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Transcription

1 epjpahd rkhjhdj;jpw;fk; [dehafj;jpw;fkhd ikaj;jpdhy; Rtpw;ryhe;jpy; 2007 [_d; 17 elhj;jg;gl;l fuj;juq;fpy; jpu enlrd; rj;jpnae;jpuh Mw;wpa ciuapd; jkpohf;fk;. MANghtd;> tzf;fk;,izj;jiytu;fns> rfghbfns> ez;gu;fns ve;j Kuz;ghl;bd; ru;tnjrg; gukhdj;ijg;gw;wp ehk;,d;w,q;f NgRtjw;F vj;jdpf;fpd;nwhnkh> me;j Kuz;ghl;bd; cs;sfg; gukhdj;ij Xustpw;Fj; jd;dk; gpujpgypg;gjw;fhfnt Kjypy; rpq;fsj;jpyk; gpd;du; jkpopyk; ehd; $wpa XupU nrhw;fshfk;. me;jr; nrhw;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpyk; jkpopyk; $wpajw;f,d;ndhu fhuzkk; cz;l.,d;w> ru;tnjr Kuz;ghL xd;wpd;,u gf;fj;ijr; rhu;e;j gyuk; toikahf Mq;fpyg; Nguhrpupau;fshy; gapw;wg; gl;ltu;fs; vd;wk;> mtu;fsj murpay; gug;ngy;iy nghjthf Mf;];Nghl;> Nfk;gpwpl;[;>,yz;ld; nghuspay; fy;âup Nghd;w epwtdq;fsld; epd;wtplfpd;wj vd;wk;f Nguhrpupau; fy;jq; $wpaij kdk; nfhs;fpnwd;. Nguhrpupau; fy;jq; $wpaj rup.,ug;gpdk; ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapd;wha; vd;gj kl;lky;y Nfs;tp> ve;j nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wha; vd;gjkhfk;. nkhop njhlu;ghlyf;fhd xu ntwk; futp kl;lky;y. vt;tifapy; cyfpid ehk; fpufpj;jf;nfhs;fpd;nwhk; vd;gjpy; nkhopf;f xu,lk; cz;l. cyfpd; kpj xu kf;fs; nryj;jk; ghu;itf;f nkhop tbtk; nfhlf;fpd;wj.,j> rpq;fs> jkpo; kf;fs; cs;spl;l vy;yh kf;fsf;fk; nghjthd cz;ik. nkhopapd; rf;jp> mj nryj;jf; $ba nry;thf;f vd;gdnt 1835 Mk; Mz;by; kf;nfhyp gpugthy;,e;jpahtpw;fhd fy;tp mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpj;jnghj> me;jf;fy;tp Mq;fpy nkhopapy;,lk;ngwntz;lk; vdr; nrhy;y itj;jj. vkf;fk;> vk;khy; Msg;gLk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhdtu;fSf;Fk;,ilNa njhlu;ghlk; xu tu;f;fj;ij vk;khy;,ad;wtiu cuthf;fntz;lk;.,e;j tu;f;fj;jpdu;,uj;jj;jhy;> epwj;jhy;,e;jpauhftk;> tpug;gf;fspy;> kjpg;gplfspy;> xof;fq;fspy;> mwpthw;wypy; Mq;fpNyauhfTk;,Uf;fNtz;Lk; 1 vd mtu; nrhd;dhu;. jkpo; nkhopiag; NgRNthupilNa,Ue;Nj jkpopo kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; vor;rpngw;wj. md;dpa nkhop xd;wpy;,q;f ehk; Ngrpf;nfhs;Sk; gyijak; mtu;fshy; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahky;,Uf;fyhk;. mnjnghy; ngsj;j kjj;jldhd rpq;fs nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpia> kfhtk;rj;ij> mitnghd;wtw;iw rq;flkhd Gide;Jiufs; vdj; jl;bf;fopj;jtpl KbahJ. me;j tsu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhf rpq;fsj; Njrpak;. rpq;fs,dj;jt Njrpak; xu Gide;Jiuay;y. mj gyntisfspy; rpwpyq;fd; Fbkf;fs; Njrpak; 2 vd;w Kif%bf;Fs; kiwe;jpue;j cyhte;jnghjk; mjw;fs; kiwe;jpuf;fk; rpq;fs,dj;jt Njrpaj;ij kwf;fkbahj. Njrk; Nghd;w nrhw;fis jkpopy;> Vd; rpq;fsj;jpyk;$l 3,yFthf nkhopngau;j;jtpl KbahJ vd;gijak; ehk; rpyntisfspy; Rygkhf kwe;jtplfpd;nwhk;. nguk;ghyk;,tw;wpd; mu;j;jq;fs; nkhopngau;g;gpd;nghj,of;fg;glyhk;.,tw;iwnay;yhk; $wpanghjk;,e;jf;fuj;juq;fpy; epfo;j;jtpuf;fk; Kf;fpa %d;w NgUiufspy; xd;iw Mw;WkhW vd;id mioj;jikiaapl;l ehd; nguk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;nwd;.,jd; mu;j;jk;,yq;ifj;jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL rk;ge;jkhd fuj;juq;ffs; NghJkhd mstpy; eilngwtpy;iy vd;gjy;y. mt;thwhd fuj;juq;fq;fs; gy eilngw;ws;sd.,yq;ifj;jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL cyfpnyna Ma;Tf;F cl;glj;jg;gl;l kpf Kf;fpa Ma;Tfspy; xd;w vd Ma;thsu; xutu; $wpajhf ek;gfpd;nwd;. Mdhy; xutifapy; ghu;f;fg;nghdhy;,j 1

2 xu Kjy; fuj;juq;f.,jw;fkd;du;,lk; ngw;w fuj;juq;fq;fspy; ru;tnjrg; gukhdj;jpw;f XupU mku;tfs; xjf;fg;gl;ld.,yq;ifj;jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL rk;ge;jkhd ru;tnjrg; gukhdj;jpw;f Kw;W KOjhd Ftpg;igf; nfhlj;js;s Kjy; fuj;juq;f,jnt. me;jtifapy; mj;jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghl;bd; jpu;tpw;fhd gupfhuj;jpid gupe;jiuf;fk; Kaw;rpapy; Neuj;ij nrytpltjpy; ehd; Kidatpy;iy. éidaldhd Kuz;ghl;ilj; jpu;f;f vyp elj;jpa fuj;juq;f gw;wpa fijia xu vr;rupf;ifahf ehd; vlj;jf;nfhs;fpd;nwd;. Mifahy; fuj;juq;fpd; fug;nghushd,yq;ifj;jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL gw;wpa ru;tnjrg; gukhdk; vd;dk; nghusf;f cl;gl;l mjgw;wpa fye;jiuahlyf;f vd;dhyhd rpw gq;fpidr; nryj;jfpd;nwd;. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;> 1955 Mk; Mz;L Nfk;gpwpl;[; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;> Nfk;gpwpl;[;,e;jpa fofj;jpy; fpu];znkdd; NgUiu xd;iw epfo;j;jpdhu;. kz;lgk; epiwe;jpue;j $l;lk;,j.,e;jpahtpd; mzpnruhf; nfhs;if vd;gnj mtuj Ngr;Rf;fhd jiyg;g.,jw;f Kd;djhfj;jhd; fpu];znkdd;,e;jpa mikr;ruitapy; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfs; rhuh mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;l,ue;jhu;.,ue;jnghjk;,jw;fg; gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; I.eh. jhgdj;jpw;fhd,e;jpa ÀJf;FOtpw;F,tu; jiyik jhq;fpapue;jhu;. $u;ikahd Gj;jpiaAk;> mijtplf; $u;ikahd ehitak; nfhz;ltu;,tu;. fpu];znkdd; xu kzpneuk; NgRtjhfTk;> me;jg; Ngr;rpd; gpd;du; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; mspg;gjhftk; xoq;f nra;ag;gl;l,ue;jj. epiwe;jpue;j $l;lj;jpdu;kd; voe;j fpu];znkdd; ehd; NgrNtz;ba nghus;gw;wp vd;dld; fye;j MNyhrpf;fg;gltpy;iy.,e;jpahtpd; mzpnruhf; nfhs;if vd;d vd;w Ngr;rpd; nghus;gw;wp vd;dhy; xu trdk; kl;lnk $wkbak;. mjhtj,e;jpahtpd; ntspawtf; nfhs;if vd;gj mzpnruhf; nfhs;if vd;gjhfk;.,jidf; $l;lj;jpdu; [Puzpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy;,Ue;jNghJk; vdj Ngr;rpw;fhf xjf;fg;gl;l kzp Neuj;ij ve;jf; Nfs;tpfshapDk; epq;fs; Nfl;ftpUk;gpdhy; mjw;fg; gjpy; mspg;gjw;fhfr; nrytpl ehd; tpuk;gfpd;nwd; vd;whu; fpu];znkdd;. rpw jaf;fj;jpd; gpd;du; Nfs;tpf;fizfs; ghaj;njhlq;fpd. rpdhitg; Nghy; ijthdk; (my;yj Nghu;Nkhrh) ghjfhg;gr; rigapy;,lk; ngw;wpue;j Mz;L khnrjq;fpd; rpdh mnkupf;fhthy; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l,uf;ftpy;iy. mjd; I. eh. tpw;fhd mq;fj;jtk; kwf;fg;gl;l,ue;jj. fpu];znkdd; Nfk;gpwpl;[; te;jpue;j rkaj;jpy;jhd; mnkupf;fhtpd; MwhtJ fly;gilazp ijthdf;f mufhikapy; gapw;rpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jJ. xutifg; gjl;lk; epytpa fhykpj. $l;lj;jpy;,ue;j thypgj;njhw;wk; nfhz;l Nfs;tpahsu; xutu; xutifj; jaf;fj;jld; voe;jepd;w jpu Nkdd; Iah> ijthdpd; epiygw;wp cq;fshy; vd;dj;ijf; $w KbAk; vdf; Nfl;lhu;. rl;nld te;jj Nkddpd; gjpy;. ijthdpd; epiy vd;dntd;why; mj rpdhtpy;,ue;j 150 iky; njhiytpyk;> mnkupf;fhtpy;,ue;j gy Mapuk; iky;fs; njhiytpyk; mike;jpug;gjhfk; vd;whu; Nkdd;. $l;lj;jpdu; rpupg;gpy; fiue;jdu;.,ue;jnghjk; ajhu;j;jk; vd;dntd;why; 50 Mz;LfSf;Fk; gpd;du; ijthd; njhlu;e;jk;,ug;gj (I.eh. tpy; mq;fj;jtuhf,y;yhjnghjk;) mnkupf;fhtpd; fly; Mjpf;fj;jpd; epz;l tpr;rpd; rf;jpiaf; fhl;lfpd;wj vd;gjhfk;.,d;w fpu];znkdd; capuld;,ue;jpug;gpd; mtuplk; rpwpyq;fhtpd; epiy Fwpj;J cq;fshy; vd;dj;ijf; $wkbak; vd;w Nfl;bUe;jhy; gue;j tpupe;j fplf;fk;,e;jrkj;jpuj;jpy;,e;jpahtpy;,ue;j 20 iky; njhiytpyk;> mnkupf;fhtpy;,ue;j gy Mapuk; iky;fs; njhiytpyk;> rpdhtpy;,ue;j rpy Mapuk; iky;fs; njhiytpyk; cs;s xu jpnt rpwpyq;fh vd mtu; $wpapug;ghu; vd ehd; rpyntisfspy; rpyhfpg;gjz;l. murfspd; nray;ghlfspyk;> murfs; mw;w Njrq;fspd; nray;ghlfspyk; Gtpapay; (mj eprg;jkhd xd;whapdk;) xu Kf;fpa ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fpd;wj. xu murhdj> 2

3 nguk; cs;ehl;lr; re;ijiaf; nfhz;buf;fk;nghj> me;j cs;ehl;lr; re;ijapd; gukd; xu Nfe;jpur; nrhj;jhfpd;wj. vq;f xu murhdj nguk; cs;ehl;lr; re;ijiaf; nfhz;buf;ftpy;iynah mq;f nguk;ghyk; vj Nfs;tpnadpy; mjd; (énfhs) miktplk;> miktplk;> miktplk; vd;gnj. vt;tstpw;f xu ehl rpwpjhf cs;snjh> xg;gpl;lstpy; mt;tstpw;f mjd; miktplk; Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. rpyntisfspy; miktplnk xu Nfe;jpukhd nrhj;jhfpd;wj.,e;j rkj;jpuk; cyfpy; kpfg;ngupa rkj;jpuk; my;y. mj %d;whtj ngupa rkj;jpuk;. Mdhy;,r; rkj;jpuk; fpl;lj;jl;l 47 ehlfisak; mj;njhl gy jptfisak; jd;dfj;nj nfhz;ls;sj. 4 3

4 ,tw;iw NkYs;s tiuglj;jpy; ghu;f;fyhk;. NfhNfh jpt kad;khupy;,ue;j nguk; njhiytpy;,y;iy. mq;f rpdh,g;nghj xu jsj;ijf; nfhz;ls;sj. 5 6,tw;wpidtpl me;jkhd; jptfs; khiyjptfs;7 > klfh];fu; 8 > ghfp];jhdpy; n`hnlhu; 9,e;jpahtpy; nfsthu; 10 vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;fpd;nwhk;. njw;nf mnkupf;f thd;> fly; jsq;fisf; nfhz;ls;s bahnfh `hu;rpahit 11 nrd;wilayhk;.,e;jpahnt 1>200 iky;fs; tiu,e;j rkj;jpuj;js; jd;id tpupj;js;sj.,e;j rkj;jpuk;,e;jpaupd; rkj;jpuk; vdf; fujk; gy,e;jpauk; cz;l.,e;j rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng czug;gl;ls;sj. vtu;,e;j rkj;jpuj;ij jk; fl;lg;ghl;by; itj;jpuf;fpd;whnuh mtu; Mrpahtpy; Mjpf;fk; nryj;jtu;. 21 Mk; Áw;whz;by; VO fly;fsf;fkhd jpwtnfhy;,r; rkj;jpunk. cyfpd; jiytpjp,e;jf; fly; epupnyna jpu;khdpf;fg;glk; 12 vd xu Áw;whz;bw;F Kd;Ng mnkupf;f fly;gil ml;kpwy; my;/gpwl; jhau; k`hd; vd;ghu; $wpas;shu;.,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpah nryj;jpa Mjpf;fNk gpupj;jhdpa rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpw;ff; fhy;nfhs;,l;lj.,e;j Mjpf;fj;ijNa,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ fpl;yu; Nau;kdpa epu;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fs; %yk; jsu;twr; nra;a Kad;whd;. 13 cyfpd; vz;iz cw;gj;jpapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 40 tpjj;ij,e;j rkj;jpuk; nfhz;ls;sj. 14,d;W rpwpyq;fhit mlj;j kd;dhu; fly;fspy;> jkpo; ehl;il mz;kpa fhntup tbepyq;fspy;> kad;khu; fly;fspy; Gjpa vz;iz ts Ma;Tfs; njhlu;fpd;wd. 15,Ug;gpDk;,e;J rkj;jpuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mj nfhz;ls;s tsq;fspy;,ue;jkl;lk; votpy;iy.,e;j rkj;jpuk; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xu fly;top. cyfpd; 50 tpjkhd nfhs;fyj;jhq;fpf; fg;gy;fisak;> %d;wpy; xu gq;fsthd NgusTj;jhq;fp fg;gy;fisak; %d;wpy;,uz;l gq;fhd vz;izf; fg;gy;fisak;,r; rkj;jpuk; Rkf;fpd;wJ. ngw;nwhypag; nghul;fspd; nguk; njhifahd thzpgg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij,f;fly; epu; Rkf;fpd;wJ. mj;njhl mj;jpyhe;jpf; rkj;jpuj;ijg; Nghyd;wp,e;J rkj;jpuj;jpd; thzpgg; Nghf;Ftuj;J mjw;f ntspna cs;s ehlfsf;fhdj. 4

