gpw;nrh;f;if 2 Nrhog; Nguurpid ]{dpad; vd;w Fwpg;gpLk; rpd thrfq;fs;

Transcription

1 gpw;nrh;f;if 2 Nrhog; Nguurpid ]{dpad; vd;w Fwpg;gpLk; rpd thrfq;fs; mwpkfk; Songshi-y; fhzg;glk; Nrho muirg; (Zhu-nian) gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Song huiyao (lidai chaogong), Nrho ehl;lj; J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;w gfjpfs;@ Zhufan zhi y; fhzg;glk; Nrhog; Nguuirg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Lingwai daida-y; fhzg;glk; Nrho muirg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Nrho kd;dd; vd;w ek;gitj;j Di-hua-jia-luo gw;wpa Fwpg;G@ Songshi-y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Pugan(gh;kh) ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;. mwpkfk;,e;jg; gpw;nrh;f;ifapy;> ]{dpad; vd;w Nrho muirf; Fwpg;gpLk; Nrhq; (Song fp.gp )> Athd;(Yuan fp.gp ) Ml;rpf; fhyq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ehd;f rpd E}y;fspd; gfjpfis nkhopg;ngah;j;js;nshk;. me;j E}y;fs; Song huiyao 1, Songshi 2, Zhufan zhi 3, Lingwai daida 4 Mfpait. mnj fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Wenxian tongkao 5 vd;w E}ypYk; Nrhog; Nguuirg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mjd; nkhopg;ngah;g;g,q;f,lk; ngwhjjw;fhd fhuzj;ijg; gpwf ghh;g;nghk;. Songshi-y; Zhu-nian-d; murd; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Di-hua-jia-luo-itg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igAk;>

2 340 mjd; njhlh;gpy; Pu-gan muirg; gw;wpa nkhopg;ngah;g;igak; Nrh;j;Js;Nshk;.,e;jg; gpw;nrh;f;ifia vojtjpy; ehq;fs; mdf;fkhf xj;jioj;js;nshk; vd;w NghjpYk;> nkhopg;ngah;g;gpd; ek;gfj;jd;ik mij nkhopg;ngah;j;jtiuna NrUk;. Songshi vd;gj Nrhq; mur guk;giuiag; (Song Dynasty) gw;wp Tuotuo vd;gtuhy; njhff;fg;gl;l fp.gp ,y; ntspaplg;gl;l mjpfhug+h;t tuyhw MFk;. 6 nkhj;jk;,ugj;ije;j tuyhwfs; cs;sd. Nrho muirg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G> 489Mk; RUspy; tho;f;if tuyhw gw;wpa gfjpapy; tufpwj. Wenxian tongkao vd;gj rpd tuyhw gw;wpa Kf;fpa VL. Ma Duanlin vd;gtuhy; njhff;fg;gl;l fp.gp ,y; ntspaplg;gl;l me;j Vl;bd; ehd;f jpirfspyk; cs;s fhl;lkpuhz;bfs; vd;w gfjpapy; Zhu-nian muirg; gw;wp tuzpf;fg;gl;ls;sj. Song huiyao vd;git mjpfhug+h;t Mtzq;fspd; njhfg;gfshfk;. mit xt;nthu mur guk;giuapd; eltbf;iffisak; gjpt nra;fpd;wd. MfNt mur guk;giu tuyhwfis vojpath;fs; mijna mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ldu;. Song huiyao-d; Guhjdkhd gj;jj; njhfg;gfspd; Kf;fpakhd gfjpfs; Songshi-I njhff;fk;nghj mope;jngha;tpl;ld. gpw;fhyj;jpy; kwgbak; mr;rplg;gl;l rpy E}y;fspy;,lk;ngw;Ws;s gfjpfns,d;w cs;sd. JujpU\;lkhf jw;nghjs;s Song huiyao-d; gfjpapy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; %y E}ypy; me;j tptuq;fs;,lk;ngw;wpuf;f Ntz;Lk;. vq;rpapug;gj Nrho ehl;bypue;j mdg;gg;gl;l %d;w J}Jf; FOf;fisg; gw;wpa tptunk. me;jj; J}Jg; gazq;fisg; gw;wpa nkhopngah;g;gfs;,e;jg; gpw;nrh;f;ifapy;,lk;ngwfpd;wd. me;j %d;w VLfisj; jtph;j;j> Zhu-nian gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa Nrhq; (Song) Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j NkYk;,uz;L Kf;fpa E}y;fs; cs;sd. mit fly; %yk; nrd;wilaf;$ba njd;fpof;f> njw;f> Nkw;F Mfpa ehlfisg; gw;wpait. me;ehlfspy; thok;,dq;fs;> nghuspay; #oy; gw;wp me;j E}y;fs; tuzpf;fpd;wd. mit fp.gp y; Zhou Qufei vojpa Lingwai daida, fp.gp. 1225y; Zhao Rugua vojpa Zhufan zhi Mfpait. Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf mjd; gpw;gfjpapy; ntspehlfsldhd fly; tzpf cwtfisf; fl;lg;glj;jpa tijushibo 7 vd;w mytyfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wj. njd; rpdhtpy; Fthq;# (Guangzhou), Fthd;# (Quanzhou) Nghd;w gy th;j;jf epiyaq;fspy; mjd; fpisfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. Zhao Rugua

3 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 341 Fthd;#tpy; cs;s tijushibo mytyfj;jpy; gzpghpe;jhu;. Zhou Qufei rpwpj fhyk; njd; rpdhtpy; cs;s Guilin-d; Jiz MSeuhf,Ue;jhu;. mjdhy; ntspehl;bypue;j tuk; khykpfs; kw;wk; tzpfh;fsplkpue;j fly; tzpfj; Njrq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mth;fshy; ngw Kbe;jJ.,UtUNk Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wp tuzpj;jpuf;fpd;wdu;. Zhao Rugua gy jfty;fis Lingwai daida Vl;bypUe;J vlj;jf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; vd;w NghjpYk; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa mtuj tuzid Zhou Qufei-d; tuzidia tpl epskhdj> tptukhdj. Nrhq; (Song), Athd; (Yuan) Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspd; NghJ ntspaplg;gl;l rpdg; Gj;jfq;fs; gytw;wpy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; Xu Zizhitongjian 8, Yuhai 9, Shantang xiansheng qunshu kasuo 10, Shilin yanyu 11, Wenchang zalu 12 Mfpait mlq;fk;. Mdhy; mtw;wpy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa tptuq;fs; VJk;,y;iy vd;gjhy; mtw;iw,e;j nkhopg;ngah;g;gpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.,q;f nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;ls;s gfjpfs; rpy> xd;w kw;wijg; NghyNt,Uf;Fk;. Songshi Vl;bYk; Wenxian tongkao Vl;bYk;,lk;ngWk; Zhunian gw;wpaj; jfty;fs; xnu khjphpahdit. rpy rpdr; nrhw;fs; kl;lk; khwpas;sd 13. Songshi-y; fhzg;glk; rpy,lq;fspd; ngah;fsk;> jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; ngah;fsk; Wenxian tongkao-y; tplgl;buf;fpd;wd. xnu khjphpahd gjptfs;,lk;ngw;wpug;gj me;j,u VLfisAk; njhfj;jth;fs; xnu %yj;ijg; gad;glj;jpaj xu fhuzkhf,uf;fyhk;. Songshi gpw;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;gjhy; mj Wenxian tongkao Vl;bd; cjtpia ehbapuf;ff;$lk;. mtruj;jpy; njhff;fg;gl;l Songshi, Nrho ehl gw;wpa tptuq;fs; cl;gl gy tptuq;fis Wenxian tongkao-y;,ue;j gpujp vlj;jj vd;gj njspthfpwj.,ue;jhyk; Songshi, Wenxian tongkao-y; tplgl;lg;nghd gyuj ngah;fisak;>,lq;fisak; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjdhy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa gfjpapy; Wenxian tongkao-iaj; jtpu NtW Mjhuq;fisAk; mj gad;glj;jpapuf;fk; vd;w KbTf;F tu KbfpwJ. Nrho ehl;by; cs;s 31 FbapUg;Gfisg;(buluo) gw;wp Songshi-y;,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; jfty; Wenxian tongkao-y;,y;iy vd;whyk;> Zhufan zhi vd;w kw;nwhu E}ypy;,Uf;fpwJ. me;jj; jfty;fisj; njw;fhrpahtpy;,ue;j te;j khykpfsplkk; tzpfh;fsplkk; Zhao Rugua ngw;wpuf;ff;$lk;. mnj Ntisapy;> Zhufan zhi-y;,lk;ngw;ws;s rpy gfjpfs; Lingwai daida-tpypue;j vlf;fg;gl;lit. mjdhy; Wenxian

