected Oxford ceric, in a time of extremes George Morey beieved in a reasonabe God and rationa reigion. Whie not in sympathy with Archbishop Laud and the Arminians, Morey eventuay chose the Royaist cause. In 1647, he payed a prominent roe in resistance to the pariamentary visitation of Oxford University. Later he advised Chares I in negotiations with Pariament during the king s imprisonment. Deprived of his iving, Morey went into exie with the court of Chares II for tweve years. Returning to Engand just before the Restoration, Morey gained Presbyterian support for the king s return. After the Restoration, he became Bishop of Worcester in 1660 and Winchester in Though Bishop Morey spent enormous sums of money to renovate the Bishop s Paace, he ed a simpe ife. On the east side of Waynfete's tower is a sma room or ce itte bigger than a cupboard. Bishop Morey sept here, rising at five every morning and working without a fire. Morey s window for the Bishop s Chape ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES PUBLISHED SAMUEL WILBERFORCE 1875 EDWARD HAROLD BROWNE 1880 MOTTO INSCRIBED ON FIREPLACE

27 THE STUARTS The Restoration Backed by the power of the army, Oiver Cromwe rued Engand as Lord Protector from 1653 unti his death in Rigid socia and reigious aws with disregard for civi and ega iberties marked Cromwe s Protectorate. This ed to a hatred of miitary rue and the severe Puritanism associated with it. The strugge for power between woud-be successors foowing Cromwe s death opened the way for the return of the Monarchy. In 1660, Pariament offered to restore his crown if Chares II woud agree to concessions for reigious toeration and a genera amnesty. Chares II returned from exie on 25 May, 1660 to recaim the thrones of Engand, Scotand and Ireand. To hep pay for the repairs, Morey sod the arger of the two parks beonging to the caste. Keeping the smaer park, he renewed its fences, reintroduced the deer and piped water from it to the caste (and ater the town). The Best or Great Stair During his renovations, Bishop Morey fied part of the open space between the Great Ha and the Bishop s Camera with an innovative design a wide cantievered staircase. Oak carvings of grain, vegetabes and exotic fruits after the schoo of Grining Gibbons are mounted on the main newe posts. Loca craftsmen probaby carved the bausters, repeated aong the Minstres' Gaery and the Upper Gaery. Previousy, access to the Bishop s Camera had been by a narrow spira stone staircase (page 19). Seaed at the top and bottom, the spira stair remained hidden for neary three hundred years, being rediscovered during renovations in the 1930s. Detai of the carvings on the staircase The Great Stair ANTHONY WILSON THOROLD STAINED GLASS INSTALLED 1895 RANDALL THOMAS DAVIDSON ELECTRIC LIGHT INSTALLED BEGINNING OF BOER WAR EDWARD VII HERBERT EDWARD RYLE 26

28 The Bishop s Chape Designed by John Webb, the fashionabe architect of his day, this chape was buit at the same time as the Great Stair. In its origina form, the room refected prevaiing Angican beief and practice at the Restoration with worship focused on the pupit rather than the atar. The Book of Common Prayer advised that the communion tabe sha stand in the body of the Church the Priest standing at the north side of the Tabe In this chape, a conceaed staircase eads to a canopied pupit in the centre of the north wa. The atar woud have stood just beow. The stained gass window at the eastern end originay depicted simpe fowers (page 25) at a time when the Protestant church saw images of Christ or the Saints as verging on idoatry. The Victorian church thought differenty, and in 1894 Bishop Thorod ( ) instaed a new window depicting Christ s crucifixion, moving Morey s simper imagery to the passage outside. The Bishop's Chape The Book of Common Prayer The Book of Common Prayer prescribes the iturgy (the patterns, forms and words of common worship) for the Church of Engand. The first version, pubished in 1549, baanced Reformation features with Roman Cathoic eements. The 1552 revision incuded far stronger Protestant eements objected to by Bishop Gardiner (page 22). On coming to the throne, Mary I attempted to return Engand to the Cathoic Church, forbidding the use of either book. Her sister Eizabeth I favoured a iturgy of theoogica compromise and introduced the prayer book of 1559, coser to the 1549 origina than the 1552 revision. The Commonweath and Protectorate ( ) outawed the book again. Then in 1661, George Morey contributed to another revision at the Savoy Conference. The Act of Uniformity made the new 1662 Book of Common Prayer the ony ega book of Angican observance. This version remains in use today. 27 GEORGE V 1910 TITANIC SINKS FIRST WORLD WAR STARTS EDWARD STUART TALBOT 1915 FIRST WORLD WAR ENDS FRANK THEODORE WOODS 1930 JOHN GREIG 1 st BISHOP OF GUILDFORD