5 ,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpd; fly;topg;ghijfs; mjdj Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; Jy;ypakhff; fhl;lfpd;wj Mk; Mz;by;,Ue;J epfu vz;iz,wf;fkjpahsuhfj; jpfok; rpdh> vz;iz Efu;r;rpapy; mnkupf;fhtpd; gpd; cyfpy;,uz;lhtj,lj;jpid tfpf;fpz;wj. 2004,y;,e;j me;j];ij rpdh ngw;ws;sj.,jw;f Kd;,uz;lhtJ ngupa vz;iz Efu;Nthdhf ag;ghd; tpsq;fpaj. 2000,ypUe;J 2004 tiuahd fhyg;gfjpapy; cyfpd; gjdplg;glhj vz;izj; Njitapy; 40 tpjkhd msit rpdh ngw;wpue;jj. 16 rpdhtpd; njhlu;r;rpahd nghushjhu tsu;r;rpf;f vupnghus; tsq;fs;nky; mjw;fs;s toptiffs; fhj;jpukhd fhuzpahfk;. fly;ghijfisak;> jdj vz;izj; NjitfSf;fhd Kf;fpakhd Nghf;Ftuj;J khu;f;fq;fisak; jd; trg;glj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy; rpdh Kaw;rpfis Kbf;fptpl;bUg;gJ Mr;rupag;gLtjw;Fupanjhd;wy;y.,jd; nghul;l rpdhthy; iff;nfhs;sg;glk; Gtprhu; murpay; tpêfj;ij Kj;Jf;fspd; Nfhu;it vd;w $Wtu;. 17 mjkl;lky;y> 19 Mk; Áw;whz;by; vor;rpngw;w Nau;kdpiag;Nghy;> 20 Mk; Áw;whz;by; vor;rpngw;w mnkupf;fhitg;nghy; rpdh>,e;jpah Nghd;w Gjpa rf;jpfspd; vor;rpahdj gpuhe;jpa Nfe;jpu fsj;jpidr; rljpahf khw;wpaikf;fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glfpd;wj. 18 mj;njhl 21 Mk; Áw;whz;bd; Nfe;jpuKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j,uja ékpahf,e;j rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpak; khwpas;sj. 20 Mk; Áw;whz;by; INuhg;ghTk; tlfpof;f MrpahTk; nfhz;bue;j epiyia,j jfu;j;js;sj.,e;j rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;,lk;ngwk;,t; mgptpuj;jpfs; Nkw;Fyfr; rhu;gepiyia koq;fr;nra;j gy;jiyikj;jt rf;jpfspd; tuiff;f toptfj;js;sj. 19,yq;ifj; jptpd; Kuz;ghl;bw;F Kd;dNu,e;J rkj;jpu gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vlj;jf;fhl;lg; NghjpasT $wpahfptpl;lj.,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;e;jk;,uf;fk;. jptpy; jkpo;> rpq;fs Kuz;ghL jpu;f;fg;gl;l gpd;duk;,e;jf; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhluk;.,q;f>,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; tpwhu;e;j epiy Neu; mzpahd rf;jpfistpl rktythd rf;jpfspd; mzfkiwapid Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ.,g; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; tpwhu;e;j epiy Neu;$l;L mzpiatpl rktythd rf;jpfspd; mzfkiwia Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ. vkf;f Vw;fdNt njupe;jjk; mbf;fb Ma;T nra;ag;gl;ljkhd rpdhtpd; vor;rpald;,e;jpahtk; xu nguk; ty;yurhf vor;rp ngw;ws;sik cyf xoq;fpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp tufpd;wj.,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpy; rthiy vjpu;nfhs;tj Vfty;yurhd mnkupf;fhtpd; Nguhjpf;fk; kl;lky;y> mjw;fk; Nkyhf fle;j rpy rfhg;jq;fshf ru;tnjr murpay; nghushjhuj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nryj;jpte;j mnkupf;f> INuhg;gpa ag;ghd; vd;gtw;wpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;$l;Lk; Nfs;tpahfpAs;sJ. mlj;j jrhg;jj;jpy; cyf xoq;fpy; njd; Mrpag; gpuhe;jpak; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gfjpfspy; xd;whf mikak; vd ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk; 20,e;J rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; rktyr; rf;jpfspd; epiy gr;irahff; $wf;$banjhd;wy;y.,jd; fl;likg;g gygf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lit. mjd; njhlu;gfs; El;gkhdit. mj;njhl mstplg;glgit. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; gd;dhl;lj;njrpa $l;lj;jhgdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd fw;ifapy; cuthf;fg;gl;l xu nrhy; cz;l. $l;l kd vd;gnj me;jr; nrhy;.,jd; mu;j;jk; rpy Jiwfspy; Nghl;bapLtJk; mnj rkak; kw;iwa Jiwfspy; xj;jiog;gjkhfk;. rpy Jiwfspy; xj;jioj;jk; NtW Jiwfspy; Nghl;bapLtJk; $l;l kdthfk;. tifkhjpupahf,e;jpahtk; mnkupf;fhtk; rpy Jiwfspy; Nfe;jpu gq;fhspfshf cs;sdu;. Mdhy; 5

6 GJnly;fp rpdhtpdnjh> mnkupf;fhtpdnjh rhjuzkhd gq;fhspay;y. clf;fbg;nghdj jhsj;jpw;f Vw;g eilnghl Kay;fpd;wJ. 21 mj jdj ve;jj; Jiwfspy; mnkupf;fh> GJnly;fp> kw;wk; rpdh xutuld; xutu; Nghl;b NghLfpd;wdu; vd;gjk; ve;jj; Jiwfspy; mtu;fs; xj;jiof;fpd;wdu; vd;gjnk Nfs;tpahFk;. Vf ty;yur cyf xoq;fpy; mnkupf;fh jdj Kjd;ikia epiyehl;lk; nghul;l Mrpahtpy; rk tyr; rf;jpfis tuntw;fyhk;. (nfhz;lyprh iwrpd; thu;j;ijapy; $Wtjhdhy; gy ty;yurfspd; fhl;rpj;njhw;wk; nfhz;l Vf ty;yurpd; cyfk;22 ) Mapd;,t;thwhd mzf Kiwahy; rpdhtk;,e;jpahtk; jpug;jpg; glthu;fsh my;yj,tu;fsf;fhd rthyhf,j mikakh? rpwpyq;fh Nghl;bf;fhd my;yj xj;jiog;gf;fhd xu gfjpah? mjpyk; Kf;fpakhf mj xj;jiog;gf;fhd xu gfjpahapd; me;j xj;jiog;gpd; tp];jhuk; ve;jsthdj?.,e;j,lj;jpy;,e;j rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; rpwpyq;fhtpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; gw;wp Muha;tJ nghuj;jkhdjhfyhk;. 