4 342 tongkao-it vojpatu; Zhufan zhi, Lingwai daida Mfpa E}y;fisg; ghh;j;j vojpapuf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j Ie;J E}y;fspYk;,lk;ngWk; xnu khjphpahd gfjpfs;> ntspehlfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; rpd voj;jhsh;fs; gfph;e;j nfhz;ldu; vd;gijf; fhl;lfpwj. mjdhy; Nrho ehl Nghd;w ntspehlfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fspd; %yk; vj vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gjw;fr; rpukkhf cs;sj. Wenxian tongkao-y; cs;s Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis Marquis d Hervey de Saint-Denys 14 vd;gtu; fp.gp ,y; gpnuq;r nkhopapy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu;. mtu; nra;j nkhopg;ngah;g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwf Mq;fpy nkhopg;ngah;g;g nra;ag;gl;lj 15. Friedrich Hirth, W.W.Rockhill MfpNahu; fp.gp.1911-,y; Zhufan zhi-i Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jdu; 16. Lingwai daida-it n[h;kd; nkhopapy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu; Almut Netolitzky vd;gtu; 17. Mdhy; Songshi-y; cs;sit,jtiu ve;j Nkw;fj;jpa nkhopapyk; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lj,y;iy. Wenxian tongkao-d; gpnuq;r> Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;gfisr; rpdu; my;yhj fy;tpahsh;fs; gutyhf gad;glj;jp te;jpue;j NghjpYk; mtw;wpy; jpuj;jg;gl Ntz;ba gy jtwfs; cs;sd. Songshi-y; fhzg;glk; jfty;fis xj;jpug;gjhy; Wenxian tongkao-d; nkhopg;ngah;g;ig,q;f ehq;fs; ntspapltpy;iy.,u E}y;fSf;Fk;,ilapy; cs;s Ntw;Wikfs;,q;F,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; Wenxian tongkao-d; Gjpa nkhopg;ngah;g;ng,e;j gpw;nrh;f;ifapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpd voj;jf;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; gbg;gjw;f jw;nghija midj;jyf Kiwahd pinyin-i ehq;fs; gad;glj;jpapuf;fpnwhk;.,j d Hervey de Saint-Denys, Hirth, Rockhill MfpNahu; gad;glj;jpa Wade-Giles Kiwf;F khwgl;lj. gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; njd; rpdhtpy; eilkiwapy;,ue;j cr;rhpg;gg; ghzpapnyna> [g;ghdpah;fsk;> nfhhpah;fsk; rpdr; nrhw;fis,d;wk; cr;rhpf;fpd;wdu;. 18,lq;fs;> egh;fspd; ngah;fisj; jkpopy; khw;wk; NghJ Pinyin KiwNa ifahsg;gl;buf;fpwj. 1) Nrhq;\papy; (Songshi) cs;s Nrho (Zhu-nian) mur gw;wpa tptuq;fs;. 19 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noburu Karashima) Fwpg;GfSld; nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;gl;lj fpof;fpy;> flypy;,ue;j Ie;J yp(li) 20 njhiytpy; (xu li vd;gj miu fpnyhkpl;lu; J}uk;) ]{dpad; ehl,uf;fpwj. jpad;]{it(tian-zhu) 21 mila Nkw;Nf 1>500 li nry;y Ntz;Lk;. njw;nf 2>500 li nrd;why;

5 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 343 YNth yhd; (Luo-lan) 22 tuk;. tlf;nf 3>000 li njhiytpy; Jd;jpad; (Dun-tian) cs;sj. 23 Mjp fhyj;jpypue;nj me;ehl;lf;fk; rpdhtf;fk;,ilapy; njhlh;gfs;,ue;jjpy;iy. me;ehl;il miltjw;f fly;topahff; Fthq;#tpy; (Guangzhou),Ue;J 411>400 li gazk; nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;. me;jr; rhk;uh[paj;jpy; VO mb caukila VO kjpy; Rth;fisf; nfhz;l efuk; xd;ws;sj. mjd; ntspr;rtu;> tlf;fpypue;j njw;f tiu 12 li njhiytk;> fpof;fpypue;j Nkw;F tiu 7 li njhiytk; cs;sj 24. xt;nthu kjpy; RtUf;Fk;,ilapy; E}W mb,ilntsp cs;sj. Kjy; ehd;f kjpy; Rth;fs; nrq;fy;yhy; Mdit. mjw;f mlj;j,uz;lk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit. Mff; filrp kjpy; kuj;jhy; MdJ. Xt;nthU RtUf;F,ilapYk; gytif G+r;nrbfSk; gokuq;fsk; cs;sd. Rw;wpYk; epnuhilfs; XLk;. Kjy; %d;w Rth;fSf;F,ilg;gl;l gfjpfspy; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. 25 ehd;fhk; kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; ehd;f mikr;rh;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. Ie;jhk; tshfj;jpy; kd;dhpd; ehd;f kfd;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. MwhtJ kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; Gj;j klhyaq;fs; cs;sd. mq;f E}W ngsj;j gpf;ffs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. VohtJ kjpy; RtUf;Ff;F cl;gl;l muzpy;> 400f;Fk; mjpfkhd miwfisf; nfhz;l muz;kid cs;sj. 26 kd;dhpd; Ml;rpapd; fpo; 31 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd. 27 Nkw;Nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Zhu-du-ni, Shi-ya-lu-ni, Luo-pa-li-biepa-yi, Bu-lin-pa-bu-ni, Gu-tan-bu-lin-pu-deng, Gu-li, Suo-lun-cen, Ben-tijie-ti, Yan-li-chi-li, Na-bu-ni, Zhe-gu-lin kw;wk; Ya-li-zhe-lin Mfpait. njw;nf cs;s 8 FbapUg;Gfs;:Wu-ya-li-ma-lan, Mei-gu-li-ku-di, She-lini, Mi-duo-luo-mo, Qie-lan-pu-deng, Meng-qie-lie-gie-lan, Pa-li-pa-li-you kw;wk; Ya-li-chi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. tlf;nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: 28 Bo-luo-ye, Wu-mo-li-jiang, Zhu-lin, Jia-li-meng-que-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Pi-lin-qie-lan, Pu-leng-he-lan, Bao-pa-lai, Tian-zhuli, Lu-po-luo 29 kw;wk; Mi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. jw;nghija kd;du;> mur guk;giuapd; %d;whtj jiykiwiar; Nrh;e;jtu;. nghjkf;fss; xutu; VjhtJ Fw;wk; Ghpe;jhy;> mjw;fj;

6 344 jph;g;g toq;fkhw mikr;ru; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;glthu;. rpwpa Fw;wkhf,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthsp kur; rl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l> %q;fpy; fopahy; 5 Kjy; 100 jlit mbf;fg;glthu;. Fw;wk; nghpjhf,ue;jhy;> Fw;wthspapd; jiy Jz;bf;fg;gLk; my;yj ahidapd; fhyhy; erf;fg;glthu;. tpue;jfspd;nghj> kd;duk; ehd;f mikr;rh;fsk; mhpaizg; gbfsf;f Kd;dhs; kz;bapl;l khpahij njhptpg;gu;. 30 mjd; gpwf mth;fs; xd;whf mkh;e;j Mly;> ghly; Nghd;w Nfspf;iffis urpg;gu;. mth;fs; kj mue;jtjpy;iy> Mdhy; khkprk; rhg;gplfpwhh;fs;. nts;is epw guj;jp MilfisNa tpuk;gp mzpak; mth;fs;> mtpj;j mhprp my;yj NfhJik gyfhuq;fis cz;fpd;wdu;. czt ghpkhwtk;,ju Ntiyfisr; nra;tjw;fk;; gzpg; ngz;fs; cs;sdu;. 31 jpukz Vw;ghLfisr; nra;ak;nghj> khg;gps;is tpl;lf;fhu;fs;,ilj;jufuhf xu khij jq;fk; my;yj nts;sp Nkhjpuj;Jld; ngz; tpl;lf;f mdg;gp itf;fpd;wdu;.,uz;l ehs; fopj;jg; 32 ngz; tpl;lhu; 33 khg;gps;is tpl;lhiur; re;jpg;gu;. mg;nghj ngz;zf;f khg;gps;is tpl;lhu; toq;fk; epyk;> fhy;eilfs;> kj tiffs; Nghd;w ghprg; nghul;fs; rigapy; mwptpf;fg;glk;. mj;jld; ngz; tpl;lhu; khg;gps;isf;fj; jq;fk; my;yj nts;sp Nkhjpuk;> jpukz Mil> 34 jpukzj;jf;fg; ngz; mzpak; gl;lhil Mfpatw;iwg; ghprhf toq;ftu;. khg;gps;isf;fg; ngz; gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mtu; jdf;fj; jug;glk; ghprg; nghul;fis Vw;ff;$lhJ. ngz;zf;f me;jj; jpukzj;jpy; tpug;gkpy;iy vd;why;> jdf;f toq;fg;gl;l nghul;fis,u klq;fhfj; jpuk;gj; ju Ntz;Lk;. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; mth;fs; ahidfis Kd;dhy; epwj;jfpd;wdu;. mjd; gpd;nd Nflak; Ve;jpa tpuh;fs; nry;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fsf;fg; gpd;dhy; Nty;fis(<l;b) Ve;jpa tpuh;fsk;> epz;l ths;fis Ve;jpa tpuh;fsk;> tpy; mk;gfis Ve;jpa tpuh;fsk; thpirahfr; nry;fpd;wdu;. ehd;f mikr;rh;fsk; jq;fsf;fpilapy; gilfisg; gphpj;jf; nfhs;tu;.,e;j ehl;lf;f 2>500 li njd;fpof;nf Xi-lan-chi 35 vd;w ehl,uf;fpwj.,e;j,uz;l ehlfsf;fk;,ilapy; mt;tg;nghj rz;il eilngwk;.,e;jr; rhk;uh[paj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> gtsk;> fz;zhb> ghf;f> Vyf;fha; kw;wk; ji-bei bu 36 Mfpait fpilf;fpd;wd. epz;l thy; nfhz;l gwitfsk; (pheasant) fpspfsk; epiwaf; fhzg;glfpd;wd. mq;ff; fhzg;glk; fha;-fdp tiffs; flf;fha;