29 THE STUARTS THE GEORGIANS THE VICTORIANS One of the cherub heads Le Roi Soei The two entrance doors are inset with carved faces, four encirced by sunrays. There is a story that whie in exie with the court of Chares II, Bishop Morey met Louis XIV of France. The Sun King, impressed by Morey, made a gift of the carvings to him upon his return to Engand. Morey was certainy in Paris, but doesn t seem to have recorded whether he ever met the King of France. When first instaed, the woodcarving on the was woud have been unpainted. The fine work over the entrance may be by Grining Gibbons. Ten cherubs heads gaze at each other across the chape, five on each side. Each is very sighty different from the others. Most obviousy, the two by the chape entrance have the wings cosest to the door pued towards their ears. The one on the right as you enter is the ony cherub with its wings crossed eft over right perhaps to baance the design or just a secret joke to puzze us. The present ayout of the chape, with the atar at the eastern end behind a rai, probaby owes its form to Bishop Thomas ( ), once tutor to George III. The brass chandeier aso beongs to that period. The eighteen sma candesticks on the front of the pews come from St. George s Chape in Windsor, a gift from Edward VII to Bishop Davidson ( ). Bishop Thorod's window 1935 JOHN MACMILLAN KEEP PLACED IN CARE OF STATE EDWARD VIII SECOND WORLD WAR STARTS SECOND WORLD WAR ENDS GEORGE VI CAMOUFLAGE TRAINING CENTRE IN CASTLE 1950 HENRY CAMPBELL ELIZABETH II 1955 BISHOPS VACATE THE CASTLE 28

30 A Visitor Attraction I went over the Forrest in the sight of Fairy Caste, which is the Bishop of Winchesters Paace, it ookes noby on the hi. Ceia Fiennes, 1698 When Bishop Morey restored the Bishop s Paace, he eft the keep in ruins. On top of the abandoned mound, where sodiers once stood guard, Bishop Peter Mews ( ) panted an orchard. The ruins became a visitor attraction, even at a time when few traveed for peasure. The Caste is a good od buiding I wished I coud have cimbed to the top of an od tower, much out of repair however, I was ready to fa aready, from ony ascending the sope to reach the Caste. Fanny Burney, noveist and diarist, 1791 Bishop Sumner turned the keep orchard into a garden. With the growth of the raiways, trave became easier. The number of visitors increased. Ascending to a great height by a fight of steps, garanded by vines and rose-trees, we are not a itte surprised on finding the summit of the keep occupied by a ovey garden Chamber s Journa, 1855 Now, thousands of peope from a over the word visit Farnham Caste every year. Chares Richard Sumner ( ) Bishop Sumner survived from some coud-capped Georgian Eden, ast of the weathy bishops before the Eccesiastica Commission. In 1831, the House of Lords rejected an attempt to estabish fairer THE VICTORIANS representation. Popuar opinion turned against the bishops, charging them with dweing in fashionabe uxury in their paaces whie knowing nothing of the abourer s cottage. Though Sumner had abstained, Guy Fawkes Day 1831 was an anxious time as effigies of oca bishops repaced Guy Fawkes or the pope throughout the country. Precautionary guards were paced at the Bishop s paace in Winchester and barricades at Farnham Caste. Sumner retired in 1869, the first Bishop of Winchester to do so. However, he continued to make Farnham Caste his home unti his death in FIRST MAN ON THE MOON UK JOINS THE COMMON MARKET IBM INTRODUCES FIRST PC BISHOP S PALACE LEASED TO THE OVERSEAS SERVICE COLLEGE UPPER GALLERY OPENED