1948,y;,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;jnghj,lk;ngw;w epfo;t xd;iw epidt nfhs;fpd;nwd; Mk; Mz;L ngg;gputup khjk; 4 Mk; jpfjp Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lj.,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ rje;jpug; ghuhskd;wj;jpd; rlq;f rk;gpujhakhd mq;fuhu;g;gzk; 1948 ngg;gputup 10,y;,lk;ngw;wJ. xu,sk; thypgdhf ehd;,e;jr; rlq;f rk;gpuhjha mq;fuhu;g;gzj;jpy; fye;jnfhz;bue;njd;.,u epidtfs; fle;j gy Mz;Lfshf vd;id tpl;lfytpy;iy. mjpy; xd;w khl;rpikjq;fpa kfhuhzpahupd; murit tof;fiuquk;>,yq;ifapd; gpujk ke;jpupakhd kjpg;gpw;fupa B. v];. nrdehaf;fhtpd; cutk;. ghuhskd;wj;jpd; jpwg;gpd; nghul;l ngupa $lhuk; mikf;fg;gl;bue;jj. nfhok;gpy; nta;apy; vwpj;jf; nfhz;bue;jj. caukhd njhg;gpald; $ba Mq;fpy cau;fbapdu;,t;thwhd itgtq;fspy; mzpak; cilald; B. v];. nrdehaf;fh fk;gpukhf mq;f epd;wpue;jhu;. kf;nfhypg; gpugtpd; 1835 Mk; Mz;bd; fy;tp mwpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;l,uj;jj;jhyk; epwj;jhyk;,e;jpadhftk;> tpug;gf;fshy;> kjpg;gplfshy;> xof;fq;fshy; mwpthw;wyhy; Mq;fpNyauhfTk; cs;s xu tfg;gpsiu cuthf;fk; jpl;lk; rpy ntw;wpfis mile;jpue;jij mq;f fhz Kbe;jJ. mlj;j epidt> rpk;khrd ciu epfo;j;jpa kd;ddpd; gpujpepjpapd; cutk;. md;iwa murdpd; rnfhjudk;> Fnshnr];uu; NfhkfDkhd,tu; fly;gil ml;kpwypd; rpuilia mzpe;jpue;jhu;. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; fly;gilr; rpuilapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vdf;fg; Gyg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; tprak; vd;dntd;why; jpunfhzkiyapy; cs;s fly; jsj;ij gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ghtidf;f tpltjw;fhd ghjfhg;g xg;ge;jk; xd;iw 1947/48,y;,yq;if gpupj;jhdpahtld; nra;j nfhz;ljhfk;23.,e;jg; ghjfhg;g xg;ge;jk; 1948,y; Rje;jpuk; toq;ftjw;fhd Kd; epge;jidahfk;. If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ntsptptfhu mytyfj;jpw;fk; mt];jpnuypahtpw;fk;,ilna gupkhwg;gl;l 24 fbjq;fs; (1947,Yk;,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; toq;ftjw;f Kd;dUk;),e;j ghjfhg;g cld;gbf;if kpj If;fpa,uhr;rpak; kl;lky;y> mt];jpnuypahtk; (,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpd; kpjhd mt];jpnuypahtpd; Nkw;Ff; flnyhuj;jld;) fhl;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; RthurpakhdJ. 25,Ue;jNghJk; rpwpyq;fhtpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jpunfhzkiyahy; kl;lk; voe;jjy;y. mj mg;gbr; rhjhuzkhd xd;wy;y.,jdld; `k;ghe;njhl;ilia> mnkupf;f xypgug;g epwtdf; fl;lkhdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ehk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Bf;fpd;]; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; rhu;e;j unk]; NrhkRe;juk; rpwpyq;fhtpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;dk; jdj 2005 Mz;Lg; gpuruj;jpy; rpwpyq;fhkpjhd ru;tnjrr; r%fj;jpd; fupridf;fhd %d;w fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. (1) rpwpyq;fhtpd; Nfe;jpu miktplk; (2),J xu nguk; njhlu;g ikakhf mike;js;s epiy. 6

7 (3) gpupj;jhdpa ml;kpuy; n`hnwnrh ney;rdhy; cyfpy; kpfr;rpwe;j JiwKfk; vd tu;zpf;fg;gl;l jpunfhzkiyia,j nfhz;ls;sik.,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpy; xu Nfe;jpu Kidia rpwpyq;fh tupj;jf;nfhz;ls;sj.,e;jg; gue;j rkj;jpuk; 2>850>000 rju iky;fis cl;nfhz;l> tlf;nf,e;jpa jpgfw;gj;jpd; flnyhuj;ijak;> fpof;nf knyrpah>,e;njhndrpah> mj;njhl mt];jpnuypahitak;> njw;nf mz;lhl;bf;fhitak;> Nkw;fpy; fpof;f Mgpupf;fhitAk; njhl;l epw;fpd;wj ,y; jpk;g Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;fhd jkpo;g; Nguhizf;FOtpd; mq;fj;jtuhf ehd; él;lhd; ehl;bw;fr; nrd;wpue;njd;. 27 mq;f,e;jpa cstj;jiwahd Nwh,e;J rkj;jpuj;jpy; mnkupf;f epu;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fshy; vjpu;nehf;fk; Mgj;Jf;fs;> mtw;why; jhk; mile;j neuf;fbfs;>,jdhy; rpwpyq;fhtld; rpy cld;ghl;bw;f Vd; tuntz;lk; vd;gdgw;wp vkf;fj; njupag;glj;jtjpy; fzprkhd Neuj;ijr; nrytpl;ldu;. jpk;g Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; jhkhfnt Njhy;tp fz;ld. Mapd;,uz;L Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du; 1987,y; nra;j nfhs;sg;gl;l,e;jpa,yq;if xg;ge;jk;,e;jpahtpw;f mjd; Nfe;jpu eyd;fisg; ngw;wf;nfhlj;jj.,t; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpltjw;f 28 Kd;Ndhbahf 29 êiy 1987,y;,e;jpag; gpujku; uh[pt;fhe;jpf;fk;> rpwpyq;fhtpd; mjpgu; N[.Mu; n[atu;j;jdhtpw;fk;,ilna gupkhwg;gl;l fbjq;fs; Vidatw;Wld;> md;dpa xypgug;g epwtdq;fsld; rpwpyq;fh mur Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;Ls;s xg;ge;jq;fs; kpsha;t nra;ag;gl;l mit nghj xypgug;g md;wp,uhztk; kw;wk; cstr; nraw;ghlfsf;fg; gad;glj;jg;glkhl;lhj vd;gj cwjp nra;ag;glk; vd;gijak;> jpunfhzkiy kw;wk; rpwpyq;fhtpd;,ju JiwKfq;fs;,e;jpahtpd; eyd;fsf;ff; Fe;jfk; tpistpf;fk; Nehf;Fld; ve;jnthu ehl;bd;,uhzt trjpf;fhftk; mspf;fg;glkhl;lhj vd;gijak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.,e;jj; jptpy;,lk;<wk; Kuz;ghL kpjhd mnkupf;fhtpdjk;,e;jpahtpdjk; jiyapl;bw;fg; gpd;dhy; epz;l tuyhw xd;w cz;l. 1979,y; mnkupf;fhtpd; krr;#nrw;]; khepyj;jpd; mjpgu; 22 Nk 1979I <oj; jpuehshfg; gpufldk; nra;jpue;jhu; ,y; krr;#nrw;]; khepyj;jpd; rl;lrigapy; jdpahd,iwik nfhz;l jkpopo murpid kpl;l vlg;gijak; kpl;l cuthf;ftijak; Ntz;bepw;Fk; jpu;khdk; xd;w epiwntw;wg;gl;lj 30. krr;#nrw;]; khepyj;jpy; cs;s rku;tpy; efugpjhthy; 22 êd; 1981,y; nra;ag;gl;l gpufldk; Vidatw;Wld;> jpunfhzkiyapy; cs;s JiwKfk;,aw;ifapd; mw;gjq;fspy; xd;whfk;. mj;njhl,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpy; mjd; Nfe;jpu miktkhfk;. rpq;fs ehl;lld; epu;thfj;jpd; nghul;l $l;bizf;fg;glk; tiu aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhu;> ttdpah> kl;lf;fsg;g> kw;wk; mk;ghiwald; jpunfhzkiy Àa jkpo;g; gpunjrkhf,ue;jte;jj. mj;njhl,j;jptpy; jkpo; kf;fs; kpfj; njhd;ikahd fhyj;jpy;,ue;j trpj;j tufpd;wdu;. 