7 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 345 (myrobalan), KUq;if(wisteria), ghurpf NghPr;rk;> Njq;fha;> gan-luo 37, ku,-lun-mei, 38 gyhg;gok; Mfpait. mq;ff; fpilf;fk; kyu; tiffs;> nts;is ky;ypif> san-si, 39 she-qi, 40 nrk;guj;jp> li-qiu, 41 epyk;> kq;rs;> gr;ir epwj;jpyhd vuf;fk; G+> ntz;jhkiu> chan-zi 42 kw;wk; shui-jiao 43 Mfpait. mq;fg; gr;irg; gapu;> Nrhah nkhr;ir> NfhJik> mhprp Mfpa jhdpaq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Mjp fhyj;jpypue;nj,e;j uh[pak; ek; ehl;lf;fg; ghprfis mdg;gpajpy;iy. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;L> 9tJ khjj;jpy; (fp.gp.1015) me;ehl;bd; kd;du; Luo-cha-luo-zha 44 ek; ehl;l uh[ rigf;f xu J}Jf; FOit mdg;gpdhu;. mf;fotpy; Jizaikr;ru; Suo-li-san-wen,,uz;lhtJ J}ju; Pu-shu, 45 %d;whtj J}ju; Weng-wu, 46 fhtyhsp Ya-le-jia kw;wk; rpyu; Nrho kd;dhplkpue;j xu fbjj;jldk; ghprg; nghul;fsldk; te;jpue;jdu;. uh[rigf;f te;j San-wen k; kw;wth;fsk;,u iffspyk; jl;by; Kj;Jf;fs;> gr;ir kzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Ve;jp te;j mij mhpaizf;f Kd; nfhl;bdu;. mjd; gpwf Gwk;nrd;W gzpe;jdu;. mth;fs; $wpaij nkhopg;ngah;g;ghsu; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu;. nele;njhiytpy;,ue;j te;jpuf;fk; ehq;fs; rpd ehfhpfj;jpypue;j rpwg;ghdtw;iw fw;wf;nfhs;s te;jpuf;fpnwhk; vd;w mth;fs; $wpdu;. Nrho kd;du; mdg;gpapue;j fbjj;jpy; gpd;tukhw $wg;gl;bue;jj: cq;fs; mbik uh[uh[dhd (Luo-cha-luo-cha) ehd;> vq;fs; ehl;lf;fr; rpwpa fg;gypy; te;jth;fs; %yk; jq;fs; ehl;ilj; jw;nghj Nrhq; rhk;uh[pak; MStjhf njhpe;j nfhz;nld;. Nrhq; mur guk;guiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j,uz;L kd;dh;fsf;fg; gpwf epq;fs; Ml;rp Vw;wpUf;fpwPh;fs; vd;gij ehq;fs; mwpfpnwhk;. 47 jq;fs; el;ig ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w ehd; vz;zpndd;. me;jr; #hpaidg; Nghy jq;fsf;fg; gzptpil nra;a tpuk;gfpnwd;. jq;fs; muritapy; vdj J}jh;fs; %ykhf ehd; vdj gutrj;ijj; njhptpf;fpnwd;. 48 cq;fs; Ml;rp vy;iyaw;wj vd;wk; cq;fs; kf;fs; vq;fpue;jhyk; cq;fsf;f mbgzpfpwhh;fs; vd;wk; mwpfpnwd;. ey;yhl;rp juk; epq;fs;>,jw;f Kd; Njhd;wpa kd;dh;fis cq;fs; rhjidfs; %yk; kpq;rptpl;bh;fs;. cq;fs; eph;thfj;jpwid tpz;zk; kz;zk; mwpak;. cq;fspd; nry;thf;fpd; gyk; gpugq;rj;ijak; cq;fspd;

8 346 nja;tpf rf;jp ahiuak; cq;fs; mlf;fk; cq;fs; cau; gz;gfs; jq;fspd; kf;fsplj;jpyk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. cq;fs; ey;nyhof;fk; nrb nfhbfisf;$l ghjfhj;jpuf;fpwj. cq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik Mo;flypy; cs;s kpd;fisak; nrd;w Nrh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. Mjyhy; thdyfnk cq;fs; cd;djr; rhjidfis nkr;rfpwj. rhk;uh[paj;jpy; ahunk,jw;fkd;,j;jifa rhjidfisr; nra;jjpy;iy. cq;fs; mbikahfpa ehd;> gy jiykiwfshf xu fhl;lkpuhz;b efhpy; tho;e;jjdhy;> nfhr Nghy fhfpj eha; Nghy mlf;fkhdtd;. vq;fs; ehl rpdhtpypue;j ntf J}uk; cs;sjhy;,jtiu cq;fisg; gw;wpj; njhpahkyk; ghprg; nghul;fis mdg;gp itf;fhkyk;,ue;njhk;.,g;nghj cq;fs; Gfo; vq;fsf;f vy;iy fle;j hpq;fhukhff; Nfl;fpwJ.,e;jg; ghprfis Neubahf te;j cq;fsf;fj; ju vdf;f taj Nghjtpy;iy vd;gij vz;zp tue;jfpnwd;. ehd; fly;fisf; fle;j ntf J}uj;jpy; cs;s xu Njrj;jpy; tho;fpnwd;.,ilapy; vj;jidnah jilfs; cs;sd.,ug;gpdk; cq;fs; muz;kid thapy; fjtfspy;,ue;j midj;ijak; ghh;j;jf; nfhz;buf;fpnwd;. vdj ehl;lg; ghprg; nghul;fis cq;fsf;f toq;ftj khkprj;ijj; Njb tuk; vwk;gf; $l;lj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. Mjtidf; fz;l tisak; #hpafhe;jpiag; Nghy jq;fsf;f ehd; gzpahw;w tpuk;gfpnwd;. vq;fs; ehl;lg; nghul;fisg; ghprhf toq;f 52 Ngu; mlq;fpa J}Jf; FOit khpahijald; mdg;gp itf;fpnwd;. Kj;Jf;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l Fy;yha;> 21>100 liang (liang = 1 ounce / 37 grams) 49 Kj;Jf;fs;> 60 ahidj; je;jq;fs;> 60 jin 50 rhk;gpuhzp Mfpait vdj ghprg; nghul;fs;. Sun-wen kw;wk; cld; nrd;wth;fs; 6>600 liang Kj;Jf;fisAk; 3>300 jin (xu jin vd;gj 16 liang = 1 catty) thridj; jputpaq;fisak; ghprhf mspj;jdu;. njhlf;fj;jpy; rpdf; fg;gy; xd;w jq;fs; Njrj;ij te;jile;jpug;gjhf Nfs;tpg;gl;l,uh[uh[dplk;> fle;j gj;j Mz;Lfspy; flypy; ve;jg; GaYk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lj. rpdhitr; Nrh;e;j xu Kdptuhy; Gay; jlf;fg;gl;ljhf xu tnahjpfu; %yk;,uh[uh[d; mwpe;j nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; mtd;> San-wen %yk; rpdhtf;fg; ghprg; nghul;fis mdg;gp itj;jhd;.

9 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 347 Nrho ehl;bypue;j 51 Gwg;gl;l San-wen, xu fg;gypy; 77 gfy;fsk;>,utfsk; gazk; nra;j Na-wu-dan shan, Suo-li-xi-lan shan Mfpaj; jptfisf; fle;j Zhanbin ([hk;gp) Njrj;ijr; nrd;wile;jhd;. mq;fpue;j NkYk; 61 jpdq;fs; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L Yi-ma-luo-li shan jpitf; fle;j Gu-luo 52 ehl;il mile;jhd;. Gu-luo vd;w kiy,ug;gjhy; me;ehl;lf;f mg;ngau;. mtu; kpz;lk; 71 ehl;fs; gazk; nra;j Jia-ba shan, Zhan-bu-luo shan 53, Zhou-bou-long shan Mfpaj; jptfisf; fle;j San-fo-qi 54 ehl;il mile;jhu;. mjd; gpwf kpz;lk; 18,uTfSk; gfy;fsk; gazpj;j> Man shan 55 kiyf;f munf Mw;wpd; KfthapYf;Ff; FWf;Nf nrd;w Tian-zhu shan 56 jpt topahf Bin-tou-lang shan 57 mile;jhu;. fg;gypy;,ue;j 100 li fpof;nf mth;fs; Xiwangmu 58 (Chinese goddess of immortality)-tpd; fy;yiwiag; ghh;j;jdu;. mjd; gpwf NkYk; 20 jpdq;fs; gazk; nra;j Yangshan, Jiuxingshan Mfpaj; jptfisf; fle;j Fthq;#tpy; (Guangzhou) cs;s Pipazhou 59/60 it mile;jdu;. jq;fs; ehl;il tpl;lg; Gwg;gl;l 1> jpdq;fsf;fg; gpwnf mth;fshy; Fthq;#it mila Kbe;jJ. te;jth;fis cahpa khpahijald; elj;jp Qui-ci ehl;lj; J}jh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mnj me;j];ij toq;fk;gb mur rig mytyuf;f 62 kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu; 63. mt;thz;by; kd;dhpd; gpwe;jehspd;nghj 64 > nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; Qisheng chanyuan 65 klhyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngsj;j gpf;ffsld; Nrh;e;Jnfhs;s mdkjp mspf;fkhw San-wen k; kw;wth;fsk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. me;jj; J}jh;fs; mlj;j Mz;by; 66 murhizaldk; uh[ uh[ NrhoDf;fhd (Luo-cha-luo-zha) tpiy cah;e;j ghprg; nghul;fsldk; ehl jpuk;gpdu;. Tianxi Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ehd;fhk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1020) Zhu-nian (Nrho ehl) kd;du;> Pa-lan-de-ma-lie-di vd;gtu; jiyikapy; kpz;lk; xu J}Jf; FOitg; ghprfsld; mdg;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mtu; Fthq;# te;j Nrh;e;jTld; Nehapdhy; kuzkile;jhu;. mtu; nfhz;l te;j fbjj;ij Fthq;# MSeu; kd;dhplk; rkh;g;gpj;jhu;. J}Jf; FOTf;F tpue;jfis mspj;j tpiy cah;e;j ghprfsld; topadg;gp itf;fkhw MSeUf;F kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu;. Mingdao Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd;,uz;lhtj Mz;L> gj;jhtj khjj;jpy; (fp. gp. 1033) kd;dd; Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo 67, xu J}Jf; FOit 68 Pu-ya-tuo-li jiyikapy; mdg;gp itj;jhu;. mtu; jq;fj;jhy; vojg;gl;l fbjk; xd;iwak; epiwa ghprg; nghul;fisak; nfhz;l te;jpue;jhu;.

