No notebook heading: Date: 12/10/2013 Topic: Unit 3 summary & loose ends

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1 Islamic court decision, seventeenth century whenever cotton yarn comes the aforementioned arrives, pays an extra price, and takes it from its owner, and the other weavers remain deprived of yarn. As of old, when cotton yarn came, we all bought it together. The aforementioned has now acted contrary to that old custom; we do not agree to this. No notebook heading: Date: 12/10/2013 Topic: Unit 3 summary & loose ends By the end today s class our objective is to pull together last week and prepare for the coming one. Last day to hand in work for Q2 is next Tuesday. 1

2 What is most needed by an expanding civilization? FOOD Agriculture What were the major changes in agricultural production? Horsepower: Oxen cheap but slow Horses required better food, but plowed twice as much land in a day Harness old style went around the neck, but newer ones went across the chest 2

3 Trade Why did self-sufficient manors give way to increased trade? Expanding Trade: Trade routes spread across Europe, North Africa, and Asia in part by the Crusades Peasants brought goods from nearby manors on fair days cloth, bacon, honey, salt, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, rope the self sufficient manor no longer produced everything Guilds: A group of workers that control a craft (trade) Controlled wages and prices Formed by wheelwrights, glassmakers, winemakers, tailors, and druggists Enforced standards of quality Loaves of bread: standard size and weight at a fair price 3

4 Masters of a trade: Apprenticed for 5 9 years first Journeyman work for wages Made an item that qualified as a master piece Met qualifications to become a master Only masters could be guild members Surnames Many people can trace their last names, or surnames, back to a medieval occupation. For example, a man who made thatched roofs for cottages became Thatcher. The name Smith refers to a man who smites, or works, metal. There is also Brownsmith, one who works copper; Goldsmith, one works gold, and Silversmith, one who works silver. Someone who made things out of wood might be surnamed Carpenter. Some who made or repaired wooden barrels might be called Cooper. Place names also became surnames, such as Holland and Welsh. Sometimes, a person new to the area simply received the surname Newman. Surnames can also derive from family relationships, as does Williamson. Financial Revolution: Merchants needed to purchase goods from distant places need a loan to do so Church forbade Christians from loaning money at interest Moneylending was one of the few ways that Jews were allowed to make money Guilds excluded them Urbanization How did these new towns change medieval Europe? 4

5 Medieval Towns: Small compared to cities like Constantinople Typical town had only about 2,000 people Grew with improved farming and increased trade People left manors for towns, challenging traditional ways Many drawbacks: poorly planned, dirty, fire hazards, lack of fresh water and clean air Opportunity for serfs: Town air makes you free Education How did the revival of learning change life? Scholars and Writers: University originally meant a group of scholars that met anywhere they could Most students were the children of the well to do Goal of jobs in government or the Church Bachelor s degree took 5 7 years Master s degree at least 12 years of study Muslim Connection: Muslim and Byzantine libraries preserved the writings of the old Greek philosophers Allowed Europeans to acquire a huge new body of knowledge Including science, philosophy, law, and mathematics Crusaders learned from and brought back to Europe superior Muslim technology in ships, navigation, and weapons 5

6 6

7 Jan Has Professor 15 th Century Scholarly Challenge John Wycliffe Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the church Offended by the wealth and luxury of the pope s life Taught that the Bible, not the pope was the final authority Jan Hus was influenced by Wycliffe s writings Professor who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope Excommunicated Urged to attend a council meeting Seized and tried as a heretic Burned at the stake War -between? -over? -cause?

8 The Hundred Years War When the last Capetian king died without a successor, England s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne as grandson of Philip IV. The war that Edward III launched for that throne continued on and off from 1337 to It became known as the Hundred Years War and added to the century s miseries. The war was a seesaw affair, fought on French soil. Victory passed back and forth between the two countries. Finally, between 1421 and 1453, the French rallied and drove the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais. Technology The bow and arrow reached one of its peaks from the 1200s through the early 1400s with the longbow. English archers carried a case with extra bowstrings and a sheaf of 24 arrows. Dangerous at 300 yards, absolutely fatal within 100 yards. It is claimed that the sound of several thousand arrows whistling through the air was terrifying. Jeanne d'arc Joan of Arc Joan of Arc French had lost hope Treaty signed that King Henry V (English) would inherit the French crown after King Charles VI died Joan felt moved by God to rescue France Teenage, French peasant Believed heavenly voices spoke to her Convinced French King Charles she was sincere Guided French to a hard fought victory 8

9 Joan and Charles VII: Charles VI s son crowned king Joan helped turn the tide for France She was captured in battle Turned over to English Handed over to the Church Stood trial Condemned as a witch Heretic claim of hearing voices Charles VII did nothing The English burned her at the stake 9

10 Trial was more political than religious English were embarrassed that a teenage girl defeated them Impact of the Hundred Years War: Terrible cost in lives, property, and money Increased power/prestige for French monarch Increased nationalism Fighting for glory of the nation (France/England) England War of the Roses Internal fight for the throne Strengthened English parliament Power of the purse established End of the Middle Ages Age of Faith and Age of Chivalry were no more Mediterranean Trade: Urbanization brought specialization of labor Expansion of manufacturing/trade Fairs became nearly year round Commercial centers on the Mediterranean and Black Sea Trade expanded to central Asia, India and China 10

11 Hanseatic League (Hansa): Baltic Sea and North Sea Economic alliance of trading cities and guilds Legal system Protection and mutual aid Larger trade network Linked by river/land routes to Mediterranean Sea trade 11

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