31 vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mnj rkaj;jpy; jkpo; <oj;jpw;fhd jkj Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpo;j; jptputhjpfsf;f,e;jpah MAjq;fisAk; gapw;rpfisak; toq;fpaj /89,y; rpwpyq;fhtpw;fhd,e;jpaj; ÀJtuhfTk;> 1991/94 fhyg;gfjpay; ntspawtf;fhd nrayhsuhftk;> 2004/2005,y;,e;jpag; gpujkupd; Njrpa ghjfhg;g MNyhrfuhfTk; tpsq;fpa N[hjPe;jpu ehj; bf;]pw; 1998,y; mnkupf;fh>,];nwy;> kw;wk; ghfp];jhdldhd rpwpyq;fhtpd; cwjpahdjk; gue;jjkhd,uhzt kw;wk; cstj;jiwfspd; njhlu;gfspd; tpiothfnt jkpo;j; jptputhjk;,e;jpahtpd; Mjutpidg; ngw;wj.,e; ehlfspd; tut,e;jpahtpd; Nfe;jpu eyd;fsf;f mr;rwj;jyhftk;>,e;jpahtpd; njd; khepyq;fspy; mj gpuptpidthj,af;fq;fsf;f Cf;fj;jpid mspf;fk; vd;wk; me;jr; nray;ghlfs; ghfp];jhd; mnkupf;fh Nghd;wtw;wplk;,Ue;J Cf;fj;jpidg; ngwk; vd;wk; 7

8 fujg;gl;lj. f~;kpu;> gq;rhg; njhlu;ghd,tu;fsj nfhs;iffshy;,e;jpah ngw;w mdgtq;fsk; fuj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ehlfsf;fpilnaahd cwtfs; mwj;jpd; topepd;w Ngzg;gLtjpy;iy. md;wk;,d;wk; mit mwk;rhuhj fhl;rpf;nfhykhfnt cs;sj... 33,tw;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ,it gdpg; Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; Vw;ff;$bait Mdhy;,d;W cyfk; mjpy;,ue;j efu;e;j tpl;lj vdr; rpy Ntisfspy; $wg;glfpd;wj. cyfk; efu;e;jtpl;lj vd;gj cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy;,d;W ehk; Gjpa gdpg;nghupd; kj;jpapy; cs;nshk;. If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyfpd; jdp ty;yurhf,uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; mj rkr;rpuw;w gy gf;f cyfpy; cs;sj.,e;j cyfpy; gykhd gpuhe;jpa ty;yurfspd; (INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> &rpah> rpdh>,e;jpah cl;gl) cyfshtpa jhf;fk; mjpfupj;jr; nry;fpd;wj. rkr;rpupd;ik gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J nry;yk; cyfk; xd;wpy; ehk; tho;e;jnfhz;buf;fpd;nwhk;.,j Gjpa gdpg;nghu;. 34 gfpuq;fkhd Nghu;fs; vtupd; eyd;fsf;fk; cfe;jjy;y vd;gjhy;,j xu gdpg;nghu;.,d;w rpwpyq;fhtpw;f rpdh xu eyk; nra;ak; ez;gd; 35. iuk;]; gj;jpupifapy; Rjh,uhkre;jpud;> 13 khu;r; 2007 Mrpa,e;jpahtpd; njw;f thrypy; eq;$uk;,l rpdh jahuhfptpl;lj. rpwpyq;fhtpw;fk; rpdhtpw;fk;,ilna ifr;rhj;jhd cld;gbf;ifapd; gpufhuk; rpdh jptpd; njw;ff; flnyhuj;jpy; cs;s `k;ghe;njhl;ilapy; xu JiwKf mgptpuj;jpapy; gq;fnfhs;s cs;sj. rpdhtpw;f `k;ghe;njhl;ilapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mj,e;jpahtpd; njw;f flnyhuj;ij mz;b,ug;gjhfk;.,e;j rkj;jpuj;jpd;,ileltpy;,j rpdhtpd;,ug;gpw;f,j topnfhypas;sj 36 vd vr;rupj;js;shu;. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpw;fk; rpwpyq;fhtpw;fk;,ilna 5 khu;r; 2007,y; ifr;rhj;jhd gj;j tulq;fsf;fhd nfhs;tdt kw;wk; ghjfhg;gr; rk;ge;jkhd cld;gbf;ifgw;wp KusPju; nwl;b> khu;r; 2007,y; fuj;jj; njuptpf;ifapy;> If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpw;fk; rpwyq;fhtpw;fk;,ilna khu;r; 5> 2007,y; ifr;rhj;jhd (,uhzt) nfhs;tdt kw;wk; Nritfs; rk;ge;jkhd gj;j tul cld;gbf;ifahdj kw;wf;fhupaq;fsld; ghjfhg;gr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l NjitfisAk; vupnghus; trjpfs; vd;gtw;iwak; mspf;fpd;wj.,tw;why;,g; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gfhf,e;jpahtpw;F nguk; tpiotfs; Vw;gLk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; Rj;Jkhj;J> kw;wk; Fjw;f thjq;fis xjf;fpdhy;>,e;j cld;gbf;ifahdj xu,uhzt xg;ge;jkhfk;. mj ntspg;ghu;itapy; mnkupf;fhtpw;fr; rhjfkhfr; nra;ag;gl;ls;sj. 37,it rpwpyq;fh vd;dk; jptpy;,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL rk;ge;jkhd ru;tnjrg; gukhdq;fspd; gz;gfspy; rpy.,e;jj; jptpy;,uz;l Kuz;ghLfs; cs vd;w $Wtjpy; gpioapy;iy. rpwpyq;fh kf;fspd; Njrpak; vd;w Nghu;itAs; kiwe;jepw;fk; rpq;fs,dj;njrpaj;jpd; mlf;fkiwapy;,ue;j jk;ik tpltpf;f NghuhLk; jkpopo kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; voe;js;s Kuz;ghL xd;w.,e;j rkj;jpug; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Mjpf;fKk; nry;thf;fk; nryj;jtjw;fhf Kl;bNkhJk; ru;tnjr rf;jpfspilna,lk;ngwk; Kuz;ghL kw;wjhfk;.,jd;gpufhuk;,e;j Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd jpu;khdj;ij jkj nrhe;j (Kuz;gLk;) eyd;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf my;yj Mff;Fiwe;jJ me;j eyd;fis eyptwhj ghjfhg;gjw;fhf gad;glj;jtjpy;,e;j ru;tnjrrf;jpfs; fuprid fhl;lfpd;wd vd;gij Mjhuq;fs; fhl;bepw;fpd;wd. mnjrkak;,tu;fs; vy;nyhuk; jkf;fpuf;fk; Nfe;jpu eyd;fis kwf;fk; gfpuq;f,uhrje;jpuj;j;jpy; jk;ik nguk;ghyk; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. vlj;jf;fhl;lhf rpwpyq;fhtpw;fhd Kd;idehs; mnkupf;fj; ÀJtuhd n[/g;wp yd;];ul; vd;ghu; 2002/2006 fhyj;jpy; rpwpyq;fhtpd; rkhjhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fspy; mnkupf;fhtpd; gq;f vd;dk; jdj mz;ika fl;liuapy;> gdpg;nghupd; KbTld; rpwpyq;fhtpd;kpj,ue;j mnkupf;fhtpd; fuprid Nja;e;Jtpl;lJ. kpf mz;kpj;j 2000 Mz;by; $l ru;tnjr mgptpuj;jpf;fhd 8