10 348 Kj;Jf;fshy; Md mq;fpak;> Fy;yhAk; mtw;ws; mlq;fk;. mj;jld; 105 liang Kj;Jf;fs;. 100 ahidj; je;jq;fsk; ghprfshff; nfhz;l tug;gl;bue;jd. murit khpahijf;fhd Jizaikr;ru; 69 rhh;gpy; jiyik mytyfj; Jiz Mizau; Wei Zhong mg;ghprfisg; ngw;wf; nfhz;lhu; 70. fly; nfhe;jspg;gpy; jkj fg;gy; %o;fpajhy; gy Kiw Kad;Wk; jhk; rpdhit mila Kbatpy;iy vd;w Pu-yatuo-li njhptpj;jhu; 71. kd;dhpd; mhpaizf;f Kd; Kj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp 72 jk; md;igf; fhl;l tpuk;gtjhf mtu; njhptpj;jhu;. mjd;gbna xu nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fSld; mur rigf;fs; gpuntrpf;f mtu; mdkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. muritapy; kz;bapl;l> mhpaizf;f Kd; Kj;Jf;fisr; rpjw itj;j gpwf mtu; mq;fpue;j tpyfpdhu;. Jingyou Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; Ie;jhtJ Mz;L,uz;lhtJ khjj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1034) muz;kid epgzd; vd;w nfsutg; gl;lj;jld;> jq;f Kj;jpiu> fuq;rptg;g ehlh 73 > gz;gl;l jsgjp Nghd;w tpujfsld; Pu-ya-tuo-li ehl jpuk;gpdhu;. Xining Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; 10Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077) Di-hua-jia-lua 74 vd;w kd;du; 27 Ngu; mlq;fpa J}Jf; FOit mdg;gpdhu;. mf;fotpy; J}ju; Qi-luo-luo,,uz;lhk; J}ju; Nan-bei-pa-da, %d;whk; J}ju; Matu-hua-lo MfpNahu;,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mth;fs; fliy mstpshd Kj;Jf;fisAk; 75 > nghpa fz;zhbf; fpz;zk; 76 > gd;dpu;> nguq;fhak;> jinhua 77, pingxiang 78, jinlianhua 79, muxiang 80, fpuhk;g Nghd;w gytif ghprg; nghul;fisak; nfhz;l te;jpue;jdu;. muritf;fs; Eioe;j,uz;lhk; %d;whk; J}jh;fs;> kz;bapl;l nfhz;l te;jpue;j Kj;Jf;fis jiuapy; rpjw itj;jdu;. mjd; gpwf mth;fis kfpo;tpf;fkhw murit mytyuf;f cj;jutplg;gl;lj. me;j,u J}jh;fSf;Fk; gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. jfjp mbg;gilapy; 81 J}jh;fSf;F MilfSk;> ghz;lq;fsk; ghprhf toq;fg;gl;ld. Nrho kd;duf;f 81>800 nrg;gf; fhrfs; 82 mlq;fpa rukk;> 52>000 ypahq; (liang) nts;spak; ghprhf mdg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld. 2) Song huiyao, lidai chaogong Mfpa VLfspy;,lk;ngw;Ws;s Nrho (Zhu-nian) ehl;lj; J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;w gfjpfs;. 83 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; Fwpg;GfSld; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lj Dazhong Xiangfu Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;L> 9tJ khjk;> 2Mk;

11 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 349 ehsd;w (fp.gp. 1015) Nrho ehl;l kd;dd; jkj J}juhd Suo-li-san-wen,,uz;lhtJ J}ju; Pu-shu 84, %d;whtj J}ju; Weng-wu 85, MfpNahiu ghprg; nghul;fsld; mdg;gp itj;jhu;. uh[rigf;f te;j mth;fs;,u iffspyk; jl;by; Kj;Jf;fs;> gr;ir kzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Ve;jp te;j mij mhpaizf;f Kd; nfhl;bdu;. Kj;Jf;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l mq;fp> Fy;yha; Mfpatw;iw mth;fs; ghprhf mspj;jdu;. mj;jld; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> rhk;gpuhzp> thirdj; jputpaq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ghprspj;jdu;. Shantang kaosuo 86 vd;w %y E}ypy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l jfty;,d;dk; tphpthf cs;sj. J}Jf; FOit Luo-da-luo-zha 87 vd;w Nrho kd;dd; mdg;gp itj;jjhf mjpy; $wg;gl;ls;sj. rpdhtpypue;j nrd;w tzpfu; xutu;> rkar; rlq;ffis elj;jp fpof;ifak; Nkw;ifAk; jq;fs; muru; rhe;jg;glj;jpapug;gjhf Nrho kd;ddplk; njhptpj;jhu;. fle;j gj;j Mz;Lfshf flypy; vt;tpj nfhe;jspg;gk; vw;gl;ljpy;iy vd;w Nrho kd;dd; kwnkhop mspj;jhd;. rpdhtpy; xu Kdptu;,Ug;gjhNyNa mj rhj;jpakhdj vd;w nghpatu; xuthplkpue;j Nfs;tpg;gl;ljhfTk; mtu; $wpdhu;. mjdhy; rpdhtf;f mtu; jdj J}jh;fis mdg;gp itj;jhu;. Mingdao Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd;,uz;lhtj Mz;L> gj;jhtj khjk;> 21tJ ehsd;w (fp.gp. 1033) Nrho kd;dd; Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luozhu-luo 88, xu J}Jf; FOit Pu-ya-tuo-li 89 jiyikapy; mdg;gp itj;jhu;. mtu; jq;fj;jhy; vojg;gl;l fbjk; xd;iwak; epiwa ghprg; nghul;fisak; nfhz;l te;jpue;jhu;. Kj;Jf;fshy; Md mq;fpak;> Fy;yhAk; mtw;ws; mlq;fk;. mj;jld; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs; Mfpait ghprfshff; nfhz;l tug;gl;bue;jd. murhpd; kpj cs;s Nerj;ijf; fhl;l fhl;lkpuhz;b rlq;f xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s tuoli mdkjp Nfl;lhu;. mjw;fhd cj;jut toq;fg;gl;lj. mjd;gbna xu nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fSld; muritapy; kz;bapl;l> mhpaizf;f Kd; Kj;Jf;fisr; rpjw itj;j gpwf mtu; mq;fpue;j tpyfpdhu;. Xining Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 10Mk; Mz;L> 6-tJ khjk;> 7-tJ ehsd;w (fp.gp. 1077) Nrhoehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Di-hua-jia-lua vd;w fanwang 90,uz;L fbjq;fsld; Qi-luo-luo vd;w J}jiu mdg;gpdhu;. xu fbjk; fhl;lkpuhz;b nkhopapyk; kw;nwhd;w rpdj;jpyk;,ue;jj. Kj;Jf;fs;> fw;g+uk;> fhz;lhkpuff; nfhk;gfs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> rhk;gpuhzp> jq;f E}y;,ioj;j Milfs;> fz;zhbf; fpz;zk;> gd;dpu;> kue;jg;

12 350 nghul;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtu; ghprfshff; nfhz;l te;jpue;jhu;. md;w mtuk;,ju J}jh;fSk; muritf;fs; Eioe;J> kz;bapl;l> nfhz;l te;jpue;j Kj;Jf;fisj; jiuapy; rpjw mdkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. me;jr; rlq;fpw;f sandian vd;w ngau;. mjd; gpwf mth;fis kfpo;tpf;f murit Copau; 91 xutiu kd;du; mdg;gp itj;jhh;. 3) Zhufan zhi Vl;by; Nrho ehl (Zhu-nian) gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit. lhd;nrd; nrd; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;gl;lj Zhu-nain rhk;uh[pak; Nkw;Nf cs;s Yin-du-tpd; njd; gfjpapy; cs;sj. mjid mila> fpof;nf fliy Nehf;fp 5 li nry;y Ntz;Lk;@ Nkw;Nf Tian-zhu I mila 1>500 li gazk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;@ njw;nf 2>500 li nrd;why; Luo-lan tuk;@ mjd; gpwf tlf;nf 3>000 li nrd;why; Dun-tian tuk;. me;j ehl;bw;f,jw;f Kd; rpdhtld; ve;j tzpfj; njhlh;gk; fpilahj. mq;fpue;j Fthq;# te;jila flypy; 411>400 li gazk; nra;antz;lk;. 92 me;j ehl;lf;fr; nry;y tpuk;gnthu; Gu-lin-y; glf khw Ntz;Lk;. Pu-gan(gh;kh) topahftk; me;ehl;lf;fr; nry;yyhk; vd;w rpyu; $Wfpwhh;fs;. 93 me;j ehl;by; Vob cauks;s 7 Nfhl;ilfisf; nfhz;l efu; xd;w,uf;fpwj mjd; ntspr;rtu;> tlf;fpypue;j njw;f tiu 12 li njhiytk;@ fpof;fpypue;j Nkw;F tiu 7 li njhiytk; cs;sj. 94 xt;nthu kjpy; RtUf;Fk;,ilapy; E}W mb J}uk;,ilntsp cs;sj. Kjy; ehd;f kjpy; Rth;fs; nrq;fy;yhy; Mdit. mij mlj;j,uz;lk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit. Mff; filrp kjpy; kuj;jhy; MdJ. xt;nthu RtUf;F,ilapYk; gytif G+r;nrbfSk; gokuq;fsk; cs;sd. Rw;wpYk; epnuhilfs; XLk;. Kjy; RtUf;Fk;,uz;lhk; RtUf;F,ilg;gl;l gfjpapy; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. %d;whk; ehd;fhk; kjpy; Rth;fSf;F,ilg;gl;l tshfj;jpy; ehd;f mikr;rh;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. Ie;jhk; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; kd;dhpd; ehd;f kfd;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. MwhtJ kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; Gj;j klhyaq;fs; cs;sd. mq;f E}W ngsj;j gpf;ffs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. VohtJ kjpy; RtUf;F cl;gl;l muzpy;> 400f;Fk; mjpfkhd miwfisf; nfhz;l muz;kid cs;sj. mq;fjhd; kd;du; trpf;fpwhu;.