9 mnkupf;f Kftu; jhgdk; mgptpuj;jpf;fhd cjtpfis fzprkhff; Fiwg;gJgw;wp cj;njrpj;jpue;jj Mz;by; Muk;gkhd Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l <LghlhdJ rpwpyq;fhtpy; mnkupf;fhtpw;f cs;fs Nfe;jpu eyd;fs; fzprkhf,y;yhjnghjpyk;,lk;ngw;ws;sj. rpwpyq;fhtpy; mnkupf;fhtpw;f murpay;,uhzt eyd;fs; ngupjhf,y;iy. mj;njhl rpwpyq;fhtpd;f,uhztj; jsq;fs;%j mnkupf;fhtpw;f mf;fiw,y;iy. nghushjhu tu;j;jf epiyg;ghl;by; rpwpyq;fh mnkupf;fhtpd; ngupa tu;j;jfg; gq;fhspahf,uf;fk; rhj;jpak; mz;ikapy;,y;iy. mnkupf;f cs;ehl;l murpaypy; nry;thf;fr; nryj;jk; mstpyhd rpwpyq;fhtpd; r%fj;jpdu; mnkupf;fhtpy;,y;iy 38 vdf; $Wfpd;whu;. gioa gdpg;nghupd; KbTld; Gjpa gdpg;nghu; xd;w Muk;gkhfptpl;lij ÀJtu; n[/g;wp yd;];ul; Fwpg;gplj; jtwptpl;lhu;. Mrpaf; flnyhuq;fspy; vor;rp ngw;wtuk; rpdhthy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tjgw;wp Kj;Jf;ffspd; Nfhu;it vd;w mnkupf;f ny/g;updd; nfhydy; fpwp];njhgu; N[. ngw;rdhy; vog;fgg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp,tu; Ngrj; jtwptpl;lhu;. Nfe;jpu eyd;fs;,y;iy vd,tu;fs; kwf;fyhk;,ue;jnghjk; mtw;iw vy;yh NeuKk; kiwf;f KbahJ. mnkupf;f,uhztj;jpdiu Mgj;jpw;Fs;shf;fhJ fly; rz;il rk;ge;jkhd mz;ikf;fhy Nfhl;ghLfis gupl;rpf;fk; nghul;lk;>>,g; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; tsu;e;j tuk; rpdhtpd;,ug;gpid jhf;fg;gpbg;gjd; nghul;lk; epyj;jpyk; epupyk; mj;njhl fpsu;r;rpfsf;f vjpuhd,uhzt Kiwfis gupl;rpf;fk; nghul;lk; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd gilapdiu,wf;fp mnkupf;f fly;gilapdu; rpwpy;fhtpd; fly; gilapduld;,ize;j,k;khjj;jpd; gpw;gfjpapy; gapw;rpfis elj;jtu;.,e;jpaf; flw;gilapdupd; rpwpyq;fhtpd; fly;gilf;fhd gapw;rp - uhfy; Ngb> mf;nuhgu; 25> (45),e;J rkj;jpuj;jpy; rpdhtpd; fly;gilapd; tsu;r;rpgw;wp GJnly;fpapy;,e;jpa mnkupf;f ghjfhg;g $l;l eltbf;if FOtpdupd; filrpf; $l;lj;jpy; (Vg;gpuy; 10> 2007) mf;fiwald; Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;njhl kad;khu;> tq;fhsnjrk;> rpwpyq;fh> khiyjptfs;> Nra;nry];> nkhwprpa];> klfh];fu; Nghd;w ehlfsldhd rpdhtpd;,uhzt fly;topj; njhlu;gfspd; jpbu; tsu;r;rpak;,f; $l;lj;jpy; fuj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lj.,g; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; 200 Mz;Lfshf epytpa Mq;fpynkhop,dj;jtupd;,Ug;ghdJ,g;Ngh jkj eyq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhfTk;> ghjfhg;gjw;fhftk; mnkupf;fhtpdjk; rpdhtpdjk; tutpd;%yk; Gwk;js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.,e;J rkj;jpuj;jpd; clikahsu;fs; jkj eyq;fisg; ghjfhf;fk; nghul;l xd;w$lk; fhyk;,jty;ynth. mw;wy; Nlt; - nkhwprpa]; iuk;];> Nk 25> jkj eyd;fisg; gfpuq;fkhf ntspg;glj;jtjpy; ru;tnjr r%fj;jpdu; fhl;lk; jaf;fk; Gupe;Jnfhs;sj;jf;f xd;whf,uf;fyhk;. murfs; kw;iwa murfspd; myty;fspy; jiyapltjw;fhf kdpj cupikfisak; kdpjhgpkhkhdr; rl;lq;fisak; futpfshf mbf;fb gad;glj;jtijak; ehq;fsk; milahsk; fz;lnfhs;sntz;lk;. vlj;jf;fhl;lhf gdpg;nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;fpid Mw;wpa n`y;rpq;fp ftdpg;ig ehk; nfhz;bue;njhk;.,g;nghj n`y;rpq;fp ftdpg;g kdpj cupikfs; ftdpg;ghf Kjpu;r;rpngw;Ws;sJ.,tw;iwr; nrhd;dnghjpyk; rpwpyq;fhkpjhd jkj nrhe;j Nfe;jpu eyd;fis (Kuz;gl;l) ru;tnjrr; rf;jpfs; kwg;gjhdj mq;fs;s cz;ikahd gpur;ridfis jpiuapl;l kiwg;gjhfk;.,j mu;j;jks;s Kuz;ghl;Lj; jpu;tf;fhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis iff;nfhs;s toprikf;fhj. jpf;nfhopiag;nghy; ehq;fs; vy;nyhuk; nkhj;jkhfj; jiyfis kzypy; Gijf;fKbahJ.,e;jf; fuj;juq;fpd; Nehf;fk;,yq;ifj;jPtpy;,lk;ngWk; Kuz;ghl;by; ru;tnjrr; rf;jpfspd; Nfe;jpu eyd;fs; gw;wpa vkj Gupe;Jzu;it tsu;j;jf;nfhs;tnj vd ehd; ek;g tpuk;gfpd;nwd;. ve;jstpw;f,tu;fsj Nfe;jpu eyd;fis ehk; kiwtplj;jpy;,ue;j ntspf;nfhzufpd;nwhnkh me;jstpw;f jptpy; cs;s Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd 9

10 jpu;khdj;ij Mf;féu;tkhd tifapy; vk;khy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yf;$bajhf,uf;fyhk;.,j jkpo;kf;fsk; rpq;fskf;fsk; mtu;fis vjpu;nehf;fk; cz;ikahd murpaypd; fdptw;w ajhu;j;jpid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;stk; toptff;fk;. Ngr;rpd; Muk;gj;jpy; rpy nrhw;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpyk; jkpopyk; $wp Muk;gpj;jjw;fhd fhuzj;jpw;f,j vd;id,l;lr; nry;fpd;wj. Kbtpy; rpyuf;f,j ve;fjstpw;f fbdkhfj; njupe;jhyk;. vg;gb Rje;jpukhd> fl;lw;w,uz;l kf;fs; xutuld; xutu; vt;thw,ize;jnfhs;syhk; vd;w jkpo; kf;fsk; rpq;fskf;fsk; xutuld; xutu; Ngrpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. jkpopoj;jpd; jiytu; NtYg;gps;is gpughfud; 1993,y; $wpa,e;j cyfkhdj khdpl ju;kj;jpd; rf;fuj;jpy; Roytpy;iy. xt;nthu ehlk; jdj Njrpa Raeyj;ijNa Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpj cupik> kf;fs; cupik> vd;w jhu;kpf mwj;jpyk; ghu;f;f nghushjhu> tu;j;jf eyd;fns,d;iwa cyf xoq;if epu;zapf;fpd;wd. Mifahy; vkj Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jhu;kpf mwj;jpid ru;tnjr r%fk; cldbahf mq;fpfupf;fk; vd; ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ thu;j;ijfsld; ehd; vd; ciuia Kbj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. ed;wp. k. jdghyrpq;fk;> rpl;dp mt];jpnuypah. 1 Minute on Indian Education, 2 February See generally on Civic Nationalism & Ethno Nationalism at "...In the Sinhala language, the words for nation, race and people are practically synonymous, and a multiethnic or multi communal nation or state is incomprehensible to the popular mind. The emphasis on Sri Lanka as the land of the Sinhala Buddhists carried an emotional popular appeal, compared with which the concept of a multiethnic polity was a meaningless abstraction..." (Sinhala Historian K. M. de Silva in Religion, Nationalism and the State, USF Monographs in Religion and Public Policy, No.1 (Tampa, FLA: University of South Florida 1986) at p31 quoted by David Little in Religion and Self Determination in Self Determination - International Perspectives, MacMillan Press, 1996 quoted at The central place of Buddhism in the constitution of the Singhalese territorial relation of a nation goes back to the Sinhalese histories of the fourth and fifth centuries of the Christian era, the Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa. There one finds the myth of the visit of the Buddha to Sri Lanka, during which he freed the Island of its original supernatural and evil inhabitants, the Yakkas. As a result the Buddha had sanctified the entire island transforming it into a Buddhist territory. These histories thus asserted a territorial relation between Sinhalese and Buddhism, the stability of which was derived from a perceived order of the universe, that is, the actions of the Buddha. The reaffirmation of that relation may be observed to-day in the shrines throughout the island at Mahiyangana, where the supposed collarbone of the Buddha is kept, at Mount Samantakuta, where the Buddha s supposed fossilized footprint may be seen and the most important one at Kandy, supposedly containing the relic of the Buddha s tooth." Stephen Grossly, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Clemson University on The primordial, kinship and nationality. When is the Nation? Edited by Atsuko Ichijo and Gordana Uzelac Routledge (2005) p 68 quoted at See The Indian Ocean Region - a Story told in Pictures "..Myanmar's military government leased the Coco Islands to the Chinese in China has a maritime reconnaissance and electronic intelligence station on the Great Coco Island and is building a base on Small Coco Island. The significance of these facilities for China stems from the fact that the Coco Islands are located at a crucial point in traffic routes between the Bay of Bengal and the Malacca Strait and lie very close to India. Sudha Ramachandran in Myanmar plays off India and China, 17 August Andaman Islands & the Straits of Malacca - a Choke Point of the Indian Ocean at 10

11 7 8 9 Chinese Submarine Base in the Maldives at _China Indian Monitoring Station in Madagascar Gwadar in Pakistan: China's Naval Outpost on the Indian Ocean at 10 Indian Defense Minister Pranab Mukherjee said on May 31 that the naval base INS Kadamba in Karwar, Karnataka state will protect the country's Arabian Sea maritime routes. Kadamba will become India's third operational naval base, after Mumbai and Visakhapatnam. India's Project Seabird and Indian Ocean's Balance of Power, PINR, 20 July 2005 at 11 US Navy is upgrading its submarine base at the isolated tropical atoll Diego Garcia 12 US Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan quoted by Cdr. P K Ghosh in Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean, 18 January Ocean.pdf 13 "...Next to nothing has been written about the U-boat war in the Indian Ocean The battle began in August 1943, when a German submarine arrived in the Malaysian harbour of Georgetown. In total, nearly forty U-boats were assigned to penetrate the Indian Ocean, serving alongside troops of the occupying Imperial Japanese forces..." Lawrence Paterson - Hitler's Grey Wolves: U-Boats in the Indian Ocean 14 World Fact Book, C.I.A 15 The International Frame of the Tamil Eelam - The Oil Dimension at 16 China is the world's number two oil consumer after the U.S. and has accounted for 40 percent of the world's crude oil demand growth since in the presence of sporadic power shortages, growing car ownership and air travel across China and the importance of energy to strategically important and growing industries such as agriculture, construction, and steel and cement manufacturing, pressure is going to mount on China to access energy resources on the world stage. Setting the Stage for a New Cold War: China's Quest for Energy Security - PINR, 25 February " The geopolitical strategy dubbed the String of Pearls is arising as foreign oil becomes a center of gravity critical to China s energy needs. China s rising maritime power is encountering American maritime