13 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 351 me;j uh[paj;jpy; 31 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd. 95 Nkw;Nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Zhi-du-ni, Shi-ya-lu-ni, Luo-pa-li-biepa-yi, Bu-lin-pa-bu-ni, Gu-tan-bu-lin-pu-deng, Gu-li, Po-lun-cen, Ben-tijie-ti, Yan-li-chi-li, Na-bu-ni, Zhe-gu-lin kw;wk; Ya-lin-zhe-lin Mfpait. njw;nf cs;s 8 FbapUg;Gfs;: Wu-ya-li-ma-lan, Mei-gu-li-ku-di, She-lini, Mi-duo-luo-mo, Qie-lan-pu-deng, Meng-qie-lin-gie-lan, Pa-li-pa-li-you kw;wk; Ya-lin-chi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. tlf;nf c;s;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Bo-luo-ye, Wu-mo-li-jiang, Jia-li-mengqie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-mengqie-lan, Pi-lin-qie-lan, Pu-leng-he-lan, Bao-pa-lai, Tian-zhu-li, Lu-po-luo 96 kw;wk; Mi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. nghjkf;fss; xutu; VjhtJ Fw;wk; Ghpe;jhy;> mjw;f jph;g;g toq;fk;gb mikr;ru; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gltu;. rpwpa Fw;wkhf,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthsp kur; rl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l> %q;fpy; fopahy; 50 my;yj 70 my;yj 100 jlit mbf;fg;glthu;. Fw;wk; nghpjhf,ue;jhy;> Fw;wthspapd; jiy Jz;bf;fg;gLk; my;yj ahidapd; fhyhy; erf;fg;glthu;. tpue;jfspd;nghj> kd;duk; ehd;f mikr;rh;fsk; mhpaizg; gbfsf;f Kd;dhs; kz;bapl;l khpahij njhptpg;gu;. mjd; gpwf mth;fs; Mbg; ghb kfpo;tu;. mth;fs; kj mue;jtjpy;iy> Mdhy; khkprk; rhg;gplfpwhh;fs;. nts;is epw guj;jp MilfisNa tpuk;gp mzpak; mth;fs;> mtpj;j my;yj Ntfitj;j kht nuhl;bfis cz;fpd;wdu;. czt ghpkhwtk;,ju Ntisfisr; nra;tjw;fk; gzpg; ngz;fs; cs;sdu;. mj;jifa gj;jhapuk; gzpg;ngz;fs; mq;fpuf;fpwhh;fs;. xt;nthu ehsk; khw;wp khw;wp %thapuk; Ngu; gzpghpfpd;wdu;. jpukz Vw;ghLfisr; nra;ak;nghj> khg;gps;is tpl;lf;fhuh;fs; Kjypy; xu ngz; jufiuj; jq;fk; my;yj nts;sp Nkhjpuj;Jld; ngz; tpl;lf;f mdg;gp itf;fpd;wdu;. %d;w jpdq;fsf;fg; gpwf ngz; tpl;lhu; khg;gps;is tpl;lhiur; re;jpj;jr; rpjdkhf toq;fk; epyk;> fhy;eilfs;> kj tiffs; Nghd;w ghprg; nghul;fisj; jph;khdpf;fpd;wdu;. mg;nghj ngz; tpl;lhu; khg;gps;isf;fj; jq;f> nts;sp

14 352 Nkhjpuq;fs;> jpukz Mil> jpukzj;jf;fg; ngz; mzpak; gl;lhil Mfpatw;iwg; ghprhf toq;ftu;. khg;gps;isf;fg; ngz; gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mtu; jdf;fj; jug;glk; ghprg; nghul;fis Vw;ff;$lhJ. ngz;zf;f me;jj; jpukzj;jpy; tpug;gkpy;iy vd;why;> jdf;fj; jug;gl;l nghul;fis,u klq;fhfj; jpuk;gj; ju Ntz;Lk;. 97 me;j uh[paj;jpy; Vuhskhd cau; thpfs; tpjpf;fg;glfpd;wd. mjdhy; tzpfh;fs; mq;fr; nry;y mq;rthh;fs;. me;j uh[pak; Xitian y; cs;s gy;ntw ehlfsld; Nghu; Ghpe;J tufpwj. muz;kidapy; VO Kjy; vl;l mb cauks;s 60 Mapuk; ahidfs; cs;sd. Nghhpd;NghJ tpuh;fs; ahidapd; kpj Vwpr; nry;tu;. vjphp J}uj;jpy; tuk;nghj mth;fs; tpy;yk;gfshy; jhf;ftu;. mufpy; tuk;nghj Nty;fisg; gad;glj;jtu;. ntw;wpngwk; ahidfsf;fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;glk;. rpy Ntisfspy; kd;du; Kd; MAjq;fs; nfhz;l rz;ilapl;l vt;tpj jaf;fkk;,y;yhky; tpu kuzk; milfpd;wdu;. 98 je;ij> kfd;fs;> nghpath;fs;> jk;gpfs; MfpNahUf;Fj; jdpj;jdpg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; rikay; nra;ag;gl;l ntt;ntw ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghpkhwg;glfpwj.,ue;jhyk; mth;fs; xutu; kpj xutu; kpfe;j kjpg;g itj;jpuf;fpd;wdu;. 99,e;j rhk;uh[paj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> gtsk;> fz;zhb> ghf;f> Vyf;fha; kw;wk; ji-bei-bu 100 Mfpait fpilf;fpd;wd. epz;l thy; nfhz;l gwitfsk; fpspfsk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. mq;ff; fhzg;glk; fha;-fdp tiffs; flf;fha; (myrobalan), KUq;if(wisteria), ghurpf NghPr;rk;> Njq;fha;> gan-luo, kun-lun-mei, gyhg;gok; Mfpait. mq;ff; fpilf;fk; kyu; tiffs;> nts;is ky;ypif> san-si, she-qi, nrk;guj;jp> li-qui. epyk;> kq;rs;> gr;ir epwj;jpyhd vuf;fk; g+> ntz;jhkiu> chanzi kw;wk; shui-jiao Mfpait. mq;fg; gr;irg; gapu;> Nrhah nkhr;ir> NfhJik> mhprp Mfpa jhdpaq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. %q;fpy;fsk; epiwa tpisfpd;wd. 101 Mjp fhyj;jpypue;nj,e;j uh[pak; ek; ehl;lf;fg; ghprfis mdg;gpajpy;iy. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) me;ehl;bd; kd;du; ek; ehl;l muritf;f Kj;Jf;fs; cl;gl gy ghprg; nghul;fsld; J}jh;fis mdg;gpdhu;. nele;njhiytpy;,ue;j te;jpuf;fk; ehq;fs; rpd ehfhpfj;jpypue;j rpwg;ghdtw;iwf; fw;wf;nfhs;s tpuk;gfpnwhk; 102 vd;w mth;fs; nkhopngah;g;ghsu;

15 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 353 %yk; $wpdu;. te;jth;fis cahpa khpahijald; elj;jp Qui-ci ehl;lj; J}jh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mnj me;j];ij toq;fk;gb mur rig mytyuf;f kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu;. kd;dhpd; gpwe;jehspd;nghj> Qisheng yuan klhyaj;jpy; ele;j nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fye;jnfhs;s Nrho ehl;lj; J}jh;fs; mdkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. 103 Xining Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 10-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077) 104 Nrho ehl kpz;lk; ghprg; nghul;fis mdg;gp itj;jj. muru; Shenzong, J} Jf; FOtpdiu tuntw;f cs; tptfhuq;fsf;fg; nghwg;ngw;wpue;j mjpfhhpia mdg;gp itj;jhu; ) Lingwai daida Vl;by; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit. lhd;nrd; nrd; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lj Nkw;F njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;sj Zhu-nian rhk;uh[pak;. mq;nf nry;y tpuk;gnthu; Gu-lin ehl;by; glf khw Ntz;Lk;. Pugan ehl (gh;kh) topahftk; mq;fr; nry;yyhk; vd;w $wg;glfpwj. 106 me;j rhk;uh[pa kd;dhpd; kflk; Rlh;tpLk; Kj;Jf;fshYk;> mhpa tif uj;dq;fshyk; MdJ. Nkw;Nf gy ehlfsld; me;j kd;du; Nghhpl;L tufpwhu;. me;j uh[paj;jpy; VO my;yj vl;lb cauj;jpy; 60 Mapuk; ahidfs; cs;sd. Nghhpd;NghJ tpuh;fs; ahidapd; kpj Vwpr; nry;tu;. vjphp J}uj;jpy; tuk;nghj mth;fs; tpy;yk;gfshy; jhf;ftu;. mufpy; tuk;nghj Nty;fisg; gad;glj;jtu;. ntw;wpngwk; ahidfsf;f gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;glk;. mtw;wf;fg; G+Ntiy nra;ag;gl;l Nghh;itfs; Nghh;j;jg;gLk;. jpdkk; me;j ahidfs; kd;du; Kd; khpahij nryj;jk;. me;j ehl fw;g+u tisaq;fs; 107 > it^hpak;> Kj;Jf;fs;> je;jk;> gy;ntw epwq;fspy; Md epkpis (amber), tz;zg; gl;lhilfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fg; Gfo;ngw;wJ. mq;f 10 Mapuk; gzpg; ngz;fs; 108 Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. jpdkk; %thapuk; gzpg;ngz;fs; Row;rpapy; gzpghpfpd;wdu;. me;ehl;l kf;fs; tpuk; epiwe;jth;fs;> ajhh;j;jkhd tho;f;if tho;gth;fs;. mth;fs; ahuf;fk; mbgzpakhl;lhh;fs;. jpdkk; Rkhu;

16 354 gj;j N[hb Ngu; kd;du; Kd; Fj;JthSld; rz;ilapl;l tpu kuzk; milfpd;wdu;. je;ij> kfd;fs;> nghpath;fs;> jk;gpfs; MfpNahUf;F jdpj;jdpg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; rikay; nra;ag;gl;l ntt;ntw ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghpkhwg;glfpwj.,ue;jhyk; mth;fs; xutu; kpj xutu; kpfe;j kjpg;g itj;jpuf;fpd;wdu;. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) me;ehl;l kd;du;> Kj;Jf;fs; cl;gl gy;ntw ghprg; nghul;fsld; J}jh;fis mdg;gp itj;jhu;. mth;fs; $wpaij nkhopngah;g;ghsu; nkhopngah;j;jhu;. nele;njhiytpy;,ue;j te;jpuf;fk; ehq;fs; rpd ehfhpfj;jpypue;j rpwg;ghdtw;iw fw;wf;nfhs;s tpuk;gfpnwhk; vd;w mth;fs; $wpdu;. mjd; gpwf kd;du; Shenzong Ml;rp Ghpe;j Xining Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 10- Mk; Mz;L> 6-tJ re;jpu khjj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1077) kpz;lk; NrhoehL cs;su; nghul;fisg; ghprhf mdg;gpapue;jj. te;j J}jh;fis tuntw;f cs;tptfhuq;fsf;fg; nghwg;ngw;wpue;j mjpfhhpia kd;du; mdg;gp itj;jhu;. 5) Nrho kd;dd; vd;w ek;gitj;j Di-hua-jia-luo gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;. NehnghU fuh\pkh(noboru Karashima) Di-hua-jia-luo vd;w kd;ddpd; milahsk; kw;wk; mtd; mdg;gpa J}jh;fs; Fwpj;Jk; Fog;gkhd gy tpthuq;fs;,jw;f Kd; elj;js;sd. Songshi kw;wk; Wenxian tongkao VLfspy; San-fo-qi (= tp[ak;)-iar; Nrh;e;j ngue;jiytuhd Di-hua-jia-luo mdg;gpitj;j J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mtu; mdg;gp itj;j J}jh;fs;> Nrho ehl;lj; J}jh;fs; nrd;w mnj Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077) rpdhit mile;jdu;. nguk;ghyhd fy;tpahsh;fs; Di-hua-jia-luo-it FNyhe;Jq;fr; Nrhod; vd;w milahsk; fz;buf;fpd;wdu;. mtdf;f uhn[e;jpunjth vd;w ngauk; cz;l vd;gjhy; Njth > FNyh Mfpa gjq;fs; Di-huajia-luo vd;w ngauld; xj;jpug;gjhf me;jf; fy;tpahsh;fs; fujpdu;. Nrho ehl;bypue;jk; San-fo-qi-y; (= tp[ak;),ue;jk; xnu Neuj;jpy; J}Jf; FOf;fs; nrd;wd vdk; jfty; Songshi kw;wk; Wenxian tongkao VLfisj; njhfj;jth;fs; nra;j jtw vd;w ntfehl;fshff; fujg;gl;l te;jj.

17 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 355 Mdhy; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s Tianqing jhnth Nfhapypy; 1960fspy; fz;nllf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;l xd;w (Tan Yeok Seong, The Sri Vijayan Inscription of Canton [AD 1070], Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5-7>1964) = tp[ahtpd; jiytu; Di-hua-jia-luo vd;gijak;> rpije;jnghd jhnth Nfhapiy kpz;lk; fl;bj;ju Fthq;#Tf;F (Guangzhou) %d;w mjpfhhpfis mtu; mdg;gp itj;jhu; vd;gijak; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. me;j mjpfhhpfspy;,utu; ngah;fshd Zhi-luo-luo, Ma-tu-hua-luo Mfpait Zhu-nian kd;du; Di-hua-jia-luo mdg;gp itj;j,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; J}jh;fs; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gLNthhpd; ngah;fis xj;jpuf;fpwj. Mdhy; Fthq;# fy;ntl;bypue;j Di-hua-jia-luo vd;gtu; San-fo-qi (= tp[ah) muru; vd;wk; Nrho ehl;l kd;du;,y;iy vd;wk; njhpa tufpwj. mg;gbnad;why; Songshi, Wenxian tonkao Mfpa VLfspy; vjdhy; mtu; Nrho ehl;l (Zhu-nian) kd;du; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;? 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrhoehl;Lf;Fk; = tp[aj;jf;fk;,ilapy;,ue;j cwtfis itj;j mjw;f tpil fhz KbAk;. = tp[ah-flhuk; kpj fp.gp. 1025y; Nrhou; gil elj;jpa jhf;fjy; gw;wpak;> gpwf fp.gp 1068y; flhu kd;ddf;f cjt tpuuhn[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;fjy; gw;wpak; ahtuk; mwpe;j xd;w. mjdhy; flhuk; Nrhoh;fspd; ghjfhg;gf;f cl;gl;l xu gfjp vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. rpwpa Leiden jhkug; gl;lak; (epigraphia Indica, xxii 35: Smaller Leiden plates) fp.gp tiu,u ehlfsf;f,ilapy; neuq;fpa cwt,ue;jjhff; $WfpwJ.,J rpd muritf;f XusthtJ njhpe;jpuf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; fp.gp. 1077y; flhuj;jj; J}jh;fisr; Nrho ehl;lj; J}jh;fshf gjpt nra;jpuf;ff;$lk;. Mdhy; Songshi Vl;ilj; njhfj;jtu; Di-hua-jia-luoit Nrho ehl;l kd;dd; vd;w Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ tpag;ig mspf;fpwj. Song huiyao vd;w VL Songshi-y;,lk;ngw;Ws;s jfty;fsf;f %yk; vd;w fujg;glfpwj. me;j Vl;bd; lidai chaogong vd;w gfjpapy; ntspehl;by;,ue;j tuk; J}jh;fspd; tptuq;fs;,lk;ngw;ws;sd. me;j Vl;by; Di-hua-jia-luo, xu ntspehl;l muru; (fanwang) my;yj Nrho muru; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy; Nrho ehl;l kd;du; mthpy;iy vd;gj njhpa tufpwj. Mdhy;> mnj gfjpapy; Kjyhk;,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> Nrho ehl;l kd;dd; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. Fan vd;w gjk; rpd nkhopapy;> gjtpapy; Fiwe;jtu; vd;wk; fhl;lkpuhz;b vd;wk; nghus;glk;. me;j Mz;by; = tp[ak; vd;w jdpg;gl;l ehl;bypue;j J}jh;fs; te;jjhf Song huiyao-y; Fwpg;gpy;iy.