power along the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) that connect China to vital energy resources in the Middle East and Africa. The String of Pearls describes the manifestation of China s rising geopolitical influence through efforts to increase access to ports and airfields, develop special diplomatic relationships, and modernize military forces that extend from the South China Sea through the Strait of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and on to the Arabian Gulf String of Pearls: Meeting the Challenge of China s Rising Power Across the Asian Littoral Lt.Col. Christopher J. Pehrson, July Barry Desker, Director IDSS, Singapore in Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific - Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, 8th 9th March see also Let this be clear: the two major powers of the region, China and India, are scrambling for advantage around the Indian Ocean's rim. China is building military and naval links with Bangladesh and Myanmar. The cooperation between China and African countries is now getting more and more visible, particularly after the China-Africa summit in Beijing in November Reports available indicate that both India and the United States are studying intensely this rise in Chinese activity. Atul Dev on The Indian Ocean: Current Security Environment, 25 May Donald L. Berlin, Head of Security Studies, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii Adam Wolfe, Yevgeny Bendersky, Dr. Federico Bordonaro - India's Project Seabird and Indian Ocean's Balance of Power, PINR, 20 July "Evolving Entente": Geostrategic Import of the Coming Bay of Bengal Naval Exercise, Ramtanu Maitra, 27 July "..Rice's announcements culminate a major revision of Washington's overall geostrategy that has been in the making since 2004 when the failures of the Iraq intervention exposed the limitations of U.S. military capabilities and threw into question the unilateralist doctrine outlined in the administration's 2002 National Security Strategy... Rice's reforms are significant because they are embraced by a multipolar perspective on world politics that brings Washington into line with the other major power centers. Her reforms put into place concrete measures that follow from that perspective, even though they are -- as should be expected -- just a beginning... other power centers will welcome Washington's acknowledgment of multipolarity at the same time that they will be challenged by it..." Condoleezza Rice Completes 11

12 Washington's Geostrategic Shift, 1 February 2006 at 23 Defence Agreement between His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the Government of Ceylon, 4 February Exchange of Letters between UK and Australia concerning Defence Agreement between UK and Ceylon, See generally Stirling Naval Base in Australia at 26 Strategic Significance of Sri Lanka - Ramesh Somasundaram of Deakin University quoted by P.K. Balachandran in Hindustan Times, 30 May 2005 at 27 See generally Thimpu Talks - July/August Exchange of Letters between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lanka President J.R.Jayawardene, 29 July 1987 preceding Signing of Agreement 29 Proclamation of Eelam Day by Governor of the State of Massachusetts, 22 May Resolution of US Massachusetts House of Representatives Calling for the Restoration of the Separate Sovereign State of Tamil Eelam, 18 June Proclamation by Mayor of Somerville, Sister City of Trincomalee, Eelam (Naval Base), 22 June "...Most Tamil separatists from Sri Lanka had accepted the Indian offer (to provide arms and training) at its face value, thinking that New Delhi was reaching out to them out of genuine concern for their condition. However, an extraordinary revelation began to unfold as the training started. Many guerrillas realized that the training was just a subterfuge for a larger strategic game that India was attempting to play, a game in which the Tamil rebels may end up being just expendable pawns Narayan Swamy, M.R. - Inside an Elusive Mind - Prabhakaran Published by Literate World, Inc, USA, 2003 at 33 Jyotindra Nath Dixit on Indira Gandhi and India's Motivations in 'Setting the Stage for a New Cold War: China's Quest for Energy Security, PINR Re port 25 February see also US Strategic Interests in Sri Lanka, Dharmaretnam Sivaram, 30 July 'China, a benign and sincere friend of Sri Lanka' Text of speech delivered by (SLFP led Peoples Alliance) Sri Lanka Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar 9 April See generally China Hambantota Project at 37 Another U.S. base in the Indian Ocean? B. Muralidhar Reddy in the Hindu, 9 March 2007 quoted at 38 United States Role in Sri Lanka Peace Process , Jeffrey Lunstead, 15 May 2007 at 39 US marines to train Sri Lankan navy, Rahul Bedi, 25 October 2006 at 40 The Indian Ocean Current Security Environment, Atul Dev Mauritius Times, 25 May 2007 at 12