18 356 Songshi-iaj; njhfj;jtu; Fan vd;w gjj;ij Ntz;Lnkd;Nwh my;yj jtwjyhfnth tpl;ltpl;ljjhd;,j;jidf; Fog;gq;fSf;Fk; fhuzk;. Di-hua-jia-luo, Nrho ehl;l kd;dd; vd;w Songshi-y; tuzpf;fg;gl;bug;gj> Nrho ehl = tp[aj;ij rhh;e;jpue;jj vd;w jg;ghd vz;zj;jhy;,ue;jpuf;fyhk;. Songshi-y;,lk;ngw;Ws;s Pu-gan (jw;nghj kpad;khh;) gw;wpa gfjpiag; ghh;j;jhy; rpd murit vg;gb mg;gbnahu KbTf;F te;jj vd;gj tpag;igj; jufpwj. Nrho ehl;lf;f mbikahf,ue;j = tp[ak;> rpdhtpy; tzpf tha;g;gfisg; ngw> jdj fl;lg;ghl;by;jhd; NrhoehL,Ug;gjhf rpd muritapy; xu gpuk;ikia vw;glj;jpajhf rpy fy;tpahsh;fs; fujfpd;wdu;. fp.gp ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gazk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; Wenxian tongkao, ve;jf; Fog;gj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. mj> J}Jf; FOit ahu; mdg;gp itj;jhu; vd;nwh te;jth;fspd; me;j];j vd;d vd;nwh Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. A Study of Srivijaya vd;w Ma;Tf; fl;liuapy; ([g;ghdpa nkhopapy;)> Rokuro Kuwata,,uz;L rpd nkhop VLfshd Shilin Yanyu (fp.gp ,y; Ye Mengde vojpaj)> Wengchang zalu (fp.gp ,y; Pang Yuanying vojpaj) Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mtw;wpy; Sanfo-qi Zhu-nian vd;w ehl;by;,ue;j te;j J}jh;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. San-fo-qi Zhu-nian vd;gj = tp[aj;jpy; Nrhoh;fSf;Ff; fpo;g;gbe;j ehlhf,uf;fyhk;. Song huiyao kw;wk;,ju VLfs;> Sanfo-qi Zhan-bei vd;w ehl;bypue;j J}jh;fs; te;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mj [hk;gp (Jambi) vd;w ehl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ. San-fo-qi-d; cz;ikg; ngau; vjthf,ue;jhyk;> mj kyhf;fh ephpiz tl;lhuj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;j ehl;lf;fr; rpdh itj;jpue;j nghjthd ngauhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mjdhy; xu Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;il Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mij San-fo-qi Zhu-nain (flhuk;) my;yj San-fo-qi Zhan-bei ([hk;gp) vd;w rpdh;fs; mioj;jdu;. flhuk;-= tp[ak; Nrhoh;fspd; fl;lg;ghl;by;,ue;jjhy; Zhu-nian vd;w gjk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lj. [hk;gpapy; Gjpa rhk;uh[pak; Njhd;wpapUe;jjhy; mjw;f Zhan-bei vd;w gjk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. gnyk;ghq;iff; (Palembang) Fwpf;Fk; San-fo-qi Bao-linbang vd;w ngauk; Ryukyu rhk;uh[paj;jpd; murje;jpu Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;glfpwj (Kuwata 1993, p. 259). Nrho ehl;lf;fk; flhuj;jf;fk;,ilapyhd cwt Fwpj;j rh;r;irg; gw;wp NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noboru Karashima) Indian Commercial Activities in Ancient and Medieval Southest Asia, in Contributions of Tamil Culture to the Twenty First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth

19 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 357 Internatioinal Conference-Seminar of Tamil Studies, Thanjavur, 1995, edited by Karashima, Annamalai, and Rajaram (Chennai, 2005) vd;w Ma;tpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;ls;sj(me;j Ma;T mwpf;if,d;dk; ntspaplg;gltpy;iy> Mdhy; mjd; gfjpfs; Plenary Session Papers vd;w tbtpy; khehl;by; tpdpnahfpf;fg;gl;ld. 6) Songshi Vl;by; fhzg;lk; Pugan(gh;kh) ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;. 109 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noburu Karashima) Fwpg;Gfspy;,Ue;J nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lj Chongning Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 5-tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1066), Pu-gan(gh;kh) ehl ghprfsld; J}jh;fisr; rpdhtf;f mdg;gp itj;jj. me;jj; J}jh;fSf;Fr; Nrho ehl;bypue;j (Zhu-nian) te;jth;fsf;f mspf;fg;gl;l mnj khpahijia toq;fkhw murhiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lj. Mdhy; Zhu-nian, flhuj;jf;ff; fpo;g;gbe;j ehl vd;gjhy; Xining Ml;rp fhyj;jpd;nghj (fp.gp ) toq;fg;gl;l murhiz rhjhuz gl;lj; Jzpapy; vojg;gl;l> 110 rhjhuz ngl;bapy; itj;j> rhjhuz Jzpapy; Rw;wpj; jug;gl;lj vd;gij cs;tptfhuq;fsf;fhd Jiw epidtglj;jpaj. Pu-gan nghpa rhk;uh[pak; vd;gjdhy; kw;nwhu ehl;lf;f mbikg;gl;l Njrj;Jld; mij xg;gpl KbahJ. Da-shi (mug ehl)> Jio-zhi (jw;nghija tpal;dhk;) Nghd;w ehlfsf;f toq;fg;glk; me;j];ij Pu-ganf;F toq;ftnj rpwg;ghdj vd;wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lj. Mjyhy; mjw;fhd murhizfs; g+g;nghl;l gl;lj;jzpapy; jq;fj;jpy; vojp> nts;spr; rhtpald; $ba jq;fk; G+rg;gl;l ngl;bfspy; itj;j> rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLs;s Jzpapy; Rw;wpj; jug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nahrid njhptpf;fg;gl;lj. cs;ehl;l tptfhuj;jiw nra;j me;jg; ghpe;jiu Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lj.

20 358 Notes 1. Important Documents of the Song Dynasty. This work is also referred to as Song huiyao jigao (!"). The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Xu Song titled Song huiyao jigao!", Beiping, Guoli Beiping tushuguan, History of the Song [Dynasty]. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the version titled Songshi, Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, Records of the Barbarous People. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Yang Bowen, titled Zhufan zhi jiaoshi!", Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, Information of what is Beyond the Passes. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Yang Wuquan, titled Lingwai daida jiaozhu!"#, Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, Comprehensive Examination of Literature. 6. Usually known as the twenty-four Dynastic Histories, but with the addition of the Xin Yuanshi ( ) or the New History of the Yuan Dynasty in 1921, the total number of Dynastic Histories is now twenty-five. 7. Superintendency of Maritime Trade. 8. Long Draft of the Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for the Aid in Government. 9. Ocean of Jade. 10. Examination and Collection of the Works of Mr Shantang. 11. The Chatters of Stone Forest. 12. Miscellany Records of Wenchang. 13. For example, Songshi uses (feng) meaning to present in the description of the ambassadors ascending the audience hall holding a tray, while Wenxian tongkao employs (peng) meaning to hold with both hands in the same place. Though the two characters are closely related in meaning, is better than in this case. 14. D Hervey de Saint-Denys translated only the section of the Barbarians of Southeast and Southwest in the section of Examination of the Barbarians in the Four Quarters ( ) of Wenxian tongkao. See his Ethnographie des peuples étrangers à la Chine. Ouvrage composé au XIIIe siècle de notre ère par Ma-touanlin traduit pour la première fois du chinois avec un commentaire perpétuel (Geneva, 1883), 2 vols. 15. The English translation of the kingdom of Zhu-nian is included in K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthenes to Ma Huan (Madras: University of Madras, 1939), pp Chau Ju-kua: His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi, by Friedrich Hirth and W.W. Rockhill (New York 1966) (first published in St. Petersburg in 1911). 17. Almut Netolitzky, Das Ling-wai tai-da von Chou Ch ü-fei: Eine Landeskunde Südchinas aus dem 12. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag), 1977.

21 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; Zhu-nian is spelt Chu-lien in the Wade-Giles system and is pronounced as Chu-ren in Japanese. 19. The description is found in the fifth group of the Foreign Countries ( ) of the Biography and Memoirs ( ) section in Songshi. 20. A li ( ) in Song-period China was equivalent to about 550 metres. Wenxian tongkao (!, afterwards WXTK) states the distance from the sea as 5,000 li. 21. In the section on the Tian-zhu ( ) kingdom in Songshi ( ), Tian-zhu ( ) is explained as being the same as the kingdom also called Shen-du ( ) and Yin-du ( ). All three are names for the Indian subcontinent derived from the River Indus. Following previous Chinese records on the Indian subcontinent, the Songshi also divides Tian-zhu into five Tian-zhus ( ): Northern, Western, Middle, Eastern, and Southern Tian-zhu. Reflecting this understanding, Zhufan zhi ( ) gives Western Tian-zhu in this place. On these Chinese names, see P. C. Bagchi, Ancient Chinese Names of India, Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies of the Catholic University of Peking 13 (1948): Considering the later reference to Xi-lan-chi ( ) in the text, which can be identified with Sri Lanka or its Arabic form Sirandib, the character luo ( ) should read xi ( ) or xi ( ). Alternately, Luo-lan ( ) could have been a mistake for Wei-lan ( ), indicating Elam, the Tamil name for Sri Lanka. Wei ( ) is easily mistakable for luo ( ). 23. Dun-tian ( ) has been identified as Tenasserim in the Malay Peninsula. But that may be too far, based on the distance mentioned in the text. Tondai, an alternative suggestion, may be too near. Thus, the place has yet to be properly identified. 24. Archeological excavations in Thanjavur, the capital of king Rajaraja I, have so far failed to locate the palace. On the other hand, the palace site in Gangaikondacholapuram, the capital of Rajendra I, has been excavated and two brick walls surrounding the palace in rectangular shape have been recognized, though the whole structure has not yet been clarified. Pierre Pichard, et al., Vingt ans après Tanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Vol. 1 (Paris: Ecole Francais d Extreme-Orient, 1994). 25. In the officialdom of the Song dynasty, shilang ( ) was the title given to the officials of ministerial rank 3b ( ). The four ministers in this case must have been the most important ones among them. 26. WXTK omits the letter for more than. 27. Buluo ( ) means an area settled by the people who have some blood or religious tie, and in Songshi, this word is used only for regions outside China. In this case, it seems to have meant nāḍu, the basic production unit lived by such people in the ancient and medieval Tamil country, although Hirth and Rockhill, translators of Zhufan zhi, take it for the transliteration of the Sanskrit pura, meaning town or city. As Zhufan zhi, the author of which may

22 360 not have had access to Song huiyao ( ), gives all these names, and as there is no difference between the names given in Zhufan zhi and those in Songshi, except for only one letter, the original information must have belonged to Zhufan zhi. As Hirth and Rockhill write, there is nothing to indicate how the long list of characters should be divided, where one name ends and another begins. They seem to have followed the division first made in the text of Zhonghua shuju (!) edition, which shows exactly the same division, and we also follow the same division here. At present we have no idea how to identify these names, but meng-qie-lan ( ), which appears four times, may be taken to mean mangalam, as Hirth and Rockhill indicated. The Japanese pronunciation of the character (qie) is ka, ga, or kya. WXTK omits all the buluo names by giving only the number of buluo in each of the three directions. 28. WXTK gives the number as 11, not 12, making the total number thirty-one as stated at the beginning. 29. The middle character (po) is for (suo) in Zhufan zhi. 30. It is not clear what was meant by, which usually means steps or staircase. 31. For zhangzhuan ( ), WXTK uses changzhuan ( ) meaning tasters who examine the food to be offered to the Emperor. 32. WXTK gives three days for two days.jie 33. D Hervey de Saint-Denys, who translated WXTK, as well as Hirth and Rockhill, explain the sentence as members of the boy s family assembled and decided. 34. It seems to be fine muslin cloth used in West Asia, as yuenuo ( ) is related to Persia in medieval Chinese sources. 35. Xi-lan-chi ( ) is perhaps a transcription of Sri Lanka or its Arabic form Silandib. 36. Ji-bei bu ( ) seems to be cloth made of kapok. 37. It is not clear what is meant by gan-luo ( ). 38. Kun-lun mei ( ) seems to be a variety of plum. According to a medieval work on perfume, Chen Jin s ( ) Chenshi xiangpu!, pieces of this wood are used to make perfume. 39. It is not clear what is meant by san-si ( ). 40. It is not clear what is meant by she-qi ( ). 41. It is not clear what is meant by li-qiu ( ). 42. It is not clear what is meant by chan-zi ( ). 43. Shui-jiao ( ) seems to be Japanese fibre banana. Lingwai daida explains the use of its leaf. 44. Luo-cha-luo-zha ( ) is taken to be Rajaraja (I), whose reign extended from 985 to WXTK splits the second character of this name Pu-shu ( ) into two characters: ru xin ( ), and Songhuiyao splits it into jia xin ( ). 46. Panguan ( ) indicates the deputy position of officers sent to frontiers. In this case, if San-wen was in civil service and Pushu was in military service,

23 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; 361 Weng-wu would have been the deputy of San-wen in civil service, with Ya-lejia being deputy of Pu-shu in military service. Anyway, we may be able to treat him as the no. 3 of the mission, 47. Receiving a letter of prophecy from the Heavens, the Emperor made a ritual for Heaven at the Tai mountain ( ) in the first year of the dazhong xiangfu reign period (1008), and another for Earth by the side of Fen river ( ) in the fourth year of the same period (that is, 1010). 48. Jiyu ( ), meaning auspicious words, is given as guyu ( ), meaning old words, in WXTK. 49. One liang ( ) is equal to about 40 grams. 50. One Jin ( ) is equal to about 640 grams. 51. It is very difficult to identify many of the place names on the route mentioned here. If the embassy traveled straight across the Bengal Bay, Na-wu-dan shan ( ), Suo-li-xi-lan-shan (!") and Zhan-bin guo ( ) may be identified with places in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Yima-luo-li shan (!") with a site at the northern tip of Sumatra. However, if the embassy took the northern course, these places must be identified with those on the Bengal Bay coast, including Myanmar. The identification of some places have been suggested in the past studies by Pelliot, Hirth, Rockhill, et al. but the most detailed discussion on it is found in O.W. Wolters, Landfall on the Palembang Coast in Medieval Times, Indonesia 20 (1975), Gu-luo ( ) can be identified with the present-day Kedah, known as Kalah by Arab traders in the medieval period. The mountain of the place seen from the offing must have been a landfall for navigators. 53. Wolters suggests Cham Pulau, a small island off the west coast of Lingga Island. WXTK gives gu ( ) for zhan ( ). 54. The name San-fo-qi ( ), which appears in Chinese records from the 10 th century, is applicable to at least three kingdoms which ruled in the Malacca Strait region, namely, the kingdom whose headquarters was in Palembang in Sumatra, the kingdom which established its power in Jambi, a little north of Palembang, after the middle of the 11 th century, and the kingdom in Kadaram (the Kedah area) in the Malay Peninsula. San-fo-qi in the text seems to refer to Palembang. In the early Chinese sources the kingdom in Palembang appears as Shi-li-fo-shi (!), which was identified with Srivijaya by G. Coedes. There are many problems concerning Srivijaya and San-fo-qi including their relations and state structure. Those problems have been discussed by various scholars in the past including O.W. Wolters ( Studying Srivijaya, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Academic Society, LII-2, 1979) and Pierre- Yves Manguin ( Palembang and Srivijaya: An Early Malay Harbour-City Rediscovered, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Academic Society, LXVI-1, 1993). 55. Interpretation of Manshan-shuikou (!) is problematic. Wolters

24 362 interprets shuikou ( ) as the water flow of a river coming down from the Palembang area, and Manshan ( ) as Menumbing hills at the north-western tip of Bangka Island. See W. Wolters, Landfall, p. 48 ff. 56. Tian-zhu shan ( ) is identified as Pulan Aur in the vicinity of the Tioman Islands, off the coast of Pahang. See Wolters, Landfall. 57. Bin-tou-lang shan (!) has been identified as Panduranga on the Cham coast of southern Vietnam by Pelliot. See Pelliot, Textes Chinois sur Panduranga, BEFEO, III-4 (1903), p Xiwangmu ( ) is a legendary nymph. 59. Pipazhou ( ) is an anchorage of the port of Guangzhou ( ). 60. Guangzhou ( ) is an important port which flourished in southern China along with Quanzhou ( ) during the Song and Yuan period. Later Guangzhou was also called Guangdong (Canton) days is too long for the journey from the Coromandel Coast to Guangzhou. 62. Gemen zhihou (!) was a title given to low-rank officers in the military service, irrespective of their actual work. In the case of Shiyouzhi ( ), however, we may consider him to have been in the position of a Audience Usher whose rank was 8b ( ), though there were many gemen zhihou title holders whose actual position was different from that of Audience Usher. 63. Qiu-ci ( ) is Kucha, an ancient and medieval oasis state in central Asia, which was a tributary state of Song China. 64. Chengtianjie ( ) was the birthday (2 December) of the Emperor Zhenzong ( ). 65. Qisheng Chanyuan (!), the birth-place of the father of Emperor Zhenzong ( ), seems to have been converted later into a Buddhist monastery. 66. According to a passage in Chapter 85 of Xu zizhi tongjian changbian (!), chronicles of the Northern Song dynasty compiled by Li Tao ( ) in 1174, the envoy Suo-li San-wen (!) died of an illness at Rangyi District ( ) and was buried there. The Emperor sent an officer to the place to conduct a ceremony. 67. Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo (!" ) is identified as Sri Rajendrachola (I), whose reign extended from 1012 to WXTK omits the name and title of the envoy. 69. WXTK omits the name and title of the officer. 70. During the Song period, names of many offices and officers which had ceased to function were used for ranks or honorific titles to be given to elite officers. Vice-Commissioner of the West Dyeing Office, which dealt with clothing and ornaments in the court during the Tang period, is one such example, and Fu Wei Zhong s position was a gemen tongshi sheren (!"#) ranked in 7b ( ).

25 Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rpd thrfq;fs; The institution honglusi ( ), to which he belonged, was in charge of receiving and entertaining foreign guests. 72. Zhu ( ) means any small, ball-shaped object, including pearls. 73. Jinzi guanglu dafu (!"#) represents the third rank given to officers in the civil service. 74. Though Songshi describes Di-hua-jia-luo (!) as the king of Zhu-nian, he was actually the great chief ( ) of San-fo-qi ( ). In past studies, much confused discussion has been made on this alleged Chola king. Please see Note on Di-hua-jia-luo, the alleged Chola king. 75. It is not clear what sort of small ball ma-zhu ( ) is. 76. Huanao ( ) is the same as longnao ( ) which is borneol. 77. It is not clear what was meant by jinhua ( ). 78. Pingxiang ( ) seems to be a variety of frankincense ( ). In a book on incense (!) it appears under the head of frankincense. 79. Jinlianhua ( ) usually means Asiatic globeflower. 80. Muxiang ( ) is Saussurea lappa, a grass belonging to the chrysanthemum group. 81. WXTK omits the words youcha ( ), which means differently according to rank. 82. One min ( ) is composed of 1,000 copper coins tied by a string through the central hole of each coin. 83. The three parts are found in in Scroll 199 of Song huiyao jigao ( ). 84. Songshi gives this name as Pu-shu ( ), and Wenxian tongkao (!) as Pu-ru-xin ( ). 85. See footnote 46 in the Songshi translation. 86. Shantang kaosuo ( [!] ) is an encyclopedic reference book on various publications and their contents, compiled at the end of the twelfth century by Zhang Ruyu ( ) alias Shantang ( ). 87. Songshi gives this name as Luo-cha-luo-zha ( ), which is more congruent with the pronunciation of Rājarāja. 88. Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo (!" ) is identified as Sri Rajendrachola (I), whose reign extended from 1012 to Songshi gives the name as Pu-ya-tuo-li ( ). 90. Songshi describes Di-hua-jia-luo (!) as the king of Zhu-nian, and he was also described as the great chief ( ) of San-fo-qi ( ). Here in Song huiyao, he is recorded as fanwang ( ) of the Zhu-nian kingdom. From this discrepancy much confused discussion has been made on this alleged Chola king in the past studies. See the separate note, 5) Note on Di-hua-jia-luo, the alleged Chola king, infra. 91. Neishi ( ) was a title given to eunuchs in the palace during the Song period. 92. For place names in this paragraph, see notes 4 and 5 in the Songshi translation